Lahob languages: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox language family | {{Infobox language family | ||
| name = Lahob | | name = Lahob | ||
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| child6 = [[Chlouvānem]] | | child6 = [[Chlouvānem]] | ||
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The '''Lahob languages''' (also '''Lahobic'''; | The '''Lahob languages''' (also '''Lahobic'''; [...] Chl. ''lahūvumi dældai'') are a large [[Verse:Calémere|Calémerian]] language family, most widely spoken on the continent of Márusúturon. | ||
<!-- ; its Urheimat is in the far northern part of Evandor, where the greatest diversity among them is still found; the most spoken language of the family is however [[Chlouvānem]], spoken (along with its daughter languages) across large areas of Greater Evandor (in the continent of ''Márusúturon'' or ''Mārsūtram''), with [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|its own heartland]] more than 10,000 km away.<br/> | |||
The family takes its name from ''Łaȟoḇeyšer'', language of the ''Łaȟoḇ'' people, the largest and first studied in the Lahob heartlands. | The family takes its name from ''Łaȟoḇeyšer'', language of the ''Łaȟoḇ'' people, the largest and first studied in the Lahob heartlands. | ||
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===Numeral system=== | ===Numeral system=== | ||
All Lahob languages have a purely duodecimal number system, and it is one of only a few human language families on Calémere to use that. It has been hypothesized that the duodecimal system was an influence from the Orcs, as Orcs in both hemispheres all have duodecimal number systems and all human language families with non-borrowed duodecimal systems have a current or proto-homeland near Orcish populations.<br/> | All Lahob languages have a purely duodecimal number system, and it is one of only a few human language families on Calémere to use that. It has been hypothesized that the duodecimal system was an influence from the Orcs, as Orcs in both hemispheres all have duodecimal number systems and all human language families with non-borrowed duodecimal systems have a current or proto-homeland near Orcish populations.<br/> | ||
Lahob languages have also been unique in spreading duodecimal systems: in the West, northern dialects of Gathura have a system of duodecimal numerals (up to 48<sub>10</sub> (40<sub>12</sub>)) coexisting with their native decimal ones, most probably because of early Gathura explorers and settlers of the far northern lands adopting this in order to better trade with indigenous Lahob-speaking tribes. In the East, Brono-Fathanic, and Gorjonur dialects of [[Skyrdagor]], as well as the Bazá dialects spoken in Chlouvānem areas, all have a native decimal system and a duodecimal one borrowed from Chlouvānem. This has gone even further in regional vernaculars of [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|the Inquisition]], such as Hūnakañumi, which do not use their native (usually decimal or quinary) systems anymore, having substituted them with the duodecimal Chlouvānem system (all of these languages usually count with native numerals up to 5 or 10 and then use the Chlouvānem numerals). In [[Qualdomelic]], the primary system is also duodecimal - with a mixture of borrowed and native roots -, with the native decimal system being also only used in certain specific context, though not as much abandoned as in vernaculars of the Inquisition. | Lahob languages have also been unique in spreading duodecimal systems: in the West, northern dialects of Gathura have a system of duodecimal numerals (up to 48<sub>10</sub> (40<sub>12</sub>)) coexisting with their native decimal ones, most probably because of early Gathura explorers and settlers of the far northern lands adopting this in order to better trade with indigenous Lahob-speaking tribes. In the East, Brono-Fathanic, and Gorjonur dialects of [[Skyrdagor]], as well as the Bazá dialects spoken in Chlouvānem areas, all have a native decimal system and a duodecimal one borrowed from Chlouvānem. This has gone even further in regional vernaculars of [[Verse:Chlouvānem Inquisition|the Inquisition]], such as Hūnakañumi, which do not use their native (usually decimal or quinary) systems anymore, having substituted them with the duodecimal Chlouvānem system (all of these languages usually count with native numerals up to 5 or 10 and then use the Chlouvānem numerals). In [[Qualdomelic]], the primary system is also duodecimal - with a mixture of borrowed and native roots -, with the native decimal system being also only used in certain specific context, though not as much abandoned as in vernaculars of the Inquisition. --> | ||
==Proto-Lahob== | ==Proto-Lahob== | ||
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====Gender system==== | <!-- ====Gender system==== | ||
'''(NOT UP TO DATE)''' | '''(NOT UP TO DATE)''' | ||
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* The Central Lahobic languages, as well as Šlokhowdeš, do not distinguish gender anymore, but there are many plurals that show traces of this system (even though the original m-class ending, *-je, became generalized as the main plural ending in all of these languages, e.g. Łaȟ. ''von'', ''voni'' “hand, hands” < Proto-Central-Lahobic *ðɔn, *ðɔn-ye, but in PLB it was *dʱān-o, *dʱān-o-e — c.f. Chlouvānem ''dhāna'', ''dhānai'' and Tundra Pwaɬasd ''tuněr'', ''tunuy'' (< Proto-Pwaɬasd-Ngos *tʰoon-ʀ, *tʰoon-oj)), like Łaȟ. ''žonk'', ''žonke'' “man, men” (c.f. Tundra Pw. ''děɬkěr'', ''děɬkuy'' — note that Chl. changed this to an m-class noun for unknown reasons so it has ''dralkam'', ''dralkye'' instead of the expected *dralkė, *dralkai). | * The Central Lahobic languages, as well as Šlokhowdeš, do not distinguish gender anymore, but there are many plurals that show traces of this system (even though the original m-class ending, *-je, became generalized as the main plural ending in all of these languages, e.g. Łaȟ. ''von'', ''voni'' “hand, hands” < Proto-Central-Lahobic *ðɔn, *ðɔn-ye, but in PLB it was *dʱān-o, *dʱān-o-e — c.f. Chlouvānem ''dhāna'', ''dhānai'' and Tundra Pwaɬasd ''tuněr'', ''tunuy'' (< Proto-Pwaɬasd-Ngos *tʰoon-ʀ, *tʰoon-oj)), like Łaȟ. ''žonk'', ''žonke'' “man, men” (c.f. Tundra Pw. ''děɬkěr'', ''děɬkuy'' — note that Chl. changed this to an m-class noun for unknown reasons so it has ''dralkam'', ''dralkye'' instead of the expected *dralkė, *dralkai). | ||
