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| ===Diaphonology=== | | ===Diaphonology=== |
| Big picture: Some common accent features are
| | :''Main article: [[Skellan/Accents]].'' |
| *"R-breaking": epenthesis in certain /rC/ clusters. Most accents have this feature to some degree.
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| *long vowels for nasal vowels
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| *In lambdic accents: nasal vowel mergers so that the total number of nasal vowels is less than 11. The first victims tend to be the back nasal vowels /ũ õ ɔ̃/ (which often merge into two vowels) and the front rounded nasal vowels /ỹ ø̃ œ̃/ (which often merge into their unrounded counterparts /ĩ ẽ ɛ̃/).
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| *Some dialects retain the conservative pronounciation of ''y'' as [ɨ] in some environments. Backed realizations of stressed ''y'', such as [ʌ], [ɤ] or [ʊ], is a special feature of some accents.
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| *Pronouncing ''n'' before V as [l]
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| *''hn hŋ'' being realized as [ʔn ʔŋ] when not word-initial and not before a stressed vowel
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| *Like in English, there are "nonstandard" pronunciations of /θ ð/. There are various strategies:
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| **These may become stops, dental [t̪˭ d̪] or alveolar [t˭ d], in some environments. In Skellan eye dialect this may be transcribed by substituting ''d'' for ''þ''.
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| **/ð/ may become [z], and /θ/ might participate in a chain shift θ > t > d.
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| **Coda /θ/ may become [f].
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| */t/-glottalization
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| *Allophonic vowel length or tensing, especially in non-lambdic accents
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| **Vowels may lengthen in open syllables, before voiced consonants, or before front fricatives /f v θ ð s z/.
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| *Uvular R; /r/ is realized as [ʀ] or [ʁ], while /ʟ/ is a uvular nasal flap.
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| */θ ð/ as "slit fricatives" [θ̠ ð̠~ɹ].
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| TODO: Some accents might merge /œ/ and /ə/
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| ====General Fyxamian Skellan====
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| This is the ''de facto'' standard accent of [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxam]].
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| */œ y/ are commonly centralized, closer to [ɞ ʉ].
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| */ɛu/ is slightly higher [eu].
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| */au/ > [æw]
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| */u, y, i/ > [ʊw, ʏɥ, ɪj]
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| *epenthesis in /rC/ clusters when C = nasal or /v/. For example, ''arm'' 'to live' is [ˈaɾəm].
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| *Nasal vowels are also consistently pharyngealized, resulting in mergers. The pharyngealization is stronger before nasals.
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| **wl~ool~ol [õˁ~ɔ̃ˁ]
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| **il~eel~ul [ẽˁ~ø̃ˁ]
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| **el~øl~øøl [ɛ̃ˁ~œ̃ˁ]
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| ====''Eetøøm'' pronunciation====
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| The so-called ''Eetøøm'' Sgewlan (''eetøøm'' being an old word for 'standard') accent is the most well-known of the non-lambdic accents. ''Eetøøm'' pronunciation is based on the middle and upper middle class accent of the capital Alcve after the industrial revolution. It is characterized by having a vowel length distinction instead of nasal vowels. Though non-Sgewlans often fetishize the accent, Sgewlans view it as extremely posh and use it almost exclusively in formal speeches, acting, and classical singing, and prefer to use their native accents.
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| TODO: merge some L-colored vowels with other vowels
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| *''l'' is normatively pronounced [ɴ̆].
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| *Short vowels: /i y ə u ɛ œ a ɔ/ = [i y ə u e ø a o] (/y œ/ are more front than in General Fyxamian)
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| *Lambdic vowels: /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃/ = [io yo uo ejo øyo əwo æo ao o:]~[ʏː ʉ̠ː uː ɛu ɞː ɔu ɔu œː ɑː oː]
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| *Diphthongs: /ai ui au ɛu iu ɛɪ œy ɔu iə yə uə/ = [aə ui au ɛu iu əɪ ɵy ou iə yə uə]
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| *Unstressed /ə̃/ merges with /ɔ/.
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| *In Advanced Eetøøm Sgewlan, /iə yə uə/ are pronounced [iː yː uː] (in line with Contemporary Alcvean).
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| */ai/ is [aə].
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| *Linking L after [ɔ ʏː ʉ̠ː uː ɛu ɞː ɔu ɔu œː ɑː oː] (analogous to linking R in RP)
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| **For example, ''gyl jew in'' 'out of the blue' is often pronounced /ko jɛu‿ʟ in/.
