Linguifex

Kola: Difference between revisions

← Older editNewer edit →
Shariifka (talk | contribs)
7,406 edits
Shariifka (talk | contribs)
7,406 edits
Line 150: Line 150:


<sup><small>2</small></sup> Gemination and tone are not normally indicated, and the vowel /ɨ/ is not distinguished from a null vowel. If absolutely necessary (e.g. in texts meant for learners/foreigners), gemination can be indicated with a overdot, stress with an underline<!--tone with grave/acute accents-->, and unstressed /ɨ/ with an underdot.
<sup><small>2</small></sup> Gemination and tone are not normally indicated, and the vowel /ɨ/ is not distinguished from a null vowel. If absolutely necessary (e.g. in texts meant for learners/foreigners), gemination can be indicated with a overdot, stress with an underline<!--tone with grave/acute accents-->, and unstressed /ɨ/ with an underdot.
====Arabic abjad====
'''Consonants'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" colspan="4" | Arabic script
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | IPA
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | Final
! scope="col" | Medial
! scope="col" | Initial
! scope="col" | Isolated
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ـأ</big></big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>أ</big></big>
| ʔ
| Here hamzah is shown on alif, but it may occur on wāw (ؤ), yā' (ئ), or by itself (ء).
|-
| <big><big>ـب</big></big>
| <big><big>ـبـ</big></big>
| <big><big>بـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ب</big></big>
| b
|
|-
| <big><big>ـپ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـپـ</big></big>
| <big><big>پـ</big></big>
| <big><big>پ</big></big>
| pʰ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـڀ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـڀـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڀـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڀ</big></big>
| pʼ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـت</big></big>
| <big><big>ـتـ</big></big>
| <big><big>تـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ت</big></big>
| tʰ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـث</big></big>
| <big><big>ـثـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ثـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ث</big></big>
| θ ~ s ~ t
| In Arabic loanwords.
|-
| <big><big>ـج</big></big>
| <big><big>ـجـ</big></big>
| <big><big>جـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ج</big></big>
| d͡ʒ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـچ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـچـ</big></big>
| <big><big>چـ</big></big>
| <big><big>چ</big></big>
| ɡ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـح</big></big>
| <big><big>ـحـ</big></big>
| <big><big>حـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ح</big></big>
| ħ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـخ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـخـ</big></big>
| <big><big>خـ</big></big>
| <big><big>خ</big></big>
| χ
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ـد</big></big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>د</big></big>
| d
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ـذ</big></big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ذ</big></big>
| ð ~ z ~ d
| In Arabic loanwords.
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ـر</big></big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ر</big></big>
| r
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ـز</big></big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ز</big></big>
| z
|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ـژ</big></big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ژ</big></big>
| ʒ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـس</big></big>
| <big><big>ـسـ</big></big>
| <big><big>سـ</big></big>
| <big><big>س</big></big>
| s
|
|-
| <big><big>ـش</big></big>
| <big><big>ـشـ</big></big>
| <big><big>شـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ش</big></big>
| ʃ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـص</big></big>
| <big><big>ـصـ</big></big>
| <big><big>صـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ص</big></big>
| s
| In Arabic loanwords.
|-
| <big><big>ـض</big></big>
| <big><big>ـضـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ضـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ض</big></big>
| d
| In Arabic loanwords.
|-
| <big><big>ـڞ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـڞـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڞـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڞ</big></big>
| t͡sʼ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـط</big></big>
| <big><big>ـطـ</big></big>
| <big><big>طـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ط</big></big>
| tʼ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـظ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـظـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ظـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ظ</big></big>
| ð ~ z ~ d
| In Arabic loanwords.
|-
| <big><big>ـڟ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـڟـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڟـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڟ</big></big>
| t͡ʃʼ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـع</big></big>
| <big><big>ـعـ</big></big>
| <big><big>عـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ع</big></big>
| ʕ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـغ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـغـ</big></big>
| <big><big>غـ</big></big>
| <big><big>غ</big></big>
| ʁ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـف</big></big>
| <big><big>ـفـ</big></big>
| <big><big>فـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ف</big></big>
| f
|
|-
| <big><big>ـڤ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـڤـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڤـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڤ</big></big>
| v
|
|-
| <big><big>ـق</big></big>
| <big><big>ـقـ</big></big>
| <big><big>قـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ق</big></big>
| kʼ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـك</big></big>
| <big><big>ـكـ</big></big>
| <big><big>كـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ك</big></big>
| kʰ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـڭ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـڭـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڭـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڭ</big></big>
| t͡ʃʰ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـل</big></big>
| <big><big>ـلـ</big></big>
| <big><big>لـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ل</big></big>
| l
|
|-
| <big><big>ـم</big></big>
| <big><big>ـمـ</big></big>
| <big><big>مـ</big></big>
| <big><big>م</big></big>
| m
|
|-
| <big><big>ـن</big></big>
| <big><big>ـنـ</big></big>
| <big><big>نـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ن</big></big>
| n
|
|-
| <big><big>ـڹ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـڹـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڹـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ڹ</big></big>
| ŋ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـݧ</big></big>
| <big><big>ـݧـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ݧـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ݧ</big></big>
| ɲ
|
|-
| <big><big>ـه</big></big>
| <big><big>ـهـ</big></big>
| <big><big>هـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ه</big></big>
| h
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>ـو</big></big>
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | <big><big>و</big></big>
| w
|-
| <big><big>ـي</big></big>
| <big><big>ـيـ</big></big>
| <big><big>يـ</big></big>
| <big><big>ي</big></big>
| j
|}
'''Vowels'''
<!--
{|style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center"
|
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Arabic script !! IPA !! Notes
|-
|A a || A a || a
|-
|Ä ä || Ä ä || ə
|}-->


====Latin alphabet====
====Latin alphabet====
There are two Latin alphabets: a more common one based on the Semitic and Cushitic languages of Ethiopia ("Ethiopianist"), and a less common one based on other Bantu languages ("Bantuist"). The biggest difference between them is in the treatment of voiceless stops and affricates. In the Ethiopianist alphabet, the aspirated versions are treated as the unmarked forms and the ejective versions are treated as marked (as they are in Semitic and Cushitic languages). In the Bantuist alphabet, however, the ejectives are treated as unmarked and the aspirates as marked (as they are in Bantu languages). Since Kola is Bantu, the Bantuist alphabet more accurately represents the phonemes' status in the language; however, this article uses the more common Ethiopianist alphabet.
There are two standardized Latin alphabets: a more common one based on the Semitic and Cushitic languages of Ethiopia ("Ethiopianist"), and a less common one based on other Bantu languages ("Bantuist"). The biggest difference between them is in the treatment of voiceless stops and affricates. In the Ethiopianist alphabet, the aspirated versions are treated as the unmarked forms and the ejective versions are treated as marked (as they are in Semitic and Cushitic languages). In the Bantuist alphabet, however, the ejectives are treated as unmarked and the aspirates as marked (as they are in Bantu languages). Since Kola is Bantu, the Bantuist alphabet more accurately represents the phonemes' status in the language; however, this article uses the more common Ethiopianist alphabet.


In both alphabets, clusters that can be confused with digraphs are separated with an apostrophe - e.g. ''s'h'' /sh/ vs ''sh'' /ʃ/. Stress is not normally indicated in writing, but this article uses an acute accent.
In both alphabets, clusters that can be confused with digraphs are separated with an apostrophe - e.g. ''s'h'' /sh/ vs ''sh'' /ʃ/. Stress is not normally indicated in writing, but this article uses an acute accent.
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Kola"