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| ==Historical phonology== | | ==Historical phonology== |
| ===Middle Wiebian===
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
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| |+'''Middle Wiebian initials'''
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| ! colspan="2"|
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| !Labial
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| !Alveolar
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| !Retroflex
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| !Click
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| !Velar
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| !Glottal
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"|Nasal
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| |/m̊/
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| |/n̊/
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| |/ɳ̊/
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| |/ŋ̊!/
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| |/ŋ̊/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| |/m/
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| |/n/
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| |/ɳ/
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| |/ŋ!/
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| |/ŋ/
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| |
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3"|Stop
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| ! | <small>tenuis</small>
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| |/p/
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| |/t/
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| |/ʈ/
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| |/ǃ/
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| |/k/
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| |/ʔ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>aspirated</small>
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| |/pʰ/
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| |/tʰ/
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| |/ʈʰ/
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| |/ǃʰ/
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| |/kʰ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| |/b/
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| |/d/
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| |/ɖ/
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| |/ɡǃ/
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| |/ɡ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"|Spirants
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| |/f/
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| |/θ/
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| |/ɧ/
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| |/x/
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| |/h/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| |/ð/
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| |/ɧ̬/
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| |/ɣ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"|Sibilants
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| |/s/
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| |/ʂ/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| |/z/
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| |/ʐ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"|Approximant
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| ! | <small>voiceless</small>
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| |/ʍ/
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| |/l̥/
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| |-
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| ! | <small>voiced</small>
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| |/w/
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| |/l/
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| |}
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Middle Wiebian vowels'''
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
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| ! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
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| ! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
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| |-
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
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| !style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | /i/
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| | /iː/
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| | /y/
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| | /yː/
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| | /u/
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| | /uː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | /e/
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| | /eː/
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| | /ø/
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| | /øː/
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| |
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| | /əː/
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| | /ɔ/
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| | /oː/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | /æ/
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| | /æː/
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| | /ɑ/
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| | /ɑː/
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| |}
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|
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| Diphthongs: /ai au oy ja je iːa jaː wa wo uːa waː ɥa ɥø yːa ɥaː aiɐ auɐ oyɐ/
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|
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| Tones:
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| *(-p m)
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| *(-p b)
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| *(-p g)
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| *(+p m)
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| *(+p b)
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| *(+p g)
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|
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| ===Final changes===
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|
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| *Vowels lengthen before ŋ: ɑŋ æŋ eŋ iŋ oŋ øŋ uŋ yŋ > ɑːŋ æːŋ eːŋ iːŋ oːŋ øːŋ uːŋ yːŋ
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| *-ŋ! > -ŋ
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| *stops > ʔ; nasals > ŋ
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| ===Retroflex/slender split===
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| *ɑ merger with ɔ, ɑː merger with aː
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| *ai ~ iː > iː in open syllables, aː in closed syllables
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| *a(ː) ~ ja(ː) > a(ː)
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| *e ~ je/i > ei
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| *əː ~ eː > ɛ
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| *au ~ ay > ɔ
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| *o(ː) ~ ø(ː) > œ
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| *u(ː) ~ y(ː) > y
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| *u(ː)a ~ y(ː)a > uː
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| *uo ~ yø > ou
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| *aiɐ ~ iːa > ja
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| *auɐ ~ oyɐ > wa
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| *ʔ > ʔ / r
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| *k > k / t͡ɕ
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| *ʈ > k / tʂ
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| *θ > ʂ / t
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| *! > ! / |
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| *ɧ > r / r
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| *t > tʂ / ts
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| *p > p / pj
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| *n > ɳ / n
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| *ɳ > ŋ
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| *l > l / l or j depending on dialect
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| *r > l
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| ==Phonemic inventory== | | ==Phonemic inventory== |
Lexicon
Sandbox
Tchwerian (brits Tşwer in Rhythoed, śwer Gein in Feiden) is a Pfeunic language with a large number of tones. Tchwerian is inspired by Hmong and Hungarian.
Todo
Clicks have to go
Numbers
- 1: wahm /jɛŋ21/
- 2: disser /tʂɨ41/
- 3: narg /nɛʔ33/
- 4: đauf /ǃy41/
- 5: säl /si21/
- 6: stuhm /tʂɔŋ55/
- 7: rut /ʔɔʔ11/
- 8: lerz /laː41/
- 9: pfarb /pʰɛʔ44/
- 10: kier /kʰiː55/
Historical phonology
Phonemic inventory
In this article, the phonemic values are also given in a pinyin.
Initials
Tchwerian initials
|
|
Labial
|
Dental
|
Alveolar
|
Retroflex
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Glottal
|
| plain
|
pal.
|
| Nasal
|
m /m/ |
mj /mʲ/
|
n /n/
|
|
|
ng /ŋ/
|
|
| Stop/Affricate
|
tenuis
|
b /p/ |
bj /pʲ/
|
dz /ts/ |
d /t/
|
dzs /ʈʂ/
|
gy /tɕ/
|
g /k/
|
/ʔ/
|
| aspirated
|
p /pʰ/
|
pj /pʰʲ/
|
c /tsʰ/ |
t /tʰ/
|
cs /ʈʂʰ/
|
ty /tɕʰ/
|
k /kʰ/
|
|
| Fricative
|
f /f/ |
|
sz /s/ |
|
s /ʂ/
|
sy /ɕ/
|
ch /x/
|
h /h/
|
| Approximant
|
w /w/ |
|
l /l/
|
|
j /j/
|
|
|
Vowels
Tchwerian vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| unrounded
|
rounded
|
short
|
long
|
| Close
|
i /i/
|
ü /y/
|
[ɨ]
|
[ɨː]
|
u /u/
|
| Mid
|
e /ɛ/
|
ö /œ/
|
|
|
o /ɔ/
|
| Open
|
|
|
a /a/
|
á /aː/
|
|
Diphthongs: é ő ó /ei øy ou/; /eiŋ øyŋ ouŋ/ = [eŋ~ẽĩ øŋ~ø̃ỹ oŋ~õũ]
Allowed finals -w, -j, -ʔ, -ŋ; øj, øw > øy. The pinyin indicates the nasal final by doubling the vowel letter.
- Notes
- /i/ and /y/ retract to [ɨ] after retroflexes and retroflex clicks.
- Glottal stop and nasal finals may assimilate to the next consonant.
Tones
Tchwerian has 10 tones.
Tchwerian tone reflexes from Middle Wiebian (1 = lowest; 5 = highest)
|
|
Modal final
|
Breathy final
|
Glottalized final
|
Stop final
|
| Voiceless initial
|
-phar
|
-Ø 55
|
-s 53
|
-t 44
|
-tt ʔ44
|
| +phar
|
-l 424
|
-f 35
|
-d 33
|
-dd ʔ33
|
| Voiced initial
|
-phar
|
-n 21
|
-z 31
|
| +phar
|
-z 31
|
-v 13
|
-b 11
|
-bb ʔ11
|
Morphology
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Syntax