Roshterian: Difference between revisions

:[[Roshterian/Oṟbiros̱ṯer|Funcuma di oṟbiros̱ṯer (This page in Roshterian)]]

 

 

'''Roshterian''' /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (native name: ''oṟbiros̱ṯer'' /ɔɻbɪɾɔʂˈʈɛɾ/ 'The Roshterian language') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by P-Celtic (particularly Welsh). It is an official language of Roshteria (''Qaaros̱ṯer'') and is the native language of 5.1 million people, most of which live in Roshteria. Among Etalocians, it is famous for its grammar: it is a head-initial, polysynthetic language with a complex agglutinating verb morphology that uses polypersonal agreement, evidentials, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.

 

|quote=The Roshterian tongue is surely among the most bountiful of troves for the student of languages. No Talman can but marvel at this language's great depth and uncanny familiarity to him ... While its words and forms display some affinity to our own language [‌[[Eevo]]], they are even more akin to the ancient [[Thensarian]] language, indeed to such a degree that its Talmic provenance cannot be doubted ... Curiously, the Roshterian speech in particular is pronounced with consonants with strong tongue-curling not unlike those of the [[Maytyarri|Maisári]] ... it has a proclivity towards using lengthy words for single utterances where a succession of smaller words and prefixes combine in a quite volatile manner, reminding one of the language of [[old Eevo]] texts ... I think it proper to further study this curious language, wherein is sure to lie solutions to great mysteries surrounding the common forebear of Talmic languages.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*3: ''naṟg, naṟ-''

*11: ''huprai''

*12: ''prai''

| '''s̱''' /ʂ/

'''j z''' /j z/ are used in loanwords.

*The voiceless stops /p t̪ ʈ k q/ are normally aspirated as much as Japanese voiceless stops; however, they are unaspirated after fricatives.  

*/ɳ ʈ ɖ ɭ/ can be realized as apical-postalveolar (like Hindi retroflexes) or subapical-palatal (like Tamil retroflexes). The apical realization dominates in casual speech, while the subapical realization occurs more in careful speech. After /ʂ/, /ʈ/ is always apical.

Roshterian allows fewer clusters than [[Proto-Talmic]].

Allowed clusters:

 

*Not allowed initially: ''mp, mb, nt, nd, ṉṯ, ṉḏ, nc, ng, nq, nḡ, ns, ns̱, lp, lt, lc, ḻq, lb, ld, lg, ḻḡ, rp, rt, ṟṯ, rc, rq, rb, rd, rg, rḡ, rm, rn, st, s̱ṯ, sc, s̱q, ṟb, ṟḏ, ṟg, ts, ṟm, ṟḏ, ṟḻ ''

*Allowed initially: ''pl, pr, bl, br, fl, fr, tr, dr, ṯr, ḏr, cl, cr''

**Some dialects may have '''ṯṟ, ḏṟ''' for ''ṯr, ḏr''

Verb stems have a ''combining form'', also called the ''incorporating form'', which is used with object markers, negation or incorporated objects. Any noun stem can be incorporated, including proper nouns.

''hootiis̱yn'' 'eat fruit' < ''hooti'' 'fruit' + ''caasyn'' 'eat'

The Roshterian verb has 9-10 slots which mark a variety of grammatical information. Slots that must be filled are in bold.

*evidentiality

*negation/focus

**incorporated noun

*auxiliary

Discourse markers are often connecting words for clauses, or particles that display the speaker's emotional reaction to an event.

*''bys-'' = 'gladly'

*''boo-'' = 'but'

*''dre-'' = a third-party source I consider credible

*''hy-'' (< PTal ''*səni stə...'' 'tell me if...') = interrogative (used for both wh-questions and yes-no questions)

|''xee-''

|+ Progressive indicative

| 2SG || ''-:'' || ''-ḡaimia'' || ''-caasyy''

| 3PL || ''-tu'' || ''-ḡaimiatu'' || ''-caasytu''

|+ Perfective indicative

| 1SG || ''-ḡaimiane'' || ''-ceesyne''

| 2SG || ''-ḡaimiavi''  || ''-ceesyvi''

| 3SG.M || ''-ḡaimiami'' || ''-ceesymi''

| 1EX || ''-ḡaimiamer'' || ''-ceesymer''

| 1IN || ''-ḡaimianter'' || ''-ceesynter''

| 2PL || ''-ḡaimiafer'' || ''-ceesyfer''

| 3PL || ''-ḡaimiater'' || ''-ceesyter''

*''-s̱an'': 'I want to/intend to'

:'''''Lameṯeitutu.'''''

