Verse:Irta/Knench: Difference between revisions

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'''Venetian Hebrew''' (''ngiwrith'' /ˈɲiwriθ/) is a basilect of Hebrew spoken in Lõis's Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany. The phonology is similar to [[Allemañisch]].
{{List subpages}}
'''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Tdūrzů British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.


Numbers:
Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one
0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), stay, hlusz, arbøng, homisz, szesz, szew, hmun, teszøng, ngaxør
* ''dobor'' [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "a thing"
* ''doboraz'' [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing"
* ''daberi'' [ðaˈvɛːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i)
* ''daberimel'' [ðavɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things"
* ''qhymůr'' [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey"
* ''jůno'' [ˈjʉːnʌ] "a pigeon"
* ''jůnozů'' [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon"
* ''jůnůd'' [ˈjʉːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending)
* ''jůnůdel'' [jʉˈnʉːðɛl] "the pigeons"


11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay/stay ngaxør, hlusz ngaxør, arbøng ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszøŋ ngaxør, ngaxre
== Phonology ==
Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)
=== Vowels ===
=== Consonants ===
==== Phones ====
==== Underlying consonants ====
* |ʔ| '''x''' (often lost) from Old Knench /ʔ/
* |v| '''v''' from Old Knench /b/
* |ɣ| '''g''' from Old Knench /g/
* |ð| '''d''' from Old Knench /d/
* |h| '''ḧ''' (often lost) from Old Knench /h/
* |w| '''w''' from Old Knench /w/
* |z| '''z''' from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
* |qʰ| '''qh''' from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
* |t=| '''t''' from Old Knench /t{{phar}}/
* |j| '''j''' from Old Knench /j/
* |kʰ| '''ch''' from Old Knench /k/
* |l| '''l''' from Old Knench /l/
* |m| '''m''' from Old Knench /m/
* |n| '''n''' from Old Knench /n/
* |s| '''çh''' from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
* |ʁ{{tilde}}| '''ɣ''' from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
* |f| '''f''' from Old Knench /p/
* |p=| '''p''' from Latin/Romance /p/
* |ts=| '''ç''' from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}})
* |k=| '''c''' from Old Knench /q/
* |r| '''r''' from Old Knench /r/
* |{{sz}}| '''s''' from Old Knench /s{{ret}}/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
* |tʰ| '''th''' from Old Knench /t/


40: stay ngaxre
'''qh''' is in a process of merging with '''ch''' in Modern Knench.


60: hlusz ngaxre
==== Vocalizables ====
''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|.


...
=== Mutation ===


120: merkø
== Morphology ==
=== Verbs ===
Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)


14400: rúø
Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fɣul, iffɣel, itfəɣel, fəɣel, afɣel, istəfɣel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)
 
before: kkurm
 
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==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
/m pʰ b f w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ {{angbr|''m p b f w n t tt d th dh ts s/x z sz y ng k kk g kh h l r''}}
 
Allophonic palatalization occurs before /ɛ/, /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ tɕ˭ dʑ ɕ/.
 
====Mutations====
Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:
 
p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- w- th- dh- kh- Ø-
 
"Already lenited" consonants lenite as follows: f w th dh kh Ø > nf, nw, nth, ndh, nkh, n
 
===Vowels===
/a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə:/ = {{angbr|a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ}}
 
Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
 
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress is always penultimate.
 
====Intonation====
 
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
 
==Morphology==
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Adjectives
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===Nouns and adjectives===
Nouns are either masculine or feminine, and inflect for number. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.
 
*The regular feminine singular suffix is -ø or -th.
*The regular masculine plural suffix is -i after consonants and -yø after vowels.
*The regular feminine plural is -uth.
 
''køfor, køfori'' (m) = village, villages
 
''bagbøg, bagbøgi'' (m) = bottle, bottles
 
''i, iyø'' (m) = island, islands
 
''kkiszø, kkiszøyø'' (m) = squash, squashes
 
''gøfø, gøfuth'' (f) = corpse, corpses
 
''tagrith, tagriyuth'' (f) = incident, incidents
 
===Verbs===
Clauses take the form of ''inflected pronoun + preposition/aspect marker + verbal noun''.
====Copula====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflection of the copula (Present)
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! Affirmative
| ''ni''
| ''to''
| ''te''
| ''u''
| ''i''
| ''nanu''
| ''tem''
| ''em''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''ini''
| ''intø''
| ''inte''
| ''imu''
| ''imi''
| ''inan''
| ''inti''
| ''iyum''
|-
! Negative
| ''eni''
| ''ekhø''
| ''ekh''
| ''enu''
| ''enø''
| ''enen''
| ''ekhi''
| ''enøm''
|}
 
