Kola: Difference between revisions

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====Verb extensions====

'''Passive''' is formed with the suffix ''-wa'' in the present and ''-~~(ï)lo~~'' in the perfect.

'''Passive''' is formed with the suffix ''-o'' [''-wo''] in the present and ''-u'' [''-w''] in the perfect.

:e.g. ~~ጔድሏ~~ ''gwèddïlwa'' "to '''be''' walked to", ~~ጔድሎ~~ ''gwèddïllo'' "to '''have been''' walked to".

:e.g. ጔድሎ ''gwèddïlo'' "to '''be''' walked to", ጔድሉ ''gwèddïlu'' "to '''have been''' walked to".

'''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-íshä'' [''-́shä''] in the present and ''-íshi'' [''-́shi''] in the perfect. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected.

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'''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-ä̀nä'' [''-̀nä''] in the present and ''-ä̀ni'' [''-̀ni''] in the perfect.

:e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïlä̀nä'' "to walk to '''each other'''", ጔድለኒ ''gweddïlä̀ni'' "to '''have''' walked to '''each other'''".

~~'''Intensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-ängä'' [''-ngä''] in the present and ''-ängi'' [''-ngi''] in the perfect. It conveys a meaning of intensiveness, repetitiveness, etc.~~

~~:e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèddängä'' "to walk '''back and forth/repeatedly'''", ጔደጚ ''gwèddängi'' "to have walked '''back and forth/repeatedly'''".~~

Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is causative-applicative-reciprocal-intensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. Only the final suffix changes in the perfect.

:e.g. ~~ጔዚሽለነጟ~~ ''gwezz~~ishïlä̀nängwa~~'' "to '''be made to''' walk '''~~repeatedly~~ to each other'''", ~~ጔዚሽለነጝሎ~~ ''gwezz~~ishïlä̀nänglo~~'' "to '''have been made to''' walk '''~~repeatedly~~ to each other'''".

:e.g. ጔዚሽለኖ ''gwezzishïlä̀no'' "to '''be made to''' walk '''to each other'''", ጔዚሽለኑ ''gwezzishïlä̀nu'' "to '''have been made to''' walk '''to each other'''".

==Syntax==

@@ Line 948: / Line 948: @@
 ====Verb extensions====
-'''Passive''' is formed with the suffix ''-wa'' in the present and ''-(ï)lo'' in the perfect.
+'''Passive''' is formed with the suffix ''-o'' [''-wo''] in the present and ''-u'' [''-w''] in the perfect.
-:e.g. ጔድሏ ''gwèddïl<b>wa</b>'' "to '''be''' walked to", ጔድሎ ''gwèddïl<b>lo</b>'' "to '''have been''' walked to".
+:e.g. ጔድሎ ''gwèddïl<b>o</b>'' "to '''be''' walked to", ጔድሉ ''gwèddïl<b>u</b>'' "to '''have been''' walked to".
 '''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-íshä'' [''-́shä''] in the present and ''-íshi'' [''-́shi''] in the perfect. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected.
@@ Line 959: / Line 959: @@
 '''Reciprocal''' is formed with the suffix ''-ä̀nä'' [''-̀nä''] in the present and ''-ä̀ni'' [''-̀ni''] in the perfect.
 :e.g. ጔድለነ ''gweddïl<b>ä̀nä</b>'' "to walk to '''each other'''", ጔድለኒ ''gweddïl<b>ä̀ni</b>'' "to '''have''' walked to '''each other'''".
-'''Intensive''' is formed with the suffix ''-ängä'' [''-ngä''] in the present and ''-ängi'' [''-ngi''] in the perfect. It conveys a meaning of intensiveness, repetitiveness, etc.
-:e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèddängä'' "to walk '''back and forth/repeatedly'''", ጔደጚ ''gwèddängi'' "to have walked '''back and forth/repeatedly'''".
 Suffixes can be stacked. The general order is causative-applicative-reciprocal-intensive-passive, but this may change depending on meaning. Only the final suffix changes in the perfect.
-:e.g. ጔዚሽለነጟ ''gwezz<b>ishïlä̀nängwa</b>'' "to '''be made to''' walk '''repeatedly to each other'''", ጔዚሽለነጝሎ ''gwezz<b>ishïlä̀nänglo</b>'' "to '''have been made to''' walk '''repeatedly to each other'''".
+:e.g. ጔዚሽለኖ ''gwezz<b>ishïlä̀no</b>'' "to '''be made to''' walk '''to each other'''", ጔዚሽለኑ ''gwezz<b>ishïlä̀nu</b>'' "to '''have been made to''' walk '''to each other'''".
 ==Syntax==