Lahob languages: Difference between revisions
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! Essive | ! Essive | ||
| *frāt-ox || rowspan=2 | *frāt-iŋgin || *frāt-egem || prātą || rowspan=2 | prātigin || | | *frāt-ox || rowspan=2 | *frāt-iŋgin || *frāt-egem || prātą || rowspan=2 | prātigin || prātēm || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
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! Essive | ! Essive | ||
| *kewʕəd-aw-x || rowspan=2 | *kewʕəd-u-ŋgin || *kewʕəd-aw-egem || kældą || rowspan=2 | kældugin || | | *kewʕəd-aw-x || rowspan=2 | *kewʕəd-u-ŋgin || *kewʕəd-aw-egem || kældą || rowspan=2 | kældugin || kældavēm || || | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
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! Essive | ! Essive | ||
| *əskutr-aj-x || rowspan=2 | *əskutr-i-ŋgin || *əskutr-aj-egem || skuṭę || rowspan=2 | skuṭigin || | | *əskutr-aj-x || rowspan=2 | *əskutr-i-ŋgin || *əskutr-aj-egem || skuṭę || rowspan=2 | skuṭigin || skuṭayēm || || | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
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! Translative | ! Translative | ||
| *juɟ-om-on || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-m-ix || *juɟ-m-ent || yujaman || rowspan=2 | yujmį || | | *juɟ-om-on || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-m-ix || *juɟ-m-ent || yujaman || rowspan=2 | yujmį || yujmēt || || | ||
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! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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! Essive | ! Essive | ||
| *juɟ-om-x || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-m-enne || *juɟ-m-egem || yujmą || rowspan=2 | yujmenne || | | *juɟ-om-x || rowspan=2 | *juɟ-m-enne || *juɟ-m-egem || yujmą || rowspan=2 | yujmenne || yujmēm || rowspan=2 colspan=2 | || || | ||
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! Locative | ! Locative | ||
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! Ergative | ! Ergative | ||
| *gjun-ōj-ej || *gjun-ōj-ēn || *gjun-ōj-ūn || junǣ || | | *gjun-ōj-ej || *gjun-ōj-ēn || *gjun-ōj-ūn || junǣ || junāyēn || junāyūn || rowspan=2 | || || || | ||
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! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
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! Translative | ! Translative | ||
| *gjun-ōj-n || rowspan=2 | *gjun-ōj-ix || *gjun-ōj-ent || junain || rowspan=2 | junāyį || | | *gjun-ōj-n || rowspan=2 | *gjun-ōj-ix || *gjun-ōj-ent || junain || rowspan=2 | junāyį || junāyēt || || | ||
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! Dative | ! Dative | ||
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* Chlouvānem, as expected, reflects them all clearly: the PLB s-class is continued as the s-nouns, the m-class as m-ending ones (with -ye or -e plurals), the n-class as n-ending ones (with unmarked direct and vocative plural, but otherwise identical to m-ending ones), and vowel or h-nouns represent the r-class (PLB *r consistently became Chl. h word-finally). | * Chlouvānem, as expected, reflects them all clearly: the PLB s-class is continued as the s-nouns, the m-class as m-ending ones (with -ye or -e plurals), the n-class as n-ending ones (with unmarked direct and vocative plural, but otherwise identical to m-ending ones), and vowel or h-nouns represent the r-class (PLB *r consistently became Chl. h word-finally). | ||
* The Pwaɬasd-Ngos languages merged the r- and s-classes as a single r-class (also including vowel nouns) and merged the m- and n- classes as a single nasal one. | * The Pwaɬasd-Ngos languages merged the r- and s-classes as a single r-class (also including vowel nouns) and merged the m- and n- classes as a single nasal one. | ||
