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| [[Cascadian Turkic/Lexicon|Lexicon]]
| | '''Sapkhan''' is the official language of Sapkha in [[Bjeheond]]. |
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| '''Cascadian Turkic''' is a Turkic language spoken in [[User:IlL/Lõis]]'s Pacific Northwest. | |
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| ==Introduction== | | ==Introduction== |
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| ===Names===
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| [placeholder] | | Sapkhan is a tonal language and is unrelated to the [[Hlou]]-[[Ku]] languages. |
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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
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| All letters are pronounced as in Turkish, except:
| | Oddly enough, the only nasal sound present in Sapkhan is /ɳ/, as the others have undergone mergers (/m n ɲ/ merged with /b l j/ while /ŋ/ disappeared). |
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| * '''e''' is always /ɛ/ [e̞ ~ ɛ], never /æ/;
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| * '''ı''' is typically [ə ~ ʌ̈];
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| * '''r''' is /ɹ/ or /ɻ/;
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| * '''ŕ''' is /r/;
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| * '''ȼ''' is /ɬ/;
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| * '''ŋ''' is /ŋ/; and
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| * '''ẓ''' is /ʒ/.
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| The letters '''w''' /w/ and '''y''' /y/ are used in foreign words. In addition, educated speakers often make a distinction between the native phonemes '''h''' /h/ and '''k''' /k/, and the phonemes '''ḥ''' /x/ and '''ḳ''' /q/ respectively, which can be found in Eskimo and Salish loans. However, the use of ejectives in Lushootseed loans that have them, e.g. /ts’əm/ for ''tsım (etmik)'' 'to pick berries' is considered pretentious.
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| ===Vowel harmony===
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| The symbols X and O denote two underspecified vowels. X can be i, ı, u or ü, and O can be e, a, o or ö.
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| ===Nouns===
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| Cascadian Turkic has 6 cases:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Case !! Nominative !! Genitive !! Accusative !! Locative !! Ablative !! Dative
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| | Ending || || -(n)O || -(n)X || -dX/-tX || -dXn/-tXn || -kX, -ŋX after a vowel
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| |}
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| The plural is -lXŕ.
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| Unusually for a Turkic language, first and second person possessives are prefixes.
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Person !! Singular !! Plural
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| | 1 || be- || rim-
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| |-
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| | 2 || ȼe- || re-
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| |}
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| The third person possessive is a suffix: -(s)X. -sX may be abbreviated to -s.
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| ===Verbs===
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| * Simple present: -(X)ŕ-, negative -mXr-
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| * Present continuous: -bie-, negative -mXbie-
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| * Past: -dX/tX-, negative -mXdX-
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| * Evidential past: -mXs-, negative -mXmXs-
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| * Future: -(X)ẓXŋ-, negative -mXẓXŋ-
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| Here are the personal suffixes:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Person !! Singular !! Plural
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| | 1 || -mXn || -mXr
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| | 2 || -sXn || -sXr
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| |-
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| | 3 || -Ø/-dXŕ/-tXŕ || -Ø/-lXŕ
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| |}
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| These work somewhat differently in the present continuous tense:
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Person !! Singular !! Plural
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| | 1 || -biemin || -biemir
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| | 2 || -biesin || -biesir
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| | 3 || -bier || -bier/-bieliŕ
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| |}
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| In the future tense and in predicative sentences (where these suffixes are attached to nouns or adjectives), -sXn and -sXr become -ȼXn and -ȼXr respectively. The suffix -dXŕ/tXŕ may be used for third person predicatives.
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| The existential verb 'there is' is ''bıaŕ'', negative ''ẓuok''.
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| The root ''tut-'' can be used with the meaning 'to have'.
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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| ==Example texts==
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| ==Some non-Turkic words==
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| ''Süötüptün'' = the Pacific Northwest, from Lushootseed "swátixʷtəd" (earth)
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| ''tsımetmik'' = to pick berries, from Lushootseed "c’əb"
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| ''tsımẓı'' = berry picker (-ẓı ~ Turkish -cı)
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| ''shıwın'' = blackberry, from Lushootseed "sx̌əgʷəd"
| | p pʰ t tʰ ʈ ʈʰ c cʰ k kʰ bʰ dʰ ɖʰ ɟʰ gʰ |
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| ==Other resources==
| | ɳ~ɭ̃ ɳʰ |
| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
| | tɬ ɬ l tʳ r̥ r j ʋ |
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | | [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] |
| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Lõis]] | | [[Category:Tricin]] |