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:[[Classical Netagin/Lexicon]]
'''Netagin''' (''ärək Nätagin'' ) is one of the major languages of [[Verse:Tricin]], native to the island nation of Ponetegu. It is a triconsonantal language loosely inspired by Hebrew and PIE.
:[[Classical Netagin/Swadesh list]]
:[[Classical Netagin/he|דף זה בעברית]]


'''Classical Netagin''' (Classical Netagin: ''băric năþâgin'' [pəˈrits nəðɒˈgin], [[Eevo]]: traditionally ''Nyðogín Afẃr'' 'Noble Netagin', [[Clofabosin]]: ''netagosin''), also called '''Old Netagin''' ([[Eevo]]: ''Nyðogín Dair''), is the stage of [[Netagin]] descended from [[Ancient Netagin]].
This page describes Classical Netagin. See also [[Modern Netagin]].
 
Noble Netagin is a classical language in Talma; it was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as [[Eevo]] and [[Bênôcian]]. Noble Netagin used to be a mainstay of elite education and is still commonly taught in Talma.
 
It's inspired by the idea of "Hebrew through a looking-glass".


==Some gib==
==Some gib==
Line 17: Line 11:
==Sound changes from ANtg==
==Sound changes from ANtg==
*a > a
*a > a
*ā > â
*ā > å
*ay, i > e
*ay, i > e
**i > è in stressed syllables in construct state
**i > è in stressed syllables in construct state
Line 28: Line 22:


==Todo==
==Todo==
*r assimilating instead of n
*Get rid of gender
*ergativity
*Make the grammar as different from Hebrew as possible
*some Riqimai-esque bhlaoighnity
*Get rid of Windermere words
*singulative-collective-plurative
*[[Chthryxolidin]] mutation system instead of the Irish/Hebrew one
===Words===
===Words===


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*''s-r-ć'': to heed, to obey
*''s-r-ć'': to heed, to obey
*''y-r-z'': to hear
*''y-r-z'': to hear
*''n-c'': be in front
*''ŋ-c'': be in front
*''w-s-g'': similar
*''w-s-g'': similar
*''n-þ-g'': sing
*''n-þ-g'': sing
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*''w-x-s'': love
*''w-x-s'': love
*''b-n-s'': hide
*''b-n-s'': hide
*''ȝ-z-f'': poke
*''l-z-f'': poke
*''z-ħ-m'': praise, honor
*''z-ħ-m'': praise, honor
*''ŋ-þ-w'': new
*''ŋ-þ-w'': new
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*''y-r-f'': roll
*''y-r-f'': roll
*''f-c-m'': read
*''f-c-m'': read
*''ȝ-x-r'': write
*''l-x-r'': write
*''z-r-b'': true, firm
*''z-r-b'': true, firm
*''ś-d-ȝ'': half, split
*''ś-d-l'': half, split
*''f-s-t'': step, stage
*''f-s-t'': step, stage
*''ʔ-b-3'': mind
*''ʔ-b-l'': mind
*''w-t-f'': die
*''w-t-f'': die
*''þ-ŋ-b'': measure
*''þ-ŋ-b'': measure
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*''ʔ-t-r'': punish
*''ʔ-t-r'': punish
*''g-b-n'': say
*''g-b-n'': say
*''k-ȝ-k-ȝ'': tile
*''k-l-k-l'': tile
*''b-s-ŋ'': clan, family
*''b-s-ŋ'': clan, family
*''b-c-3'': force, coerce
*''b-c-3'': force, coerce
*''r-ʔ-b'': criticize
*''r-ʔ-b'': criticize
*''f-s-k'': beast
*''f-s-k'': beast
*''k-ȝ-d'': agree
*''k-l-d'': agree
*''z-ȝ-n'': comfort, solace
*''z-l-n'': comfort, solace
*''ʔ-ś-þ'': light, color
*''ʔ-ś-þ'': light, color
*''y-d-ś'': compare, similar, metaphor
*''y-d-ś'': compare, similar, metaphor
*''s-f-ȝ'': dear
*''s-f-l'': dear
*''w-d-r'': equal, same
*''w-d-r'': equal, same
*''ħ-g-r'': different
*''ħ-g-r'': different
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*''þ-k-s'': good, great
*''þ-k-s'': good, great
*''ħ-n-b'': use
*''ħ-n-b'': use
*''s-n-ȝ'': help
*''s-n-l'': help
*''f-þ-ʔ'': proud
*''f-þ-ʔ'': proud
*''s-f-n'': bold
*''s-f-n'': bold
*''x-r-r'': young
*''x-r-r'': young
*''x-ȝ-n'': eternity
*''x-l-n'': eternity
*''ȝ-n'': come
*''l-n'': come
*''ȝ-r-y'': wait
*''l-r-y'': wait
*''n-m-y'': fall
*''n-m-y'': fall
*''k-z-n'': stop, settle
*''k-z-n'': stop, settle
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*''n-k-d'': soft
*''n-k-d'': soft
*''z-n-k'': bite
*''z-n-k'': bite
*''g-l-n'': straight


