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| Morphology is the most complex part of Old Tíogall. Much of [[Proto-Talmic]] morphology survives in Old Tíogall. However, Old Tíogall is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.
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| ==Nouns==
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| Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.
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| The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative ''inom'', is ''in'' for singular nouns and ''na'' for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.
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| Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.
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| ==Adjectives==
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| ==Pronouns==
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| ==Verb prefixes==
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| ===Preverb prefixes===
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| ===Object prefixes===
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| Object prefixes are inherited from [[Proto-Quihum]] and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.
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| ==Verb TAMs==
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| Old Tíogall inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Tíogall displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:
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| *Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. ''túsaiṁ'' /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ''ní·tús'' /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern ''tús'')
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| *Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. ''sormaiṁ'' /sormai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ''ní·sorma'' /niːˈsorma/ 'he does not find' (modern ''sorm'')
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| *Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. ''as·tóċ'' /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ''ní·assaċ'' /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove' (modern ''stóch'')
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| *Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. ''dor·coḃ'' /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< ''de-ar-cobymis'' 'at-on-bear'), ''ní·derp'' /niːˈderp/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern ''dearb'')
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| In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.
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| ===Present===
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''sormain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
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| | 1SG || '' túsain'' < tússanis <br/>''ní·tús'' < nīs tússan || ''sormain'' < sormynis <br/> ''ní·sorm'' < nīs sormyn || ''as·tóċ'' < astósāconis <br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīs ástosācon || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ní·derp''
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| |-
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| | 2SG || '' túsair'' < tússaris<br/>''ní·túsar'' < nīs tússar || ''sormair'' < sormyris <br/> ''ní·sormar'' < nīs sormyr || ''as·tóċar'' < astósācoris<br/>''ní·assaċar'' < nīs ástosācor || ''dor·coḃar''<br/> ''ní·derpar''
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| |-
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| | 3SG.M || '' túsaiṁ'' < tússamis<br/>''ní·tús'' < nīs tússam || ''sormaiṁ'' < sormymis <br/> ''ní·sorm'' < nīs sormym || ''as·tóċ'' < astósācomis<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīs ástosācom || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ní·derp''
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| | 3SG.F || '' túsaé'' < tússasis<br/>''ní·túsaé'' < nīs tússasi || ''sormaé'' < sormysis <br/> ''ní·sormaé'' < nīs sormysi || ''as·tóċaé'' < astósācosis<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīs ástosācosi || ''dor·coḃaé''<br/> ''ní·derpaé''
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| | 3SG.N || '' tús'' < tússas<br/>''ní·tús'' < nīs tússa || ''soirm'' < sormis <br/> ''ní·sorm'' < nīs sormy || '' as·tóċ'' < astósācos<br/>''ní·assaċ'' < nīs ástosāco || ''dor·coḃ''<br/> ''ní·derp''
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| | 1EX || '' túsmae'' < tússamēs<br/>''ní·túsaiṁ'' < nīs tússamē || ''sormmae'' < sormymēs <br/> ''ní·sormaiṁ'' < nīs sormymē || '' as·tóċaiṁ'' < astósācomēs<br/>''ní·assaċaiṁ'' < nīs ástosācomē || ''dor·coḃaiṁ''<br/> ''ní·derpaiṁ''
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| | 1IN || '' túsait'' < tússantis<br/>''ní·túsat'' < nīs tússant || ''sormait'' < sormyntis <br/> ''ní·sormat'' < nīs sormynt || '' as·tóċat'' < astósācontis<br/>''ní·assaċat'' < nīs ástosācont || ''dor·coḃat''<br/> ''ní·derpat''
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| | 2PL || '' túsaisc'' < tússasces<br/>''ní·túsaisc'' < nīs tússasce || ''sormaisc'' < sormysces <br/> ''ní·sormasc'' < nīs sormysce || '' as·tóċaisc'' < astósācosces<br/>''ní·assaċaisc'' < nīs ástosācosce || ''dor·coḃaisc''<br/> ''ní·derpaisc''
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| | 3PL || '' túsaiḋ'' < tússatis<br/>''ní·túsaḋ'' < nīs tússat || ''sormaiḋ'' < sormytis <br/> ''ní·sormaḋ'' < nīs sormyt || '' as·tóċaḋ'' < astósācotis<br/>''ní·assaċaḋ'' < nīs ástosācot || ''dor·coḃaḋ''<br/> ''ní·derpaḋ''
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| |}
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| ===Imperfect===
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| The imperfect is formed with reduplication as in Thensarian.