* The Central Lahobic languages, as well as Šlokhowdeš, do not distinguish gender anymore, but there are many plurals that show traces of this system (even though the original m-class ending, *-je, became generalized as the main plural ending in all of these languages, e.g. Łaȟ. ''von'', ''voni'' “hand, hands” < Proto-Central-Lahobic *ðɔn, *ðɔn-ye, but in PLB it was *dʱān-o, *dʱān-o-e — c.f. Chlouvānem ''dhāna'', ''dhānai'' and Tundra Pwaɬasd ''tuněr'', ''tunuy'' (< Proto-Pwaɬasd-Ngos *tʰoon-ʀ, *tʰoon-oj)), like Łaȟ. ''žonk'', ''žonke'' “man, men” (c.f. Tundra Pw. ''děɬkěr'', ''děɬkuy'' — note that Chl. changed this to an m-class noun for unknown reasons so it has ''dralkam'', ''dralkye'' instead of the expected * | * The Central Lahobic languages, as well as Šlokhowdeš, do not distinguish gender anymore, but there are many plurals that show traces of this system (even though the original m-class ending, *-je, became generalized as the main plural ending in all of these languages, e.g. Łaȟ. ''von'', ''voni'' “hand, hands” < Proto-Central-Lahobic *ðɔn, *ðɔn-ye, but in PLB it was *dʱān-o, *dʱān-o-e — c.f. Chlouvānem ''dhāna'', ''dhānai'' and Tundra Pwaɬasd ''tuněr'', ''tunuy'' (< Proto-Pwaɬasd-Ngos *tʰoon-ʀ, *tʰoon-oj)), like Łaȟ. ''žonk'', ''žonke'' “man, men” (c.f. Tundra Pw. ''děɬkěr'', ''děɬkuy'' — note that Chl. changed this to an m-class noun for unknown reasons so it has ''dralkam'', ''dralkye'' instead of the expected *dralkē, *dralkai). | ||
* The Tlengastic languages distinguish an n-class which continues the PLB m-class, while the other three have been merged in a single class (with most words being consonant-final). | * The Tlengastic languages distinguish an n-class which continues the PLB m-class, while the other three have been merged in a single class (with most words being consonant-final). | ||
* The Woŋom-Baan languages have the same n-class derived from the PLB m-class as the Tlengastic languages, but the other one was split between vowel-final words (mostly continuing the vowel-final nouns of the PLB r-class) and consonant-final words; inflections for the consonant-final class continue the PLB s-class, those of the vowel-final class the PLB r-class. --> | * The Woŋom-Baan languages have the same n-class derived from the PLB m-class as the Tlengastic languages, but the other one was split between vowel-final words (mostly continuing the vowel-final nouns of the PLB r-class) and consonant-final words; inflections for the consonant-final class continue the PLB s-class, those of the vowel-final class the PLB r-class. --> | ||
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! *dareg | ! *dareg | ||
| darek || tarik || dažing || dareŋ || džaẽ || | | darek || tarik || dažing || dareŋ || džaẽ || darē | ||
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! colspan=7 | Past, patientive/unmarked | ! colspan=7 | Past, patientive/unmarked | ||
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! *dareg | ! *dareg | ||
| ondarek || wandažing || ôndareŋ || õdžaẽ || | | ondarek || wandažing || ôndareŋ || õdžaẽ || āndarē | ||
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! colspan=6 | Agentive/antipassive | ! colspan=6 | Agentive/antipassive | ||
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! *āndareg te | ! *āndareg te | ||
| tiondarek || tswandažing || sôndareŋ || õdžiyẽt || | | tiondarek || tswandažing || sôndareŋ || õdžiyẽt || āntedarē | ||
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! *ʕāj(ə)sjeg <small>"elbow"</small> | ! *ʕāj(ə)sjeg <small>"elbow"</small> | ||
| | | laišē || *ayʃeg || ešiž || eshik || *ooyʂk-ʀ || uyɬkěr || eyɬkor | ||
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! *ɟuʕden <small>"lung"</small> | ! *ɟuʕden <small>"lung"</small> | ||
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! *gegriso <small>"lake"</small> | ! *gegriso <small>"lake"</small> | ||
| | | gērisa || *gegris || hetłi || kitł || *kekʂiʂ-ʀ || geɬir || kesiɬor | ||
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! *jegarom <small>"stomach"</small> | ! *jegarom <small>"stomach"</small> | ||