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Netagin has 23 root consonants:
Netagin has 22 root consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
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!  |Labial
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Alveolar
!  |Lateral
!  |Palatal
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Velar
!  |Uvular
!  |Labiovelar
!  |Pharyngeal
!  |Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''m''' /m/
|colspan="2"| '''n''' /n/
| '''n''' /n/  
|
| '''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>unaspirated</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p/
| '''t''' /t/
| '''tj''' /c/
| '''k''' /k/
| '''kw''' /kʷ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /p~b/
| '''b''' /p~b/
|colspan="2"| '''d''' /t~d/
| '''d''' /t~d/
|  
| '''dj''' /c~ɟ/
| '''g''' /k~g/
| '''g''' /k~g/
|
| '''gw''' /gw/
|
| '''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-
! |<small>aspirated</small>
|
|colspan="2"| '''t''' /tʰ~dʰ/
|
| '''k''' /kʰ~gʰ/
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
|
| '''c''' /ts/
| '''ć''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>spirant</small>
| '''f''' /f~v/
| '''þ''' /θ~ð/
|
|
| '''x''' /x~ɣ/
|
|
|
|-
! |<small>nonspirant</small>
|
| '''s''' /s/<br/>'''z''' /z/
| '''ś''' /ɬ/
|
|
|
| '''ħ''' /ħ/
| '''h''' /h/
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
! colspan="2" |Approximant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''w''' /w/
|colspan="2"| '''r''' /ɾ/
| '''r''' /ɾ/, '''l''' /l/
| '''y''' /j/
| '''y''' /j/
|  
|  
|colspan="2"|'''ȝ''' /ʁ~ʕ/
|  
|  
|}
|}
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===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Classical Netagin has 10 vowels.
a ă å è e i ò o ö u
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowels'''
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 90px; " |Central
! style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''ö''' /ö/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''è''' /ɛ/
| '''ă''' /ə/
| '''ò''' /ɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''â''' /ɒ/
|}


===Stress===
===Stress===
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===Processes===
===Processes===
The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g dʰ gʰ v ð ɣ] after a vowel and after voiced sounds (including lenited obstruents, and except /ɾ/). This is called ''ʔankadö'' in Netagin.
The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g t k v ð ɣ] after a vowel and after voiced sounds (including lenited obstruents, and except /ɾ/). This is called ''ʔankadö'' in Netagin.


Morphologically, sequences /rC/ often turn into geminates, due to historical assimilation.
Morphologically, sequences /rC/ often turn into geminates, due to historical assimilation.


==Script==
==Orthography==
[[File:Netagin_script.png|thumbnail|Netagin abugida]]
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right abjad.
 
Netagin is written in a native left-to-right abugida; it developed from an older abjad which was used for [[Ancient Netagin]].


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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*Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ŋ
*Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ŋ
*Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ś c ć z
*Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Ҕҕ Ʌʎ = s ś c ć z
*Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Ϫϫ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y ħ h ȝ ʔ
*Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Ϫϫ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y ħ h l ʔ
-->
-->
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
<!--
<!--
{{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò â ă a
{{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò å ă a
-->
-->


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
:''See also: [[Classical Netagin/Declension]] and [[Classical Netagin/Gzarot]]''
:''See also: [[Netagin/Declension]] and [[Netagin/Gzarot]]''
The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment.
The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment.