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| ===Preterite===
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''sormain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
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| | 1SG || '' túsnaim'' < tússannemis <br/>''ní·túsainn'' < nīs tússannem || ''sirmnim'' < sirminnemis<br/>''ní·sirminn'' < nīs sirminnem || ''as·tóċainn'' < astósāconnemis <br/>''ní·assaċainn'' < nīs ástosāconnem || ''dor·ciḃinn''<br/> ''ní·deirpinn''
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| |-
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| | 2SG || '' túsaí'' < tússavȳs<br/>''ní·túsaí'' < nīs tússavȳ || ''sirmí'' < sirmivȳs<br/>''ní·sirmí'' < nīs sirmivȳ || ''as·tóċaí'' < astósācovȳs<br/>''ní·assaċaí'' < nīs ástosācovȳ || ''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·deirpí''
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| |-''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·deirpí''
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| | 3SG.M || '' túsaim'' < tússasmis<br/>''ní·túsaim'' < nīs tússasmi || ''sirmim'' < sirmismis<br/>''ní·sirmim'' < nīs sirmismi || ''as·tóċaim'' < astósācosmis<br/>''ní·assaċaim'' < nīs ástosācosmi || ''dor·ciḃim''<br/> ''ní·deirpim''
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || '' túsais'' < tússastis<br/>''ní·túsais'' < nīs tússasti || ''sirmis'' < sirmistis<br/>''ní·sirmis'' < nīs sirmisti || ''as·tóċais'' < astósācostis<br/>''ní·assaċais'' < nīs ástosācosti || ''dor·ciḃis''<br/> ''ní·deirpis''
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| | 3SG.N || '' túsá'' < tússasos<br/>''ní·túsá'' < nīs tússaso || ''sirmeo'' < sirmisos<br/>''ní·sirmeo'' < nīs sirmiso || '' as·tóċá'' < astósācosos<br/>''ní·assaċá'' < nīs ástosācoso || ''dor·ciḃeo''<br/> ''ní·deirpeo''
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| | 1EX || '' túsmair'' < tússameris<br/>''ní·túsmar'' < nīs tússamer || ''sirmmir'' < sirmimeris<br/>''ní·sirmmer'' < nīs sirmimeris || '' as·tóċmar'' < astósācomeris<br/>''ní·assaċmar'' < nīs ástosācomer || ''dor·ciḃmer''<br/> ''ní·deirpmer''
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| | 1IN || '' túsdair'' < tússanteris<br/>''ní·túsdar'' < nīs tússanter || ''sirmdir'' < sirminteris<br/>''ní·sirmder'' < nīs sirminteris || '' as·tóċdar'' < astósāconteris<br/>''ní·assaċdar'' < nīs ástosāconter || ''dor·ciḃder''<br/> ''ní·deirpder''
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| | 2PL || '' tússcair'' < tússasceris<br/>''ní·tússcar'' < nīs tússascer || ''sirmscir'' < sirmisceris<br/>''ní·sirmscer'' < nīs sirmisceris || '' as·tóċscar'' < astósācosceris<br/>''ní·assaċscar'' < nīs ástosācoscer || ''dor·ciḃscer''<br/> ''ní·deirpscer''
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| | 3PL || '' túsṫair'' < tússateris<br/>''ní·túsṫar'' < nīs tússater || ''sirmṫir'' < sirmiteris<br/>''ní·sirmṫer'' < nīs sirmiteris || '' as·tóċṫar'' < astósācoteris<br/>''ní·assaċṫar'' < nīs ástosācoter || ''dor·ciḃṫer''<br/> ''ní·deirpṫer''
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| |}
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| ===Future===
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''sormain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
