Qino: Difference between revisions
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'''Notes:''' | '''Notes:''' | ||
*The Class 1 forms ending in an accented vowel lose the accent when non-final, unfocused, or used descriptively and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively - e.g. ''Cali arká'' "I see Ali"; ''Cáli arka'' "I see ''Ali''"; ''yarka nama'' "person who sees"; ''Cali tarkaa?'' "Do you see Ali?" | *The Class 1 forms ending in an accented vowel lose the accent when non-final, unfocused, or used descriptively and lengthen the final vowel when used interrogatively - e.g. ''Cali arká'' "I see Ali"; ''Cáli arka'' "I see ''Ali''"; ''yarka nama'' "person who sees"; ''Cali tarkaa?'' "Do you see Ali?" | ||
* | *The negation particle ''ma'' is accented and causes the verb's accent to be weakened or dropped (unless case endings or derivational prefixes are attached, in which case ''ma'' weakens its accent). It may be written attached to the verb. The jussive affirmative particle ''haa'' is also accented, but the imperative negative particle ''hin'' is unaccented. | ||
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*Verbs can be used descriptively before a noun. The verb is always in the singular. Adjectives can pluralize by reduplication - e.g. ''dheere nama'' "tall person" vs ''dheedheere nama'' "tall people" | *Verbs can be used descriptively before a noun. The verb is always in the singular. Adjectives can pluralize by reduplication - e.g. ''dheere nama'' "tall person" vs ''dheedheere nama'' "tall people" | ||
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*Main clause: | *Main clause: | ||
**Affirmative: "Imperfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarká'' "he sees" | **Affirmative: "Imperfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarká'' "he sees" | ||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Imperfect subordinate" - e.g. '' | **Negative: ''ma'' + "Imperfect subordinate (minus final accent)" - e.g. ''máyarko'' "he does not see" | ||
*Subordinate clause: | *Subordinate clause: | ||
**Affirmative: "Imperfect subordinate" - e.g. ''yarkonoo'' "so that he sees" | **Affirmative: "Imperfect subordinate" - e.g. ''yarkonoo'' "so that he sees" | ||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Imperfect subordinate negative" - e.g. '' | **Negative: ''ma'' + "Imperfect subordinate negative" - e.g. ''mayarkinonoo'' "so that he does not see" (or can use compound tense - see below) | ||
======Simple past====== | ======Simple past====== | ||
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*Main clause: | *Main clause: | ||
**Affirmative: "Perfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarké'' "he saw" | **Affirmative: "Perfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarké'' "he saw" | ||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Perfect negative" - e.g. '' | **Negative: ''ma'' + "Perfect negative" - e.g. ''máyarkine'' "he did not see" | ||
*Subordinate clause: | *Subordinate clause: | ||
**Affirmative: "Perfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarkenas'' "because he saw" | **Affirmative: "Perfect affirmative" - e.g. ''yarkenas'' "because he saw" | ||
**Negative: ''ma'' + "Perfect negative" - e.g. '' | **Negative: ''ma'' + "Perfect negative" - e.g. ''mayarkinenas'' "because he did not see" (or can use compound tense - see below) | ||
======Imperative====== | ======Imperative====== | ||
*Used for a command in the second person. The imperative forms without ''t'' are used. | *Used for a command in the second person. The imperative forms without ''t'' are used. | ||
*Affirmative: "Imperative affirmative" - e.g. ''arki'' "see!" | *Affirmative: "Imperative affirmative" - e.g. ''arki'' "see!" | ||
*Negative: ''hin'' + "Imperative negative" - e.g. ''hin | *Negative: ''hin'' + "Imperative negative" - e.g. ''hin arkíni'' "do not see!" | ||
======Jussive====== | ======Jussive====== | ||
*Used for a wish, command, etc, mostly in the first and third person. The second person uses the forms with ''t''. | *Used for a wish, command, etc, mostly in the first and third person. The second person uses the forms with ''t''. | ||
*Affirmative: ''haa'' + "Jussive affirmative" - e.g. '' | *Affirmative: ''haa'' + "Jussive affirmative" - e.g. ''háa yarku'' "let him see!" | ||
*Negative: ''ma'' + "Jussive negative" - e.g. '' | *Negative: ''ma'' + "Jussive negative" - e.g. ''máyarkinu'' "let him not see!" | ||
=====Compound tenses/aspects===== | =====Compound tenses/aspects===== | ||
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*Indicates an action that is ongoing or in the near future. | *Indicates an action that is ongoing or in the near future. | ||
:e.g. ''an caamiliyé'' "I am eating"; ''at baxiliiché'' "you were leaving" | :e.g. ''an caamiliyé'' "I am eating"; ''at baxiliiché'' "you were leaving" | ||
======Anticipative====== | ======Anticipative====== | ||
*Formed with infinitive + ''alli'' "to obtain" | *Formed with infinitive + ''alli'' "to obtain" | ||
*Indicates an action that expected to occur in the near future. Can be translated as "about to -". | *Indicates an action that expected to occur in the very near future. Can be translated as "about to -". | ||
:e.g. ''an caami allá'' "I am about to eat"; ''at baxi tallé'' "you were about to leave" | :e.g. ''an caami allá'' "I am about to eat"; ''at baxi tallé'' "you were about to leave" | ||
======Habitual====== | |||
*Formed with infinitive + ''jiri'' "to exist; to be present" (fused) | |||
*Indicates an action that is ongoing or in the near future. | |||
:e.g. ''an caami jirá'' "I eat (habitually)"; ''at baxi jirté'' "you used to leave" | |||
======Prospective====== | ======Prospective====== | ||
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*Formed with infinitive + ''-(i)d'' + ''sugi'' "to stay, remain" | *Formed with infinitive + ''-(i)d'' + ''sugi'' "to stay, remain" | ||
*Indicates that an action that is still happening. It can also be used instead of the progressive to emphasize the ongoingness of the action. | *Indicates that an action that is still happening. It can also be used instead of the progressive to emphasize the ongoingness of the action. | ||
:e.g. ''an caamid sugá'' "I am (still) eating"; ''at baxid sugdé'' "you were (still) leaving" | :e.g. ''an caamid sugá'' "I am (still) eating; I am in the middle of eating"; ''at baxid sugdé'' "you were (still) leaving" | ||
======Others====== | ======Others====== | ||