User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51: Difference between revisions

{{movedon}}

|setting = [[Verse:Clotricin|Clotricin]]

|name = {{PAGENAME}}

|fam4= Old Tíogall

'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{PAGENAME}}: ''an Tíogall'' /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or ''an ŋgáth dTíogall'' /ə ŋa:θ ˈdiːɡəʟ/ 'the {{PAGENAME}} language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] inspired by Irish, German and English. {{PAGENAME}} began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?".

Tíogall is a pluricentric language - it is an official language in three countries, the peninsular [[Verse:Duínidhe|Duínidhe]] with more dialect diversity, the larger [[Verse:Neoibhir|Neoibhir]] with less dialect diversity, and [[Verse:Phormatin]] in addition to [[Phormatolidin]]. It is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{PAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called ''Éatha'' in Tíogall) on the planet of Clotricin.  

Modern Standard Tíogall arose as a literary koiné from disparate earlier Tíogallic dialects descended from [[Old Tíogall]] from around fT 1160dd (1968). Thanks in large part to the printing press, Tíogall rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for the Talma region until [[Clofabosin]] gained global standing. Today, Tíogall still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.

*Old Tíogall prefixes:

===Note on the Anglicization of Tíogall===

The Tíogall liquids ''r'' and ''l'' are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in Tíogall provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)

The following mapping for vowels is used:

For Tíogall post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed for ease of pronunciation.

[[File:Tíogall script.png|thumbnail|Tíogall script]]

{{PAGENAME}} is written in the Talmic script, which is written from left to right. The letters ''ħ'' /h/, ''j'' /j/ and ''v'' /v/ are used in [[Netagin]] and other loanwords. The letter ''h'' is used for lenition as in Irish. So the {{PAGENAME}} alphabet is usually considered to have 23 letters (''r d z i a ħ f l m g c h b s v o j ŋ t n p e u'') (disregarding digraphs and length diacritics).

The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old {{PAGENAME}} pronunciation. The romanization used in this article reflects the native spelling.

Written Tíogall uses a base-12 positional numeral system.

===Thensarian to Old Tíogall===

===Old Tíogall to Modern Tíogall===

| /w/ ||  

Certain conservative accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old {{PAGENAME}} distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:

|/w/||/f/||/v/||/h/

¹ /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents including Smeola Tíogall.

Tíogall has a distinctive intonation paradigm. Within said paradigm, some accents (e.g. Smeola) can sound like a stereotypical Cork accent, while some accents (e.g. Óc Eo) sound more like Valspeak.

*In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of Tíogall, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.

Tíogall is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.

This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Neoibhir.

The majority accent of Tíogall native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas. <!--inspiration: Canada, New Zealand 'fush and chups' -->

==="Stage Tíogall"===

So-called "Stage Tíogall" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.

===Early Modern Tíogall===

Tíogall adjectives have three principal parts: the predicative (the unmarked form), the masculine absolute plural form and the feminine absolute plural form.

|+ '''{{PAGENAME}} personal pronouns'''

In archaic usage, ''séid'' is used as an honorific pronoun when speaking to a person of high social standing. In modern Tíogall, this usage is restricted to e.g.:

In modern Tíogall, ''fiar'' and ''séid'' are used for family members, friends, children or teens, animals, people on the Internet, or to address people of lower social position, and ''dTlá'' is used to an addressee of higher position and for strangers; for example, it is considered acceptable for a professor to address his students, or for a boss his employees, using familiar pronouns.

[[Old {{PAGENAME}}]] had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern {{PAGENAME}} simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. However, many basic verbs are irregular, with many "principal parts"; some common verbs even retain the Old Tíogall allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.

*''bó dhesc ná'' 'I don't eat'; ''bó dhescar'' 'you don't eat'

{{col-3}}

The ''-igh'' ending in analytic forms must be deleted when a preverbal particle such as ''bó'' 'not', ''ri'' 'REL', ''bhfá'' 'COMP': ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks', but ''bó mhol hú'' 'he does not thank'. For verbs that have a separate stem for imperatives, the imperative stem is used with a preverbal particle. The ''-igh'' may also be deleted or added in poetry. This is a remnant of Middle Tíogall where there was a distinction between ''molamh hú'' 'he thanks (once)' (dependent ''mola hú'' or ''mol hú'') and ''molaigh hú'' 'he thanks (regularly)'.

''Bó laidh ná de dhescach'' = I'm not eating

The suffix ''-ín'' is added to the preterite stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker ''lu''. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in ''Étaoin'' {{PAGENAME}}.

Modern Tíogall just uses ''molúr'' in every person: ''molúr ná'', ''mólúr fiar'', etc. The passive form is ''molrúr''.

{{col-3}}

Below are some common {{PAGENAME}} derivational affixes. In addition to derivational affixes, Tíogall uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Tíogall prefix combinations. This allowed Tíogall to coin new native words instead of using loanwords.

*''bó-L'' (hyphenated): non-

:''Main article: [[Tíogall/Syntax]]''

Tíogall is relatively purist; most Tíogall vocabulary is of Talmic origin. However, a non-trivial fraction of the vocabulary is loaned from Netagin (either [[Classical Netagin]] or [[Koine Netagin]]) and, to a lesser extent, Clofabic. Most recently, [[Clofabosin]] words are entering the language, mostly in the domains of information technology and culture.

*''Bó thnáighin leis!'' = I don't believe you!

*''Bó'' + lenition + [verb/adjective/inflected form of ''de''] = No.

*''Bó laidh.'' = No. (reply to ''Is laidh ... ?'')