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| | 1SG || '' túsnaim'' < tússannemis <br/>''ní·túsainn'' < nīs tússannem || ''sirmnim'' < sirminnemis<br/>''ní·sirminn'' < nīs sirminnem || ''as·tóċainn'' < astósāconnemis <br/>''ní·assaċainn'' < nīs ástosāconnem || ''dor·ciḃinn''<br/> ''ní·deirpinn''
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| |-
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| | 2SG || '' túsaí'' < tússavȳs<br/>''ní·túsaí'' < nīs tússavȳ || ''sirmí'' < sirmivȳs<br/>''ní·sirmí'' < nīs sirmivȳ || ''as·tóċaí'' < astósācovȳs<br/>''ní·assaċaí'' < nīs ástosācovȳ || ''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·deirpí''
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| |-''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·deirpí''
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| | 3SG.M || '' túsaim'' < tússasmis<br/>''ní·túsaim'' < nīs tússasmi || ''sirmim'' < sirmismis<br/>''ní·sirmim'' < nīs sirmismi || ''as·tóċaim'' < astósācosmis<br/>''ní·assaċaim'' < nīs ástosācosmi || ''dor·ciḃim''<br/> ''ní·deirpim''
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| | 3SG.F || '' túsais'' < tússastis<br/>''ní·túsais'' < nīs tússasti || ''sirmis'' < sirmistis<br/>''ní·sirmis'' < nīs sirmisti || ''as·tóċais'' < astósācostis<br/>''ní·assaċais'' < nīs ástosācosti || ''dor·ciḃis''<br/> ''ní·deirpis''
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| | 3SG.N || '' túsá'' < tússasos<br/>''ní·túsá'' < nīs tússaso || ''sirmeo'' < sirmisos<br/>''ní·sirmeo'' < nīs sirmiso || '' as·tóċá'' < astósācosos<br/>''ní·assaċá'' < nīs ástosācoso || ''dor·ciḃeo''<br/> ''ní·deirpeo''
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| | 1EX || '' túsmair'' < tússameris<br/>''ní·túsmar'' < nīs tússamer || ''sirmmir'' < sirmimeris<br/>''ní·sirmmer'' < nīs sirmimeris || '' as·tóċmar'' < astósācomeris<br/>''ní·assaċmar'' < nīs ástosācomer || ''dor·ciḃmer''<br/> ''ní·deirpmer''
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| | 1IN || '' túsdair'' < tússanteris<br/>''ní·túsdar'' < nīs tússanter || ''sirmdir'' < sirminteris<br/>''ní·sirmder'' < nīs sirminteris || '' as·tóċdar'' < astósāconteris<br/>''ní·assaċdar'' < nīs ástosāconter || ''dor·ciḃder''<br/> ''ní·deirpder''
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| | 2PL || '' tússcair'' < tússasceris<br/>''ní·tússcar'' < nīs tússascer || ''sirmscir'' < sirmisceris<br/>''ní·sirmscer'' < nīs sirmisceris || '' as·tóċscar'' < astósācosceris<br/>''ní·assaċscar'' < nīs ástosācoscer || ''dor·ciḃscer''<br/> ''ní·deirpscer''
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| | 3PL || '' túsṫair'' < tússateris<br/>''ní·túsṫar'' < nīs tússater || ''sirmṫir'' < sirmiteris<br/>''ní·sirmṫer'' < nīs sirmiteris || '' as·tóċṫar'' < astósācoteris<br/>''ní·assaċṫar'' < nīs ástosācoter || ''dor·ciḃṫer''<br/> ''ní·deirpṫer''
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| |}
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| ===Present subjunctive===
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''sormain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
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| | 1SG || '' túsnaim'' < tússannemis <br/>''ní·túsainn'' < nīs tússannem || ''sirmnim'' < sirminnemis<br/>''ní·sirminn'' < nīs sirminnem || ''as·tóċainn'' < astósāconnemis <br/>''ní·assaċainn'' < nīs ástosāconnem || ''dor·ciḃinn''<br/> ''ní·deirpinn''
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| |-