* The Tlengastic languages distinguish an n-class which continues the PLB m-class, while the other three have been merged in a single class (with most words being consonant-final). | * The Tlengastic languages distinguish an n-class which continues the PLB m-class, while the other three have been merged in a single class (with most words being consonant-final). | ||
* The Woŋom-Baan languages have the same n-class derived from the PLB m-class as the Tlengastic languages, but the other one was split between vowel-final words (mostly continuing the vowel-final nouns of the PLB r-class) and consonant-final words; inflections for the consonant-final class continue the PLB s-class, those of the vowel-final class the PLB r-class. | * The Woŋom-Baan languages have the same n-class derived from the PLB m-class as the Tlengastic languages, but the other one was split between vowel-final words (mostly continuing the vowel-final nouns of the PLB r-class) and consonant-final words; inflections for the consonant-final class continue the PLB s-class, those of the vowel-final class the PLB r-class. --> | ||
====Pronouns==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
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====Verbs==== | <!-- ====Verbs==== | ||
Proto-Lahob had a verbal conjugation which was very similar to Classical Chlouvānem (with the reflexive *-ir- and the causative *-iʕd- affixes that are analyzed as "stem modifiers" instead of different types of endings - cf. Chlouvānem interior and causative forms). Most modern Lahob languages have retained only a small amount of verbs, often using them as light verbs by extending them with other nouns or else - cf. Łaȟoḇeyšer ''darek'' (to do<ref>Łaȟoḇeyšer, like most Lahob languages, has no infinitive - this form is actually 2SG and 3SG.</ref>), ''wašišan darek'' (to pay (< Gathura ''waxishan'' "money"), ''pov darek'' (to hunt (''pov'' "hunt" < PLB *podʱo)). Also, most Lahob languages have inverted the voices and the older *te affix for agent-trigger conjugation now marks the antipassive in the ergative/absolutive system of most Lahob languages (apart from Pwaɬasd-Ngos, Central Lahobic, and Chlouvānem). | Proto-Lahob had a verbal conjugation which was very similar to Classical Chlouvānem (with the reflexive *-ir- and the causative *-iʕd- affixes that are analyzed as "stem modifiers" instead of different types of endings - cf. Chlouvānem interior and causative forms). Most modern Lahob languages have retained only a small amount of verbs, often using them as light verbs by extending them with other nouns or else - cf. Łaȟoḇeyšer ''darek'' (to do<ref>Łaȟoḇeyšer, like most Lahob languages, has no infinitive - this form is actually 2SG and 3SG.</ref>), ''wašišan darek'' (to pay (< Gathura ''waxishan'' "money"), ''pov darek'' (to hunt (''pov'' "hunt" < PLB *podʱo)). Also, most Lahob languages have inverted the voices and the older *te affix for agent-trigger conjugation now marks the antipassive in the ergative/absolutive system of most Lahob languages (apart from Pwaɬasd-Ngos, Central Lahobic, and Chlouvānem). | ||
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* *ri- is used for the Pwaɬasd-Ngos past forms, the present (except 3SG) and the subjunctive mood in Lahobic languages, and the perfect in Chlouvānem (as well as Yełeshian and Shershan Lawo). | * *ri- is used for the Pwaɬasd-Ngos past forms, the present (except 3SG) and the subjunctive mood in Lahobic languages, and the perfect in Chlouvānem (as well as Yełeshian and Shershan Lawo). | ||
* *yek- forms the past in Lahobic, Tlengastic, and Woŋom-Baan languages as well as Šlokhowdeš and Chlouvānem. Its original present inflections are used as a future paradigm in Chlouvānem, though less used than the (completely synonymous) one based on *jaʕʕ-. | * *yek- forms the past in Lahobic, Tlengastic, and Woŋom-Baan languages as well as Šlokhowdeš and Chlouvānem. Its original present inflections are used as a future paradigm in Chlouvānem, though less used than the (completely synonymous) one based on *jaʕʕ-. | ||
* *gəna- is used for the subjunctive mood in Chlouvānem and the Tlengastic and Woŋom-Baan languages. | * *gəna- is used for the subjunctive mood in Chlouvānem and the Tlengastic and Woŋom-Baan languages. --> | ||
==Basic cognates== | ==Basic cognates== | ||
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===Miscellaneous words=== | <!-- ===Miscellaneous words=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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! *√tɬewkj-o- <small>"to grow (intr.)"</small> | ! *√tɬewkj-o- <small>"to grow (intr.)"</small> | ||
| √chlæc-a- <small>"to grow (trans.), cultivate"</small> || *tɬewtɬ <small>(< **tɬewtʃ</small>) || tłeḇt <small>"field, plot"</small> || tłötł <small>"field, plot"</small> || *tɬootʃ-ʀ || tɬućěr || tɬočor <small>"seed"</small> | | √chlæc-a- <small>"to grow (trans.), cultivate"</small> || *tɬewtɬ <small>(< **tɬewtʃ</small>) || tłeḇt <small>"field, plot"</small> || tłötł <small>"field, plot"</small> || *tɬootʃ-ʀ || tɬućěr || tɬočor <small>"seed"</small> | ||
|} | |} --> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||