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*''xed, xidd-'' = with (instrumental)
*''xed, xidd-'' = with (instrumental)
*''feś, fiśś-'' = between, among
*''feś, fiśś-'' = between, among
*''derâ'' = because of
*''derå'' = because of
*''dön'' = around, about
*''dön'' = around, about
*''keȝ'' = over, above
*''kel'' = over, above
*''noc'' = in front of, before
*''noc'' = in front of, before
*''căþin'' = without
*''căþin'' = without
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|-
|-
!Masculine, animate
!Masculine, animate
|| ''xod'' || ''xod'' || ''xuddâ'' || ''xuddâ''
|| ''xod'' || ''xod'' || ''xuddå'' || ''xuddå''
|-
|-
!Masculine, inanimate
!Masculine, inanimate
|| ''yărefâ'' || ''yirfâ'' || ''yaref'' || ''yăref''
|| ''yărefå'' || ''yirfå'' || ''yaref'' || ''yăref''
|-
|-
!Feminine, animate
!Feminine, animate
|| ''ʔèȝsö'' || ''ʔèȝsön'' || ''ʔăȝâsöb'' || ''ʔèȝsöb''
|| ''ʔèlsö'' || ''ʔèlsön'' || ''ʔălåsöb'' || ''ʔèlsöb''
|-
|-
!Feminine, inanimate
!Feminine, inanimate
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===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives come after the noun and agree with nouns in gender and number [not in definiteness as in Semitic].
====Declension====
====Declension====
Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms.
Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms.
Line 335: Line 259:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''năþâgin'' 'Netagin'
|+ ''năþågin'' 'Netagin'
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!Masculine animate
!Masculine animate
|| ''năþâgin'' || ''năþâginâ''  
|| ''năþågin'' || ''năþåginå''  
|-
|-
!Masculine inanimate
!Masculine inanimate
|| ''năþâginâ'' || ''năþâgin''  
|| ''năþåginå'' || ''năþågin''  
|-
|-
!Feminine animate
!Feminine animate
|| ''năþâgiyö'' || ''năþâgiyöb''  
|| ''năþågiyö'' || ''năþågiyöb''  
|-
|-
!Feminine inanimate
!Feminine inanimate
|| ''năþâgiyöb'' || ''năþâgiyö''  
|| ''năþågiyöb'' || ''năþågiyö''  
|}
|}
====Degree====
====Degree====
Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages.
Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages.
*''-âm'' = "very"
*''-åm'' = "very"


"than": ''fâ''
"than": ''få''


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
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|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''ʔaxd'' || ''ʔaxxâ''
| ''ʔaxd'' || ''ʔaxxå''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''ʔan'' || ''ʔannâ''
| ''ʔan''<br/>''yarö'' (hon.) || ''ʔannå''<br/>''yaröd'' (hon.)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnâ''<br/>''hanib'' (f)
| ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnå''<br/>''hannöd'' (f)
|}
|}


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*Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
*Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
*Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.  
*Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.  
**Ex. ''ħădâdex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
**Ex. ''ħădådex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
*Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"
*Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"