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| *Syllabic resonants and schwa + resonant sequences are distinct (except when the resonant is ''l'').
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| *R-breaking: Word-final /rC/ undergoes epenthesis to [rəC] for any C. This rule also operates in words derived from words with final /rC/.
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| ====Contemporary Alcvean====
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| The contemporary accent of Alcve, the capital of Sgewla.
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| *''cl'' is pronounced as if it was ''cŋ''.
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| */ai au/ = [æː ɑʊ]
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| */ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃/ = [ʏː ʉ̠ː uː ɛu ɞ̠ː ou ou œː ɑː ɔː]
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| */ɛi œy ɔu/ = [eɪ øʏ oʊ]
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| */iə yə uə/ = [iː yː uː]
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| *Unstressed /ə̃/ and /ɔ/ are realized as [o].
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| */ui/ = [oi] or even lower [oe] or [ɔe]
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| *Especially in working-class accents, /ð/ may become [z], and /θ/ may participate in a chain shift: /θ/ > [t] and /t/ > [d].
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| *For the 1st person pronoun ''naw'', the form ''no'' is preferred in colloquial speech. Due to the L-linking rule (see above), this has led to the stereotype of Sgewlans saying ''nol'' for ''naw'' among non-Sgewlans.
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| ====Sgewlan accent #2====
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| */ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃/ are realized as [eː øː oː ɛː œː oː oː ɛː ɑɔ~ɑː ɔː] (more conservatively, /ĩ ỹ ũ/ are [ɪː ʏː ʊː])
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| *ai wi aw ew iw ee øø oo = /aiː yiː auː ɛuː iuː ɛiː œyː ɔuː/
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| ====Sgewlan accent #3 (lambdic)====
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| ====Sgewlan accent #4 (conservative)====
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| *''ee øø oo'' are all monophthongs: [e: ø: o:]
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| */ç/ and /h/ before plosives = [x]
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| */h/ after V and before a resonant = [ʔ]
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| */ʟ/ = [ɫ~l]
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| ====Lleeb Serŋ====
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| *unrounded /y yə œ/ unrounded to [ɨ ɨə ɜ]
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| *stressed /ə/ backed to [ʌ]
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| */ɔ/ raised to [o]. Merger with /u/?
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| */χ/ = pharyngeal h
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| *non-lambdicity (not from Eetøøm accent)
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| ====High Cøøvean (non-lambdic)====
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| Stereotypes (while it was current): cultured, highbrow intellectuals, affluent
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| It was like a "Transatlantic" accent, in that it was a compromise between Fyxamian and Sgewlan standard accents.
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| L-colored vowels are realized as pharyngealized vowels (no nasalization)?
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| Monophthongs are long in open syllables and short in closed syllables.
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| ====Low Cøøvean (non-lambdic)====
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| L-colored vowels realized as [ɐ̯] offglide.
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| ====Flian====
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| Notorious for its strange sounds, this is the accent of the Fyxamian city of Flian (/fʟiən/ ''FLEE-uhn'' or [fʟiːn] ''FLEEN'') and its environs.
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| */ç/ is fronted to [ɕ] and triggers retraction of /ʃ tʃ/ to [ʂ tʂ].
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| */χ/ is fronted to [x].
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| *A chain vowel shift ("Flian Vowel Shift") affects the following non-nasalized vowels.
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| *#/ɛu, ui/ > [eo~eə~ɛː, oe~oə~oː]
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| *#/au, ai/ > [æw, ɑɪ]
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| *#/ou, øy, ei/ > [œw~œː, ɶʏ, æj]
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| *#/u, y, i/ > [ʊ, ʏ, ɪ]
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| *#/uə, yə, iə/ > [uː, yː, iː] before C
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| *Front nasal vowels are realized as rhotic nasal vowels: /ẽˁ~ø̃ˁ, ɛ̃ˁ~œ̃ˁ/ are realized as rhotic nasal vowels [ɚ̃, ʌ̃ɚ] or even rhotic oral vowels [ɚ, ʌɚ].
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| */θ ð/ > [t̪˭ d̪] often occurs.
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| *t-glottalization like in Estuary English
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| ====Cnollta====
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| Spoken in the Cnollta region in Fyxam, this accent is often perceived as backwards and boorish.
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| TODO: should be less Cockney
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| Similar to General Fyxamian, but:
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| *Especially in lower class accents, /θ/ > /t/ occurs after stressed syllables.