:la-me-ṯeit-utu

:'''''Hyroṉḏuar, hybreituar?'''''

:Hy-roṉḏ-uar, hy-breit-uar

:Q-man-COP.2SG, Q-woman-COP.PRES.2SG

:''Are you a man or a woman?''

| 3PL || ''-(l)utu''  

Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. Unlike [[Thensarian]], Roshterian lost the [[Proto-Talmic]] grammatical gender; gendered pronouns and verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in [[Naquian]]). There is no definite or indefinite article.

The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective, and is often formed by reduplication. Example: ''breit'' /bɾɛit/ 'woman', ''bebreit'' /bɛˈbɾɛit/ 'women'. Some irregularities may be present due to the retention of the original single consonant in the reduplicant, as opposed to the stem-initial cluster where the consonants interacted to produce new consonants and clusters.

!|his/her (3)

|''weinyti''||''uweinyti''

|''weinys̱''||''uweinys̱''

!|his/her

|''doiroti''||''ledoiroti''

|''doiros̱''||''ledoiros̱''

!|his/her

|''ṟiiditi''||''qeṟiiditi''

|''ṟiidis̱''||''qeṟiidis̱''

===Adjectives===

Predicative adjectives work the same way as predicative nouns in that they must take the copula. The class of adjectives is actually a small, closed subclass of nouns, usually relating to shape, color, size, texture, and other concrete properties of objects.

Prepositions are inflected for person similarly to nouns.

|''pyd''

|''cyvi''

**''brei-'' = -ess, feminine counterpart to ''bo-'' (not common in modern Roshterian)

Roshterian is a verb-initial, head-marking polysynthetic language. Verbs take both subject and object affixes, and features complex morphophonemic alternations [much of which is inherited from [[Old Roshterian]]]. Where Roshterian deviates from typical Etalocian (or even typical Talmic) typology are features such as obviation, noun incorporation and evidential marking, making Roshterian resemble Native American languages such as Blackfoot or Ojibwe.

:''Idis̱oorin Qaaros̱ṯerim.''

:'I live in Roshteria.' (lit. I inhabit Roshteria)

:'''''Amacua hoḏawi peteenymbiane nai ṯias.'''''

:amac-ua hoḏawi ped-hee-nymbia-ne nai ṯias.

:this-COP.3SG.N forest NMLZ-APPL.about-draw-1SG.PRET INS picture

:''This is the forest I drew a picture of.'' [lit. The forest that I bedrew with a picture is this.]

:'''''Meiḻicort ḡeeliaṉ pedidis̱oorin.'''''

:me-eiḻi-cort-0 ḡeeliaṉ ped-i-di-s̱oor-in

:''Professor Kate Gunzinger proves the Snake Lemma in the film ''It's My Turn'' (1980). I'm skipping the proof, which is less linguistically interesting. [Most Roshterians prefer to use Eevo terms when discussing higher mathematics anyway.]''

:'''''Yṟonypinoofer has̱upimyṯrut ''bimróþ'' s, biṉṯylaḡilcama peeṯypryṉifiaqalip, ḻe?'''''

:Yṟ-ony-pi-noo-fer has̱u-pi-myṯru-t bimróþ s bin-ṯy-laḡ-ilcam-a ḻe

:DISC_SOFTEN-CAUS.1SG-4-see-2PL.SUBJ.PERF way-4-build-CONST mathematical_function s, DISC_SHOULD_BE_OBVIOUS-PASS-APPL_TELIC-sow-3SG.N NOMZ-PASS-examine-show-at_first-4 TAG

:''Let me just show you how to construct the map s, which is the fun of the lemma anyhow, okay?''