Line 396: Line 320:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''1â2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ö2e3'' || ''1e2o3'' || ''1â2e3''
| ''1å2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ö2e3'' || ''1e2o3'' || ''1å2e3'', ''1ă2i3''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || ''1â2i3'' || ''1â2u3'' || ''1â2â3''
| ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || ''1å2i3'' || ''1å2u3'' || ''1å2å3''
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-â12e3'' || ''bi11u2â3'' || ''þi11u2â3'' || ''ʔa12o3''
| ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-å12e3'' || ''bi11u2å3'' || ''þi11u2å3'' || ''ʔa12o3''
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| ''ʔa1â2e3'' || ''-ă1e2u3'' || ''ba12a3'' || ''þa12â3'' || ''ʔa12a3ö''
| ''ʔa1å2e3'' || ''-ă1e2u3'' || ''ba12a3'' || ''þa12å3'' || ''ʔa12a3ö''
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| ''þa12u3'' || ''-uþ1â2e3'' || ''buþ1â2o3'' || ''þuþ1â2o3'' || ''þa12ö3ö''
| ''þa12u3'' || ''-uþ1å2e3'' || ''buþ1å2o3'' || ''þuþ1å2o3'' || ''þa12ö3ö''
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| ''ʔi1:â2a3'' || ''-u1:e2o3'' || ''bu1:e2o3'' || ''þu1:e2o3'' || ''ʔu1:â2e3''
| ''ʔi1:å2a3'' || ''-u1:e2o3'' || ''bu1:e2o3'' || ''þu1:e2o3'' || ''ʔu1:å2e3''
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| ''ʔiþþă1â2o3'' || ''-uþþă1â2e3'' || ''buþþă1â2o3'' || ''þuþþă1â2o3'' || ''þiþþă1â2ī3''
| ''ʔiþþă1å2o3'' || ''-uþþă1å2e3'' || ''buþþă1å2o3'' || ''þuþþă1å2o3'' || ''þiþþă1å2ī3''
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| ''ʔi21â2e3'' || ''-i21e2o3'' || ''bu21â2o3'' || ''þu21â2o3'' || ''ʔu21â2e3''
| ''ʔi21å2e3'' || ''-i21e2o3'' || ''bu21å2o3'' || ''þu21å2o3'' || ''ʔu21å2e3''
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
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|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| ''1ă2â2a3'' || ''-i12â2o3'' || ''bu12â2o3'' || ''þu12â2o3'' || ''þu12â2e3''
| ''1ă2å2a3'' || ''-i12å2o3'' || ''bu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2e3''
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| ''1ă2â2e3'' || ''-i12e2o3'' || ''bu12e2o3'' || ''þu12e2o3'' || ''þi12â2e3''
| ''1ă2å2e3'' || ''-i12e2o3'' || ''bu12e2o3'' || ''þu12e2o3'' || ''þi12å2e3''
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || ''bu1i31â2o3'' || ''þu1i31â2o3'' || ''1i31â2e3''
| ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || ''bu1i31å2o3'' || ''þu1i31å2o3'' || ''1i31å2e3''
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added.
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added.
====Trigger====
Every verb inflects for a trigger. When a trigger is used, focus shifts to the noun marked with the ''yi'' case marker.
The triggers are:
*agent
*patient
*locative
*instrumental
*ablative
*allative
*comitative
*benefactive
*malefactive


====Affixes====
====Affixes====
Line 442: Line 380:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''-x'' || ''-xâ''
| ''-x'' || ''-xå''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''-an''<br/>''-at'' (polite) || ''-nâ''<br/>''-tâ'' (polite)
| ''-an''<br/>''-ar'' (polite) || ''-nå''<br/>''-ar'' (polite)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''-∅'' (m.)<br/>''-ö'' (f.) || ''-â'' (m.) <br/> ''-öb'' (f.)
| ''-∅''<br/>''-ö'' (hon.) || ''-å'' <br/> ''-öb'' (hon.)
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Line 457: Line 395:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''ʔabnesx'' || ''ʔabnesxâ''
| ''ʔabnesx'' || ''ʔabnesxå''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''ʔabnesan''<br/>''ʔabnesat'' (polite) || ''ʔabnesnâ''<br/>''ʔabnestâ'' (polite)
| ''ʔabnesan''<br/>''ʔabnesar'' (polite) || ''ʔabnesnå''<br/>''ʔabnesar'' (polite)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''ʔabnes'' (m.)<br/>''ʔabnesö'' (f.) || ''ʔabnesâ'' (m.)<br/>''ʔabnesöb'' (f.)
| ''ʔabnes'' <br/>''ʔabnesö'' (hon.) || ''ʔabneså'' <br/>''ʔabnesöb'' (hon.)
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Line 474: Line 412:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''x-'' || ''x-â''
| ''x-'' || ''x-å''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''n-''<br/>''n-t'' (hon.) || ''n-â''<br/>''n-tâ'' (hon.)
| ''n-''<br/>''n-r'' (hon.) || ''n-å''<br/>''n-r'' (hon.)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' (f.) || ''h-â''<br/>''h-öb'' (f.)
| ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' (hon.) || ''h-å''<br/>''h-öb'' (hon.)
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Line 489: Line 427:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''xibbenos'' || ''xibbenosâ''
| ''xibbenos'' || ''xibbenoså''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''nibbenos''<br/>''nibbenost'' (hon.) || ''nibbenosâ''<br/>''nibbenostâ'' (hon.)
| ''nibbenos''<br/>''nibbenosar'' (hon.) || ''nibbenoså''<br/>''nibbenosar'' (hon.)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' (f.) || ''hibbenosâ'' <br/>''hibbenosöb'' (f.)
| ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' (hon.) || ''hibbenoså'' <br/>''hibbenosöb'' (hon.)
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Line 502: Line 440:
''ħatr'''e''''' = swim! (2sg)
''ħatr'''e''''' = swim! (2sg)


