Aoma: Difference between revisions

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'''Aoma''' (''Auma'' or ''Bowombor'' Speaking of Ours) is a priori language created for the fantasy world of Grundet. Aoma and [[Rinap]] form the main languages of South-West-Herookuan family deriving from the ancestral [[Rinapri]]. Aoma is the official spoken and governmental language of Eastern Sceptre, but it has not much to do with the languages of Western Sceptre. Word ''Aoma'' seems to come from the name of eastern area with coast temples, Kaomaago (''Kaa Omaike Hakoror'', At the coast of temples).

'''Aoma''' (''Auma'' or ''Bowombor'' Speaking of Ours) is a priori language created for the fantasy world of Grundet. Aoma and [[Rinap]] form the main languages of South-West-Herookuan family deriving from the ancestral [[Rinapri]]. Aoma is the official spoken and governmental language of Eastern Sceptre with around 10 million speakers, but it has not much to do with the languages of Western Sceptre. Word ''Aoma'' seems to come from the name of eastern area with coast temples, Kaomaago (''Kaa Omaike Hakoror'', At the coast of temples).

==Dictionary==

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|

|}

In spoken language, consonants (especially nasals) are somewhat liable to external sandhi between word boundaries so that they move towards the pronunciation of following consonant: ''Tolan kush'' [to'laŋ‿kʊʃ] (I see that). More formal registers require "clear sounds", which basically means adding stops in between words thus creating a special rhytm.

===Vowels===

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Vowels preceding ''r'' may appear as rhotic (especially in the genitive endings).

Vowels preceding ''r'' [ɹ] may appear as rhotic (especially in the genitive endings), and nasalization may occur in front of nasal consonants.

===Stress===

Quite often Aoma places primary stress on the second syllable in words with two or more syllables. The stress supports the word inflection, and stressed vowels appear as more open and at front.

*In ~~declined nouns~~, stress is placed on the last syllable.

*In conjugated verbs, stress is placed on the last syllable.

*Adjectives with ''re'' ending have the stress on that particular syllable since they often are noun derivations.

==Orthography==

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===Vowels===

Similarly to consonants, vowels have geminated forms marked with special graphemes so that glottal stop is indicated by writing the short graphemes separately. ~~There~~ is a glottal stop grapheme ' used for separating vowels, especially i, æ and œ which are ~~often~~ written over preceding ~~consonants~~. There are also graphemes for vowel combinations occurring at the end of words (DAT case) but their pronounciation varies: ''aee'' [aɛ:]/[æeˑ], ''oee'' [oe:]/[œɛˑ], ''uee'' [wɛ:]/[ʊeˑ] and ''yee'' [jɛ:]/[yɛˑ]. Possible phonemes for single vowel graphemes:

Similarly to consonants, vowels have geminated forms marked with special graphemes so that glottal stop can be indicated by writing the short graphemes separately. However, there is a glottal stop grapheme ' used for separating vowels, especially i, æ and œ which are sometimes written over preceding graphemes (perhaps deriving from front vowel distinction diacritics). There are also single graphemes for vowel combinations occurring at the end of words (DAT case) but their pronounciation varies: ''aee'' [aɛ:]/[æeˑ], ''oee'' [oe:]/[œɛˑ], ''uee'' [wɛ:]/[ʊeˑ] and ''yee'' [jɛ:]/[yɛˑ].

Possible phonemes for single vowel graphemes: (stressed front vs. unstressed back)

*i: [i] [ɪ]

*y: [y] [j]

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Hand-written Mihkanor script was developed in Eastern Sceptre from the Eastern Temple Marks of third era. Shinesharers, spreaders of the religion of Light, took the original marks to north where they were developed into Northern script (our Latin). Highly decorational [http://juhhmi.deviantart.com/art/Beginners-guide-to-Jauhmoe-348647904?q=gallery%3Ajuhhmi%2F42429210&qo=2 Jauhmø script] originates to fifth era, but is still in use mainly for formal documentation.

See also the [[Aoma#Duutesi_Boc.C3.B6r|modern script]].

==Morphology==

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|Wytyr

|}

''Waa'' is often pronounced [va:] after conjugated first person verbs which end in ''n''.

Prepositional is ACC + ''e'', except that ''Net'''y'''se'' and ''Wet'''y'''se''.

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====''Interrogative''====

If interrogative sentence can't be began with a verb in question form, the interrogative pronouns can be used. Often the sentence still begins with the verb, ~~but~~ interrogative is placed after it.