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| | 2SG || '' túsaí'' < tússavȳs<br/>''ní·túsaí'' < nīs tússavȳ || ''sirmí'' < sirmivȳs<br/>''ní·sirmí'' < nīs sirmivȳ || ''as·tóċaí'' < astósācovȳs<br/>''ní·assaċaí'' < nīs ástosācovȳ || ''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·deirpí''
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| |-''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·deirpí''
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| | 3SG.M || '' túsaim'' < tússasmis<br/>''ní·túsaim'' < nīs tússasmi || ''sirmim'' < sirmismis<br/>''ní·sirmim'' < nīs sirmismi || ''as·tóċaim'' < astósācosmis<br/>''ní·assaċaim'' < nīs ástosācosmi || ''dor·ciḃim''<br/> ''ní·deirpim''
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || '' túsais'' < tússastis<br/>''ní·túsais'' < nīs tússasti || ''sirmis'' < sirmistis<br/>''ní·sirmis'' < nīs sirmisti || ''as·tóċais'' < astósācostis<br/>''ní·assaċais'' < nīs ástosācosti || ''dor·ciḃis''<br/> ''ní·deirpis''
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| | 3SG.N || '' túsá'' < tússasos<br/>''ní·túsá'' < nīs tússaso || ''sirmeo'' < sirmisos<br/>''ní·sirmeo'' < nīs sirmiso || '' as·tóċá'' < astósācosos<br/>''ní·assaċá'' < nīs ástosācoso || ''dor·ciḃeo''<br/> ''ní·deirpeo''
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| |-
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| | 1EX || '' túsmair'' < tússameris<br/>''ní·túsmar'' < nīs tússamer || ''sirmmir'' < sirmimeris<br/>''ní·sirmmer'' < nīs sirmimeris || '' as·tóċmar'' < astósācomeris<br/>''ní·assaċmar'' < nīs ástosācomer || ''dor·ciḃmer''<br/> ''ní·deirpmer''
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| |-
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| | 1IN || '' túsdair'' < tússanteris<br/>''ní·túsdar'' < nīs tússanter || ''sirmdir'' < sirminteris<br/>''ní·sirmder'' < nīs sirminteris || '' as·tóċdar'' < astósāconteris<br/>''ní·assaċdar'' < nīs ástosāconter || ''dor·ciḃder''<br/> ''ní·deirpder''
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| |-
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| | 2PL || '' tússcair'' < tússasceris<br/>''ní·tússcar'' < nīs tússascer || ''sirmscir'' < sirmisceris<br/>''ní·sirmscer'' < nīs sirmisceris || '' as·tóċscar'' < astósācosceris<br/>''ní·assaċscar'' < nīs ástosācoscer || ''dor·ciḃscer''<br/> ''ní·deirpscer''
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| |-
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| | 3PL || '' túsṫair'' < tússateris<br/>''ní·túsṫar'' < nīs tússater || ''sirmṫir'' < sirmiteris<br/>''ní·sirmṫer'' < nīs sirmiteris || '' as·tóċṫar'' < astósācoteris<br/>''ní·assaċṫar'' < nīs ástosācoter || ''dor·ciḃṫer''<br/> ''ní·deirpṫer''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Past subjunctive===
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| Combination of optative/future + preterite
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| {| class="bluetable"
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| |-
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| ! Person !! ''túsain'' "pray, request"<br/>(non-prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''sormain'' '"find"<br/>(non-prefixed, ablauting) !! ''as·tóċan'' "prove"<br/>(prefixed, non-ablauting) !! ''dor·coḃ'' "tolerate"<br/>(prefixed, ablauting)
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| |-
