Kola: Difference between revisions
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====Verb extensions==== | ====Verb extensions==== | ||
'''Passive''' is formed with the ending ''-́wa'' in the present and ''- | '''Passive''' is formed with the ending ''-́wa'' in the present and ''-́we'' in the perfect. | ||
:e.g. ጔድሏ ''gweddḯl<b>wa</b>'' "to be walked to", | :e.g. ጔድሏ ''gweddḯl<b>wa</b>'' "to be walked to", ጔድልዌ ''gweddḯl<b>we</b>'' "to have been walked to". | ||
::ግዙጟ ''gïzúng<b>wa</b>'' "to be cooked", | ::ግዙጟ ''gïzúng<b>wa</b>'' "to be cooked", ግዙⶕ ''gïzúng<b>we</b>'' "to have been cooked". | ||
'''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ísh-'' {''-́sh-''}. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-ísh-'' {''-́sh-''}, which becomes ''-íz-'' {''-́z-''} before the perfect ending. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to cause to walk", | :e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to cause to walk", ጔዚዜ ''gwezz<b>íz</b>e'' "to have caused to walk". | ||
:: | :: ግዙጂሸ ''gïzuj<b>ísh</b>ä'' "to make (someone) cook", ግዙጂዜ ''gïzuj<b>íz</b>e'' "to have made (someone) to cook". | ||
'''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)l-''. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | '''Applicative''' is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)l-''. This suffix causes velar/guttural consonants to be palatalized; again, loanwords may not be affected. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለ ''gwèdd<b>ïl</b>ä'' "to walk to", | :e.g. ጔድለ ''gwèdd<b>ïl</b>ä'' "to walk to", ጔዲሌ ''gwèdd<b>ïl</b>e'' "to have walked to". | ||
:: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", | :: ግዙይለ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>ä'' "to cook for", ግዙይሌ ''gïzúy<b>l</b>e'' "to have cooked for". | ||
'''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' {''-n-''}. | '''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-än-'' {''-n-''}. | ||
:e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>än</b>ä'' "to walk to each other", | :e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>än</b>ä'' "to walk to each other", ጔድለኔ ''gweddïl<b>än</b>e'' "to have walked to each other". | ||
:: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>ä'' "to cook each other", | :: ግዙጘነ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>ä'' "to cook each other", ግዙጘኔ ''gïzúng<b>än</b>e'' "to have cooked each other". | ||
'''Extensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-äng-'' {''-ng-''}. It indicates a large quantity. | '''Extensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-äng-'' {''-ng-''}. It indicates a large quantity. | ||
:e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèdd<b>äng</b>ä'' "to walk a lot", | :e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèdd<b>äng</b>ä'' "to walk a lot", ጔደጜ ''gwèdd<b>äng</b>i'' "to have walked a lot". | ||
:: ግዙጘጘ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>ä'' "to cook a large amount", | :: ግዙጘጘ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>ä'' "to cook a large amount", ግዙጘጜ ''gïzúng<b>äng</b>e'' "to have cooked a large amount". | ||
'''Intensive''' is formed by reduplicating the final syllable of the root (minus the onset) and shifting the accent one syllable forward. If the root ends in a geminate consonant, it loses its gemination in the base root. The intensive indicates that an action is performed repeatedly and.or intensively. The intensive and extensive are very similar in meaning and are often more or less interchangeable. | '''Intensive''' is formed by reduplicating the final syllable of the root (minus the onset) and shifting the accent one syllable forward. If the root ends in a geminate consonant, it loses its gemination in the base root. The intensive indicates that an action is performed repeatedly and.or intensively. The intensive and extensive are very similar in meaning and are often more or less interchangeable. | ||
:e.g. | :e.g. ጔደደ ''gwed<b>èdd</b>ä'' "to walk all over the place", ጔደዴ ''gwed<b>èdd</b>e'' "to have walked all over the place". | ||
:: ግዙጙጘ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>ä'' "to cook intensively/repeatedly", | :: ግዙጙጘ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>ä'' "to cook intensively/repeatedly", ግዙጙⶕ ''gïzung<b>úng</b>e'' "to have cooked intensively/repeatedly". | ||
'''Neuter''' (not very productive) is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)g-''. It is used for the middle voice and can have unpredictable meaning. | '''Neuter''' (not very productive) is formed with the suffix ''-(ï)g-''. It is used for the middle voice and can have unpredictable meaning. | ||
:e.g. ግዙጝገ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>ä'' "to cook (intr.)", | :e.g. ግዙጝገ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>ä'' "to cook (intr.)", ግዙጝጌ ''gïzúng<b>g</b>e'' "to have cooked (intr.)". | ||
Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is intensive-causative-applicative-reciprocal-extensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. | Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is intensive-causative-applicative-reciprocal-extensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. | ||