If interrogative sentence can't be began with a verb in question form, the interrogative pronouns can be used. Often the sentence still begins with the verb or adjunct ''soni?'' "is it?", and interrogative is placed after it.

''zoo?'' what

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*irregular which do show characteristics of either first or second conjugation

The conjugation stem is received by removing the last syllable, and then endings are added to its place.

The conjugation stem is received by removing the last syllable, and then endings are added to its place. Vowel preserved in conjugation is bolded.

'''Ia)''' last vowel ''a/o'': ''tol|l'''a''''' (see)

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|-

! style="" | Future

|~~tolaran~~

|tol'''a'''ran

|tolrau

|~~tolas~~

|tol'''a'''s

|tolramo

|tolrus

|~~tolaros~~

|tol'''a'''ros

|toltaru

|toltarus

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|}

'''IIa)''' last consonant ''m'': ''s'''u'''m'' (eat)

'''IIa)''' last consonant ''m'': ''s'''u'''m'' (eat) (''a'' in parenthesis is added in difficult pronunciation e.g. with plosive consonants)

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"

! style="width: 75px; "|

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''men|na'' (to be)

''men|na'' (to be), 3rd person makes a distinction between genders and animacy

* Indicative

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 580px; text-align: center"

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|(a)ma(n)

|(me)ne

|nu~~/ny~~/ni

|ny/nu/ni

|anem

|mete

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*Conditional of conditional sentence apodoses is formed through final right-to-left reduplication and then conjugated normally: ''pekkokko'', ''vomvom'', ''tytestes'' so that ''Pekkokom'' means "We would give".

*Subjunctive, which is used in some dependent clauses, is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication, but always with CV or VC parts of the first syllable: ''pepekko'', ''vovom'', ''tytytes'', ''ejejom''

*Double reduplication gives a mood similar to eventive and it is used in conditional sentence protasis and speculatives: ''~~Pekkokaran~~ '''tetellulun'''.'' (I would give '''if I had'''.) (notice also the future tense of apodosis)

*Double reduplication gives a mood similar to eventive and it is used in conditional sentence protasis and speculatives: ''Pekkokoran '''tetellulun'''.'' (I would give '''if I had'''.) (notice also the future tense of apodosis)

====''Negation''====

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*1st (Impersonal) Passive: Passive infinite and derived forms: ''Rokke'' → '''''Bu'''rokke'''m''''' or ''Bu

**Present tense for general truths: ''Buefam ketixu.'' (Cities are lived in.)

**Imperfective aspect for current conditions: ''Bu'''bo'''rokkem ogehixu bor.'' (Some people are running outside our house.)

**Imperfective aspect for current conditions (notice the IIa conjugation morpheme): ''Bu'''bo'''rokkem ogehixu bor.'' (Some people are running outside our house.)

**Perfect aspect for how things used to be: ''Bu'''na'''kommam irrä.'' (Things used to be done well.)

**Subjunctive mood for how things could be: ''Bu'''ef'''efam kyxu.'' (Here could one live.)

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**Can be thought as present passive participle after nominative noun: ''musi busumu'' (eatable food)

**"Be made/forced to do something" with imperfective aspect and accusative: ''Buborokkein nas.'' (I was forced to run.)

**Gives verbs other meanings as well (deponent verbs): ''

*Past passive participle with nouns: ''Gehish '''gollana''' irrä'' (Houses '''been built''' well.)

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Simple sentences with Verb-Subject-Object order. Since the verbs are conjugated, pronoun dropping is common unless required by the verb structure.

*Nominative-accusative alignment

*Indirect object in dative: ''~~Pekaran~~ waa sish '''shye'''.'' (I'll give it '''to him'''.)

*Indirect object in dative: ''Pekoran waa sish '''shye'''.'' (I'll give it '''to him'''.)

*Questions may begin with interrogative words instead of verbs.

====Conjuntion====

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'''''Gehiisi'''''

*"From home" language used with family and friends. It contains lots of ellipsis in language and variation in pronunciation such as elision.

*"From home" language and dialects used with family and friends. It contains lots of ellipsis in language and variation in pronunciation such as elision.

''Pan uu! Doo!'' "Going now! Bye!"

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'''''Faar'ro'''''

*"Honouring", polite language is used when discussing (or being allowed to discuss) with someone who is older or member of a higher social class, it is very important to use polite verbs and pronouns as well as full word forms.