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| | 1SG || '' túsnaim'' < tússannemis <br/>''ní·túsainn'' < nīs tússannem || ''sirmnim'' < sirminnemis<br/>''ní·sirminn'' < nīs sirminnem || ''as·tóċainn'' < astósāconnemis <br/>''ní·assaċainn'' < nīs ástosāconnem || ''dor·ciḃinn''<br/> ''ní·deirpinn''
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| |-
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| | 2SG || '' túsaí'' < tússavȳs<br/>''ní·túsaí'' < nīs tússavȳ || ''sirmí'' < sirmivȳs<br/>''ní·sirmí'' < nīs sirmivȳ || ''as·tóċaí'' < astósācovȳs<br/>''ní·assaċaí'' < nīs ástosācovȳ || ''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·deirpí''
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| |-''dor·ciḃí''<br/> ''ní·deirpí''
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| | 3SG.M || '' túsaim'' < tússasmis<br/>''ní·túsaim'' < nīs tússasmi || ''sirmim'' < sirmismis<br/>''ní·sirmim'' < nīs sirmismi || ''as·tóċaim'' < astósācosmis<br/>''ní·assaċaim'' < nīs ástosācosmi || ''dor·ciḃim''<br/> ''ní·deirpim''
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| |-
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| | 3SG.F || '' túsais'' < tússastis<br/>''ní·túsais'' < nīs tússasti || ''sirmis'' < sirmistis<br/>''ní·sirmis'' < nīs sirmisti || ''as·tóċais'' < astósācostis<br/>''ní·assaċais'' < nīs ástosācosti || ''dor·ciḃis''<br/> ''ní·deirpis''
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| |-
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| | 3SG.N || '' túsá'' < tússasos<br/>''ní·túsá'' < nīs tússaso || ''sirmeo'' < sirmisos<br/>''ní·sirmeo'' < nīs sirmiso || '' as·tóċá'' < astósācosos<br/>''ní·assaċá'' < nīs ástosācoso || ''dor·ciḃeo''<br/> ''ní·deirpeo''
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| |-
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| | 1EX || '' túsmair'' < tússameris<br/>''ní·túsmar'' < nīs tússamer || ''sirmmir'' < sirmimeris<br/>''ní·sirmmer'' < nīs sirmimeris || '' as·tóċmar'' < astósācomeris<br/>''ní·assaċmar'' < nīs ástosācomer || ''dor·ciḃmer''<br/> ''ní·deirpmer''
| |
| |-
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| | 1IN || '' túsdair'' < tússanteris<br/>''ní·túsdar'' < nīs tússanter || ''sirmdir'' < sirminteris<br/>''ní·sirmder'' < nīs sirminteris || '' as·tóċdar'' < astósāconteris<br/>''ní·assaċdar'' < nīs ástosāconter || ''dor·ciḃder''<br/> ''ní·deirpder''
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| |-
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| | 2PL || '' tússcair'' < tússasceris<br/>''ní·tússcar'' < nīs tússascer || ''sirmscir'' < sirmisceris<br/>''ní·sirmscer'' < nīs sirmisceris || '' as·tóċscar'' < astósācosceris<br/>''ní·assaċscar'' < nīs ástosācoscer || ''dor·ciḃscer''<br/> ''ní·deirpscer''
| |
| |-
| |
| | 3PL || '' túsṫair'' < tússateris<br/>''ní·túsṫar'' < nīs tússater || ''sirmṫir'' < sirmiteris<br/>''ní·sirmṫer'' < nīs sirmiteris || '' as·tóċṫar'' < astósācoteris<br/>''ní·assaċṫar'' < nīs ástosācoter || ''dor·ciḃṫer''<br/> ''ní·deirpṫer''
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| |}
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|
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| ===Imperative===
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| ===Verbal noun===
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| [[Category:Old Tíogall]][[Category:Clotricin]]
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