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Inflection of the copula (Preterite)
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! Affirmative
| ''si ni''
| ''sit to''
| ''sit te''
| ''sa u''
| ''sta i''
| ''si nu''
| ''sim tem''
| ''sum''
|-
! Interrogative
| ''asi ni''
| ''asit to''
| ''asit te''
| ''asa u''
| ''asta i''
| ''asi nu''
| ''asim tem''
| ''asum''
|-
! Negative
| ''lusi ni''
| ''lusit to''
| ''lusit te''
| ''lusa u''
| ''lusta i''
| ''lusi nu''
| ''lusim tem''
| ''lusum''
|}
 
Perfect: present copula + ''ár''
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
The definite article is a clitic:
*Singular: -az (after C) or -zø (after V)
*Plural: -il
Examples:
*''hadhør'' = a room
*''hadhraz'' = the room
*''hadhri'' = rooms
*''hadhril'' = the rooms
*''hadhør grul'' = a big room
*''hadhør grulaz'' = the big room (< ''ha hadheor ha godhowl ha ze'')
*''boti gruli'' = big houses
*''boti grulil'' = the big houses
 
===Verb phrase===
''Isz li rangu'' "I'm hungry"
 
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
:'''''Kol bnenuszil kkú ledhø kø wnehuri, hem szowi ngar kúdhaz ke skhøyuthil. Kkú hangnokkø bø thwønø ke matspøn, ke ngalem hithnághuth ódh lø hni bø nszomø ahwø.'''''
:''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
 
===Tower of Babel===
# ''Ke bø khol ngulømaz yo áth sofø ke uthøm miluthil.''
# ''Ke yo migre, sze ksze yu bø nsingø me mizroh, hem ár takkløth bø miszoraz Szinngor ke ithyaszwøth szom.''
# ''Ke em ár lemur:''
 
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 04:18, 8 May 2026

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Knench /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ̃ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of constructions using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Tdūrzů British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh.

Revamp prosody to a more Welshy one

  • dobor [ˈðoːvʌɾ] "a thing"
  • doboraz [ðʌˈvoːɾaz] "the thing"
  • daberi [ðaˈvɛːɾi] "things" (affection; plural -īm -> -i)
  • daberimel [ðavɛˈɾiːmɛl] "the things"
  • qhymůr [ˈqʰəmʉɾ] "donkey"
  • jůno [ˈjʉːnʌ] "a pigeon"
  • jůnozů [jʉˈnoːzʉ] "the pigeon"
  • jůnůd [ˈjʉːnʉð] "pigeons" (Hebrew has yōnīm but let's use the f. pl. ending)
  • jůnůdel [jʉˈnʉːðɛl] "the pigeons"

Phonology

Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals)

Vowels

Consonants

Phones

Underlying consonants

  • |ʔ| x (often lost) from Old Knench /ʔ/
  • |v| v from Old Knench /b/
  • |ɣ| g from Old Knench /g/
  • |ð| d from Old Knench /d/
  • |h| ḧ (often lost) from Old Knench /h/
  • |w| w from Old Knench /w/
  • |z| z from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð)
  • |qʰ| qh from Old Knench /χ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ)
  • |t=| t from Old Knench /tˁ/
  • |j| j from Old Knench /j/
  • |kʰ| ch from Old Knench /k/
  • |l| l from Old Knench /l/
  • |m| m from Old Knench /m/
  • |n| n from Old Knench /n/
  • |s| çh from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s)
  • |ʁ̃| ɣ from Old Knench /ʁ̃/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ)
  • |f| f from Old Knench /p/
  • |p=| p from Latin/Romance /p/
  • |ts=| ç from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *ṣ, *ṣ́, and *θ̣)
  • |k=| c from Old Knench /q/
  • |r| r from Old Knench /r/
  • |ʂ| s from Old Knench /s̠/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ)
  • |tʰ| th from Old Knench /t/

qh is in a process of merging with ch in Modern Knench.

Vocalizables

Vocalizables are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ̃|, |l|, and |w|.

Mutation

Morphology

Verbs

Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct)

Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fɣul, iffɣel, itfəɣel, fəɣel, afɣel, istəfɣel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions)

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