''Suvako. Sovokoman Neteki? "Excuse me. May I speak to You?"

'''''Hakorasa'''''

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*'''Anti-honorific''' ''öö''' clitic might be used if the higher person is disappointed at you. Sometimes it is used after first person verb as self-anti-honorific together with second person honorifics to express respect even more strongly:

''Zaurrkomaran, sovokomanöö wana haaNeteki?''

''Zaurrkomaran, is sovokomanöö wana haaNeteki?''

*bother.3SG-OPT-1SG INT-speak.3SG-OPT-1SG-AntiHON PN.1SG.FORM HON-PN.2SG.POL.DAT

*"~~Excuse~~ me, may I ~~speak to~~ Your highness."

*"Pardon me, but may I address Your highness."

==Society==

Short introduction to the structure of the Eastern ~~Empire society~~.

Short introduction to the society structure of the Empire of Eastern Sceptre.

(All kinds of interesting titles)

Light and lesser gods

Emperor as the Oracle of Light

Lightlisteners and Shinesharer missionaries

Government and institutions

*Nobility as militarious commanders

Natural philosophers and spellcasters

Artists and authors

Artisans and merchants

Soldiers and peasants

~~All kinds of interesting titles~~

The unclean including heretics and evil spellcasters

==Examples==

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[[File:Bocoere.JPG|450px|thumb|right|Modern handwritten script]]

''Duutesi Bocör'' (Writing of Merchants) is a modern and faster handwritten script.

''Duutesi Bocör'' (Writing of Merchants) is a modern and faster handwritten script. For diphthongs, ''i'' can be written as a diacritic over the vowel (grave accent for preceding and acute for following ''i'').