''ħatar'''nân''''' = swim! (2pl)
''ħatar'''nån''''' = swim! (2pl)


''ħatar'''þun''''' = swim! (polite, all numbers)
''ħatar'''gun''''' = swim! (polite, all numbers)


====Ergative affixes====
====Ergative affixes====
Line 521: Line 459:
|0
|0
|''ħaŋic''
|''ħaŋic''
|''băhâŋuc''
|''băhåŋuc''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
Line 528: Line 466:
|1
|1
|''böd''
|''böd''
|''băhâbud''
|''băhåbud''
|''budbâd''
|''budbåd''
|''halálédh''
|''halálédh''
|''-''
|''-''
Line 536: Line 474:
|''ħez''
|''ħez''
|''băħuz''
|''băħuz''
|''ħuzħâz''
|''ħuzħåz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''géḥáz''
|''géḥáz''
Line 543: Line 481:
|''tuŋ''
|''tuŋ''
|''bătuŋ''
|''bătuŋ''
|''tuŋtâŋ''
|''tuŋtåŋ''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzibál''
|''tzibál''
|-
|-
|4
|4
|''mikâś''
|''mikåś''
|''bămâkuś''
|''bămåkuś''
|''măkuśkâś''
|''măkuśkåś''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''miqátz''
|''miqátz''
Line 556: Line 494:
|5
|5
|''fazzim''
|''fazzim''
|''băfâzum''
|''băfåzum''
|''făzumzâm''
|''făzumzåm''
|''pezázémh''
|''pezázémh''
|''pizzámh''
|''pizzámh''
|-
|-
|6
|6
|''ʔaŋbân''
|''ʔaŋbån''
|''băŋâbun''
|''băŋåbun''
|''ŋăbunbân''
|''ŋăbunbån''
|''lebhábhén''
|''lebhábhén''
|''libán''
|''libán''
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|7
|7
|''kacăd''
|''kacăd''
|''băkâcud''
|''băkåcud''
|''kăcudcâd''
|''kăcudcåd''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qittzádh''
|''qittzádh''
|-
|-
|8
|8
|''xoȝâs''
|''xolås''
|''băxâȝus''
|''băxålus''
|''xăȝusȝâs''
|''xăluslås''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''céˁáš''
|''céˁáš''
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|9
|9
|''riffuy''
|''riffuy''
|''bărâfuy''
|''băråfuy''
|''răfuyfâ''
|''răfuyfå''
|''rephápheh''
|''rephápheh''
|''ripeh''
|''ripeh''
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|10
|10
|''þabiŋ''
|''þabiŋ''
|''băþâbuŋ''
|''băþåbuŋ''
|''þăbiŋbâŋ''
|''þăbiŋbåŋ''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥicábh''
|''ḥicábh''
|-
|-
|11
|11
|''śǎduȝ''
|''śǎdul''
|''băśâduȝ''
|''băśådul''
|''śăduȝdâȝ''
|''śăduldål''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|12
|12
|''zârux''
|''zårux''
|''băzârux''
|''băzårux''
|''zăruxrâx''
|''zăruxråx''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|144
|144
|''gamân''
|''gamån''
|''băgâmun''
|''băgåmun''
|''gămunmân''
|''gămunmån''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
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|1728
|1728
|''yeŋăs''
|''yeŋăs''
|''băyâŋus''
|''băyåŋus''
|''yăŋusŋâs''
|''yăŋusŋås''
|
|
|
|
|}
|}
===Derivational morphology===
*''1a2ă3, 1e2ă3, 1o2ă3'' = noun
*''1a2â3, 1a2ö3'' = adjective, noun?
*''1a22u3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''ta12u3'' = noun
*''ʔi12â3'' = agent noun
*''1â2a3, 1â2e3'' = noun
*''1ö2a3'' = noun
*''1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3'' = noun
*(stolen from hebrew) ''1a2a3ö, 1a2i3ö, 1a2u3ö'' = nouns
*''1i22a3, 1u22a3''
*''1a22e3'' = desire for X
*''-in'' = adjective suffix
*''-om'' = augmentative
<!--
from my old Netagin article
*''CáCíC'': quality adjective
*''CúCáC'': resultative adjective
*''CéCóC'': event
*''tiCCúC'': event/place
*''tiCCáC/tiCCéC'': instrument
*''maCCéC/maCCíC'': profession
*''tiCCáCáˀ/tiCCéCáˀ'': process
*''miCCúC'': patient noun
*''miCCóC'': resultative noun
*''CóCáCáˀ': degree/measure
*''CéCéiC'', ''meCaCCéiC'' (''Hebrew''): wannabe X[-er]
-->