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| */ð/ > [ð̠~ɹ] after vowels.
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| *Many monophthongs lengthen or diphthongize allophonically:
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| **"trap-bath split": /a/ is pronounced [ɑː] before /r f v s z θ ð/ and word-finally, and [æ] or fully front [a] otherwise. For example, ''saþ'' /saθ/ 'salty' is pronounced [sɑːθ] or [sɑːt], ''syvŋá'' 'art' is pronounced [səvŋɑː], but ''glah'' 'will' is pronounced [kʀæh].
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| **/ɛ/ becomes [ɛə] or [eə] before voiced consonants /m n ŋ r v ð z/ or word-finally. /œ/ and /ə/ become [ɞː] and [ɘː] in the same environment.
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| Need more special features - do something with consonants maybe
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| ====Barcan (Palkhan) accent====
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| Non-lambdic like Eetøøm
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| r, rr = American r, sje?
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| ====Early Modern Skellan====
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| *The liquid ''l'' was always pronounced [lˠ]. Likewise, ''ll'' was [ɬˠ].
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| *The letter ''y'' was pronounced /ɨ/.
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| *The vowel ''a'' was never reduced, and was always pronounced [a~ɐ].
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| *The diphthongs /ɛɪ œʏ ɔʊ/ (written ''ee øø oo'') were long monophthongs [eː øː oː].
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| *The consonant ''ç'' /ç/ was actually /x/, as in Clofabic languages at that time.
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| *In written diphthongs, the ''second'' element was longer unlike in most modern accents, i.e. ''ai wi aw ew iw ia ua wa'' = [ɐiˑ uiˑ ɐuˑ euˑ iuˑ iɜˑ yɜˑ uɜˑ]. Thus, for example, ''ai'' /ai/ [ɐiˑ] and ''aj'' /aj/ [aj] were phonemically distinct.
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| <!--
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| ==="Please call Stella"===
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| The following is the "Please call Stella" text as might be read aloud by a speaker with a thick Skellan accent:
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| ====Peninsular learning GA====
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-2}}
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| Please call Stella. Ask her to bring these things with her from the store: Six spoons of fresh snow peas, five thick slabs of blue cheese, and maybe a snack for her brother Bob. We also need a small plastic snake and a big toy frog for the kids. She can scoop these things into three red bags, and we will go meet her Wednesday at the train station.
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| {{col-2}}
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| [pʰχis kʰɔ̃ stɛʀə. ɛsk həɾ tʰy pɾiŋ ðis θiŋz við həɾ fɾəm ðə stɔɾ : siks spynz əf fɾɛʃ slɔu pʰiz, faiv θik sʀɛps əf pʀy tʃʰiz, n̩ mɛipi ə slɛk fɔ hə pɾəðr̩ pap. vi ɔ̃sɔu lit ə smɔ̃ pʰχɛstik slɛik n̩ ə pik tʰui fɾak fɔ ðə kʰits. ʃi kʰɛn skyp ðis θiŋz intʰy θɾi ɾɛt pɛks n̩ vi vĩ kɔu mit həɾ vɛnstɛi ɛt tə tʰɾɛin stɛiʃn̩.]
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| {{col-end}}
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| ====Flian learning Estuary====
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-2}}
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| Please call Stella. Ask her to bring these things with her from the store: Six spoons of fresh snow peas, five thick slabs of blue cheese, and maybe a snack for her brother Bob. We also need a small plastic snake and a big toy frog for the kids. She can scoop these things into three red bags, and we will go meet her Wednesday at the train station.
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| {{col-2}}
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| [pʰχɪjs kʰɔ̃ stɛɴ̆ə. ask hə tʰy pɾiŋ ðɪjs θiŋz við hə fɾəb ðə stɔ : siks spynz əf fɾɛʂ snea pʰɪjz, fɒɪv θik sɴ̆aps əf pɴ̆y tʂʰɪjz, əd mæipi ə snak fɔ hə pɾəðə pɔp. vɪj ɔ̃sə lɪjt ə smɔ̃ pʰχastik snæik ən ə pik tʰoa fɾɔk fɔ ðə kʰits. ʂi kʰan skyp ðɪjz θigz idtʰy θɾɪj ɾɛt paks əd vɪj vĩ kea mɪjt həɾ vɛdstæi ɛt tə tʰɾæin stæiʂən.]
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| {{col-end}}
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| -->
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| ===Pronouncing Skellan words in English=== | | ===Pronouncing Skellan words in English=== |