===Colours===

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{construction}}
-'''Aoma''' (''Auma'' or ''Bowombor'' Speaking of Ours) is a priori language created for the fantasy world of Grundet. Aoma and [[Rinap]] form the main languages of South-West-Herookuan family deriving from the ancestral [[Rinapri]]. Aoma is the official spoken and governmental language of Eastern Sceptre, but it has not much to do with the languages of Western Sceptre. Word ''Aoma'' seems to come from the name of eastern area with coast temples, Kaomaago (''Kaa Omaike Hakoror'', At the coast of temples).
+'''Aoma''' (''Auma'' or ''Bowombor'' Speaking of Ours) is a priori language created for the fantasy world of Grundet. Aoma and [[Rinap]] form the main languages of South-West-Herookuan family deriving from the ancestral [[Rinapri]]. Aoma is the official spoken and governmental language of Eastern Sceptre with around 10 million speakers, but it has not much to do with the languages of Western Sceptre. Word ''Aoma'' seems to come from the name of eastern area with coast temples, Kaomaago (''Kaa Omaike Hakoror'', At the coast of temples).
 ==Dictionary==
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 |
 |}
+In spoken language, consonants (especially nasals) are somewhat liable to external sandhi between word boundaries so that they move towards the pronunciation of following consonant: ''Tolan kush'' [to'laŋ‿kʊʃ] (I see that). More formal registers require "clear sounds", which basically means adding stops in between words thus creating a special rhytm.
 ===Vowels===
@@ Line 124: / Line 126: @@
 |}
-Vowels preceding ''r'' may appear as rhotic (especially in the genitive endings).
+Vowels preceding ''r'' [ɹ] may appear as rhotic (especially in the genitive endings), and nasalization may occur in front of nasal consonants.
 ===Stress===
 Quite often Aoma places primary stress on the second syllable in words with two or more syllables. The stress supports the word inflection, and stressed vowels appear as more open and at front.
-*In declined nouns, stress is placed on the last syllable.
+*In conjugated verbs, stress is placed on the last syllable.
-*Adjectives with ''re'' ending have the stress on that particular syllable since they often are noun derivations.
 ==Orthography==
@@ Line 145: / Line 146: @@
 ===Vowels===
-Similarly to consonants, vowels have geminated forms marked with special graphemes so that glottal stop is indicated by writing the short graphemes separately. There is a glottal stop grapheme ' used for separating vowels, especially i, æ and œ which are often written over preceding consonants. There are also graphemes for vowel combinations occurring at the end of words (DAT case) but their pronounciation varies: ''aee'' [aɛ:]/[æeˑ], ''oee'' [oe:]/[œɛˑ], ''uee'' [wɛ:]/[ʊeˑ] and ''yee'' [jɛ:]/[yɛˑ]. Possible phonemes for single vowel graphemes:
+Similarly to consonants, vowels have geminated forms marked with special graphemes so that glottal stop can be indicated by writing the short graphemes separately. However, there is a glottal stop grapheme ' used for separating vowels, especially i, æ and œ which are sometimes written over preceding graphemes (perhaps deriving from front vowel distinction diacritics). There are also single graphemes for vowel combinations occurring at the end of words (DAT case) but their pronounciation varies: ''aee'' [aɛ:]/[æeˑ], ''oee'' [oe:]/[œɛˑ], ''uee'' [wɛ:]/[ʊeˑ] and ''yee'' [jɛ:]/[yɛˑ].
+Possible phonemes for single vowel graphemes: (stressed front vs. unstressed back)
 *i: [i] [ɪ]
 *y: [y] [j]
@@ Line 159: / Line 162: @@
 Hand-written Mihkanor script was developed in Eastern Sceptre from the Eastern Temple Marks of third era. Shinesharers, spreaders of the religion of Light, took the original marks to north where they were developed into Northern script (our Latin). Highly decorational [http://juhhmi.deviantart.com/art/Beginners-guide-to-Jauhmoe-348647904?q=gallery%3Ajuhhmi%2F42429210&qo=2 Jauhmø script] originates to fifth era, but is still in use mainly for formal documentation.
 See also the [[Aoma#Duutesi_Boc.C3.B6r|modern script]].
 ==Morphology==
@@ Line 230: / Line 233: @@
 |Wytyr
 |}
+''Waa'' is often pronounced [va:] after conjugated first person verbs which end in ''n''.
 Prepositional is ACC + ''e'', except that ''Net'''y'''se'' and ''Wet'''y'''se''.
@@ Line 319: / Line 324: @@
 ====''Interrogative''====
-If interrogative sentence can't be began with a verb in question form, the interrogative pronouns can be used. Often the sentence still begins with the verb, but interrogative is placed after it.
+If interrogative sentence can't be began with a verb in question form, the interrogative pronouns can be used. Often the sentence still begins with the verb or adjunct ''soni?'' "is it?", and interrogative is placed after it.
 ''zoo?'' what
@@ Line 644: / Line 649: @@
 *irregular which do show characteristics of either first or second conjugation
-The conjugation stem is received by removing the last syllable, and then endings are added to its place.
+The conjugation stem is received by removing the last syllable, and then endings are added to its place. Vowel preserved in conjugation is bolded.
 '''Ia)''' last vowel ''a/o'': ''tol|l'''a''''' (see)
@@ Line 679: / Line 684: @@
 |-
 ! style="" | Future
-|tolaran
+|tol'''a'''ran
 |tolrau
-|tolas
+|tol'''a'''s
 |tolramo
 |tolrus
-|tolaros
+|tol'''a'''ros
 |toltaru