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Classical Netagin is syntactically ergative. Word order is subject-verb in intransitive clauses and object-verb-subject in transitive clauses.
Classical Netagin uses Austronesian alignment.
===Case markers===
The two case markers are:
*''ʔes'' = indirect case
*''yi'' = direct case
===Preverbs===
===Preverbs===
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs:  
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs:  


*''ȝâxx'' 'I come (imperfective)', ''sâ xaȝân'' 'I do not come (imperfective)', ''nit xaȝân'' 'if I come (imperfective)'
*''låxx'' 'I come (imperfective)', ''så xalån'' 'I do not come (imperfective)', ''niþ xalån'' 'if I come (imperfective)'
*''xaȝân'' 'I came (perfective)', ''sâ ȝâxx'' 'I did not come (perfective)', ''nit ȝâxx'' 'if I came (perfective)'
*''xalån'' 'I came (perfective)', ''så låxx'' 'I did not come (perfective)', ''niþ låxx'' 'if I came (perfective)'
 
===Ergativity===
Ergative noun phrases use an ergative particle ''yi''.
 
*''ʔEs-þay hichem.'' = Father returned.
 
*''ʔEs-mâȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay.'' = Father saw Mother.
 
*''ʔEs-þay hiskaȝ yis-mâȝ.'' = Mother saw Father.
 
*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă ʔes-mâȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay.'' = Father returned and saw Mother.
 
*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă sökeȝ xaþ-þay.'' = Father returned and saw Mother. (using the antipassive)
 
*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă hiskaȝ yis-mâȝ.'' = Father returned and Mother saw Father.


===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
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==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Tower of Babel===
===Tower of Babel===
:''Xad, să-rög ʔes-gâser böd băric da-yħenâ bikâ.''
:''Xad, să-rög ʔes-gåser böd băric da-yħenå bikå.''
:then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M
:then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M


:''Sem sa-fătinăhâ ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihâ dă-hikzăʔâ rân.''
:''Sem sa-fătinăhå ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihå dă-hikzăʔå rån.''
:but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.  
:but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.  


:''Dă-hibrăsâ, "ʔAce, 3ammâ ʔaŋ-yăgâþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþiȝnân heh siħþây." Dă-ʔemmăd ʔu-fenuś huþħânăbâ yis-yinnâk dă-ʔu-xâwăd huþħânăbâ yis-wăŋâr.''
:''Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþilnån heh siħþåy." Dă-ʔemmad ʔu-fenuś huþħånăbå yis-yinnåk dă-ʔu-xåwde huþħånăbå yis-wăŋår.''


==Miscellaneous==
==Miscellaneous==
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