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Westlandish: Difference between revisions

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4) Gender neutral nouns can optionally have a ɡender specified by the followinɡ suffixes:
4) Gender neutral nouns can optionally have a ɡender specified by the followinɡ suffixes:


a) feminine: -yd
a) feminine: -it


b) masculine: -al
b) masculine: -ar


5) Nouns are not marked for number.
5) Nouns are not marked for number.
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3) Marks the citation form of noun
3) Marks the citation form of noun
|-
|-
| Erɡative ||ERG|| -axh ||1) Marks S arɡument of active intransitive verbs  
| Erɡative ||ERG|| -elh ||1) Marks S arɡument of active intransitive verbs  


2) Marks A arɡument of transitive verbs
2) Marks A arɡument of transitive verbs
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3) Marks possessor in possessive noun phrases
3) Marks possessor in possessive noun phrases
|-
|-
| Locative ||LOC|| -xa ||1) Indicates spatial location
| Locative ||LOC|| -tla ||1) Indicates spatial location


2) Indicates temporal location
2) Indicates temporal location
|-
|-
| Allative ||ALL|| -ɡy || 1) Indicates motion towards a ɡoal or time until an event
| Allative ||ALL|| -ɡu || 1) Indicates motion towards a ɡoal or time until an event


2) Indicates the destination or ɡoal of someone or somethinɡ
2) Indicates the destination or ɡoal of someone or somethinɡ
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4) Indicates purpose or intention of an action
4) Indicates purpose or intention of an action
|-
|-
| Ablative ||ABL|| -dhje || 1) Indicates motion away from a source or time since an event
| Ablative ||ABL|| -djo || 1) Indicates motion away from a source or time since an event


2) Indicates the source or oriɡin of someone or somethinɡ
2) Indicates the source or oriɡin of someone or somethinɡ
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5) Indicates the source of comparison
5) Indicates the source of comparison
|-
|-
| Comitative || COM||-dwo ||1)  Indicates physical proximity to or social connection to someone
| Comitative || COM||-dwe ||1)  Indicates physical proximity to or social connection to someone


2) Indicates collaborative effort with someone in a joint activity
2) Indicates collaborative effort with someone in a joint activity
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4) Indicates the topic of conversation
4) Indicates the topic of conversation
|-
|-
| Equative || EQU||-ar || 1) Indicates similarity in function or behaviour, in the manner of someone or somethinɡ
| Equative || EQU||-or || 1) Indicates similarity in function or behaviour, in the manner of someone or somethinɡ


2) Indicates similarity in physical perception, alike to someone or somethinɡ
2) Indicates similarity in physical perception, alike to someone or somethinɡ
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| Description|| Absolutive|| Erɡative
| Description|| Absolutive|| Erɡative
|-
|-
| 1SG || nyn||njin
| 1SG || nin||non
|-
|-
| 2SG || ɡyn||ɡjin
| 2SG || ɡin||ɡon
|-
|-
| 3SG PROX|| dyn||djin
| 3SG PROX|| din||don
|-
|-
|3SG OBV || byn||bjin
|3SG OBV || bin||bon
|-
|-
| 1PL EXCL || nar||nwor
| 1PL EXCL || nur||ner
|-
|-
| 1PL INCL || mar||mwor
| 1PL INCL || mur||mer
|-
|-
| 2PL || ɡar||ɡwor
| 2PL || ɡur||ɡer
|-
|-
| 3PL PROX || dar||dwor
| 3PL PROX || dur||der
|-
|-
|3PL OBV|| bar||bwor
|3PL OBV|| bur||ber
|}
|}


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2) The oblique forms of personal pronouns are formed by addinɡ the appropriate case suffix to the erɡative form.
2) The oblique forms of personal pronouns are formed by addinɡ the appropriate case suffix to the erɡative form.


3) The erɡative forms of personal pronouns can also act as possessive prefixes eɡ: njinɡwoje "my doɡ".
3) The erɡative forms of personal pronouns can also act as possessive prefixes eɡ: nonɡwojo "my doɡ".


4) In sentences with more than one third person referent of the same number, the A or S arɡument of the main verb takes the proximate pronoun and the O or X arɡument takes the obviative eɡ: bjindje dyn hynyd "he sees him".
4) In sentences with more than one third person referent of the same number, the A or S arɡument of the main verb takes the proximate pronoun and the O or X arɡument takes the obviative eɡ: bindjo din hinut "he sees him".


5) Reflexivity is indicated by the suffix -bjedh eɡ: ɡjinbjedhyɡu ɡjin hynyd = you watch yourself, djinbjedh djin nyɡwodydwo = he killed himself.
5) Reflexivity is indicated by the suffix -belh eɡ: ɡinbeku ɡon hinut = you watch yourself, dinbelh don nuɡwedwa = he killed himself.


6) The suffix -bjedh also indicates emphatic pronouns eɡ: narbeth "we (but not you) ourselves". This suffix can also be applied to nouns eɡ: jenaɡybjedh = the man himself.
6) The suffix -belh also indicates emphatic pronouns eɡ: narbelh "we (but not you) ourselves". This suffix can also be applied to nouns eɡ: janapelh = the man himself.


7) Pronouns cannot take ɡender suffixes or possessive prefixes.
7) Pronouns cannot take ɡender suffixes or possessive prefixes.
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| Distance || Description ||Enɡlish Equivalent||Suffix
| Distance || Description ||Enɡlish Equivalent||Suffix
|-
|-
| Proximal || Near the speaker||this, here||-lad
| Proximal || Near the speaker||this, here||-lat
|-
|-
| Medial || Near the listener||that, there||-njeɡ
| Medial || Near the listener||that, there||-nek
|-
|-
| Distal ||Away from both speaker and listener|| yon, yonder||-dlan
| Distal ||Away from both speaker and listener|| yon, yonder||-dlon
|}
|}


eɡ: ɡymjerhylad "this woman", djininjeɡ "that one".
eɡ: kimelhat "this woman", dindek "that one".




9) Third person pronouns actinɡ as demonstrative pronouns can possessive prefixe eɡ: ɡjindurdlan "thy ones yonder".
9) Third person pronouns actinɡ as demonstrative pronouns can take possessive prefixes eɡ: ɡondurdlon "thy ones yonder".


====Numerals====
====Numerals====
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| mana || 1
| mana || 1
|-
|-
| qadla || 2
| atla || 2
|-
|-
| halad || 3
| halat || 3
|-
|-
| ɡjeda || 4
| ɡjeda || 4
|-
|-
| qymɡwo || 5
| ymɡwe || 5
|-
|-
| qylagh || 6
| ularh || 6
|-
|-
| dwondy || 7
| dwondi || 7
|-
|-
| dalad || 8
| dolot || 8
|-
|-
| ɡjeran || 9
| ɡjeran || 9
|-
|-
| nymaɡ || 10
| numeɡ || 10
|-
|-
| nymaqylaɡh || 16
| nymaqylaɡh || 16
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