 |toltarus
@@ Line 732: / Line 737: @@
 |}
-'''IIa)''' last consonant ''m'': ''s'''u'''m'' (eat)
+'''IIa)''' last consonant ''m'': ''s'''u'''m'' (eat) (''a'' in parenthesis is added in difficult pronunciation e.g. with plosive consonants)
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
 ! style="width: 75px; "|
@@ Line 920: / Line 925: @@
 |}
-''men|na'' (to be)
+''men|na'' (to be), 3rd person makes a distinction between genders and animacy
 * Indicative
 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 580px; text-align: center"
@@ Line 936: / Line 941: @@
 |(a)ma(n)
 |(me)ne
-|nu/ny/ni
+|ny/nu/ni
 |anem
 |mete
@@ Line 1,077: / Line 1,082: @@
 *Conditional of conditional sentence apodoses is formed through final right-to-left reduplication and then conjugated normally: ''pekkokko'', ''vomvom'', ''tytestes'' so that ''Pekkokom'' means "We would give".
 *Subjunctive, which is used in some dependent clauses,  is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication, but always with CV or VC parts of the first syllable: ''pepekko'', ''vovom'', ''tytytes'', ''ejejom''
-*Double reduplication gives a mood similar to eventive and it is used in conditional sentence protasis and speculatives: ''Pekkokaran '''tetellulun'''.'' (I would give '''if I had'''.) (notice also the future tense of apodosis)
+*Double reduplication gives a mood similar to eventive and it is used in conditional sentence protasis and speculatives: ''Pekkokoran '''tetellulun'''.'' (I would give '''if I had'''.) (notice also the future tense of apodosis)
 ====''Negation''====
@@ Line 1,114: / Line 1,119: @@
 *1st (Impersonal) Passive: Passive infinite and derived forms: ''Rokke'' → '''''Bu'''rokke'''m''''' or ''Bu
 **Present tense for general truths: ''Buefam ketixu.'' (Cities are lived in.)
-**Imperfective aspect for current conditions: ''Bu'''bo'''rokkem ogehixu bor.'' (Some people are running outside our house.)
+**Imperfective aspect for current conditions (notice the IIa conjugation morpheme): ''Bu'''bo'''rokkem ogehixu bor.'' (Some people are running outside our house.)
 **Perfect aspect for how things used to be: ''Bu'''na'''kommam irrä.'' (Things used to be done well.)
 **Subjunctive mood for how things could be: ''Bu'''ef'''efam kyxu.'' (Here could one live.)
@@ Line 1,120: / Line 1,125: @@
 **Can be thought as present passive participle after nominative noun: ''musi busumu'' (eatable food)
 **"Be made/forced to do something" with imperfective aspect and accusative: ''Buborokkein nas.'' (I was forced to run.)
+**Gives verbs other meanings as well (deponent verbs): ''
 *Past passive participle with nouns: ''Gehish '''gollana''' irrä'' (Houses '''been built''' well.)
@@ Line 1,241: / Line 1,247: @@
 Simple sentences with Verb-Subject-Object order. Since the verbs are conjugated, pronoun dropping is common unless required by the verb structure.
 *Nominative-accusative alignment
-*Indirect object in dative: ''Pekaran waa sish '''shye'''.'' (I'll give it '''to him'''.)
+*Indirect object in dative: ''Pekoran waa sish '''shye'''.'' (I'll give it '''to him'''.)
+*Questions may begin with interrogative words instead of verbs.
 ====Conjuntion====
@@ Line 1,309: / Line 1,316: @@
 '''''Gehiisi'''''
-*"From home" language used with family and friends. It contains lots of ellipsis in language and variation in pronunciation such as elision.
+*"From home" language and dialects used with family and friends. It contains lots of ellipsis in language and variation in pronunciation such as elision.
 ''Pan uu! Doo!'' "Going now! Bye!"
@@ Line 1,320: / Line 1,327: @@
 '''''Faar'ro'''''
 *"Honouring", polite language is used when discussing (or being allowed to discuss) with someone who is older or member of a higher social class, it is very important to use polite verbs and pronouns as well as full word forms.
+''Suvako. Sovokoman Neteki? "Excuse me. May I speak to You?"
 '''''Hakorasa'''''
@@ Line 1,326: / Line 1,335: @@
 *'''Anti-honorific''' ''öö''' clitic might be used if the higher person is disappointed at you. Sometimes it is used after first person verb as self-anti-honorific together with second person honorifics to express respect even more strongly:
-''Zaurrkomaran, sovokomanöö wana haaNeteki?''
+''Zaurrkomaran, is sovokomanöö wana haaNeteki?''
 *bother.3SG-OPT-1SG INT-speak.3SG-OPT-1SG-AntiHON PN.1SG.FORM HON-PN.2SG.POL.DAT
-*"Excuse me, may I speak to Your highness."
+*"Pardon me, but may I address Your highness."
 ==Society==
-Short introduction to the structure of the Eastern Empire society.
+Short introduction to the society structure of the Empire of Eastern Sceptre.
+(All kinds of interesting titles)
+Light and lesser gods
+Emperor as the Oracle of Light
+Lightlisteners and Shinesharer missionaries
+Government and institutions
+*Nobility as militarious commanders
+Natural philosophers and spellcasters
+Artists and authors
+Artisans and merchants
+Soldiers and peasants
-All kinds of interesting titles
+The unclean including heretics and evil spellcasters
 ==Examples==
@@ Line 1,420: / Line 1,448: @@
 [[File:Bocoere.JPG|450px|thumb|right|Modern handwritten script]]
-''Duutesi Bocör'' (Writing of Merchants) is a modern and faster handwritten script.
+''Duutesi Bocör'' (Writing of Merchants) is a modern and faster handwritten script. For diphthongs, ''i'' can be written as a diacritic over the vowel (grave accent for preceding and acute for following ''i'').
 ===Colours===