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{{Infobox language
|name = Pre-???
|nativename =
|pronunciation =
|region = East Siberia
|states =
|setting =
|speakers =
|date = c. 2000 BC
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially)
}}
==History==
==History==
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Pre-??? possessed the following consonants:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!  rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
!  colspan="2" |
!  rowspan="2" |Labial
!  Labial
!  rowspan="2" |Alveolar
!  Alveolar
!  rowspan="2" |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  rowspan="2" |Palatal
!  Velar
!  colspan="3" |Velar
!  colspan="2" |Uvular
|-
!  Palatalized
!  Plain
!  Labialized
!  Plain
!  Labialized
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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| *'''t''' /t/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
|
|
| *'''ky''' /kʲ/
| *'''k''' /k/
| *'''k''' /k/
| *'''kw''' /kʷ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
|
|
| *'''d''' /t/
| *'''d''' /d/
|
|
|
| *'''gy''' /gʲ/
| *'''g''' /g/
| *'''g''' /g/
| *'''gw''' /gʷ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Aspirated
! Aspirated
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| *'''th''' /tʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
|
|
| *'''kyh''' /kʲʰ/
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
| *'''kwh''' /kʷʰ/
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
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| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|
|
| *'''x''' /x/
|  
|  
| *'''q''' /χ/
| *'''qw''' /χʷ/
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
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| *'''j''' /ʒ/
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
! Voiced
|
|
|
|
|
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Affricate
! Voiceless
|
|
|
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
|
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''l''' /l/
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| *'''r''' /r/
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
!
! colspan="2" | Front
! Front
! Central
! Central
! colspan="2" | Back
! Back
|-
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Short
! Long
|-
|-
! High
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
|
|-
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
|
| *'''o''' /o/
|-
! Mid
|
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|
| *'''u''' /u/
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
|-
! Mid
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''ē''' /eː/
|  
|  
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
| *'''ō''' /oː/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|
|
|
| *'''a''' /a/
| *'''a''' /a/
|
|
|
|}
|}
===Stress accent===
Pre-??? inherited the phonemic stress system of [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus:
:'''á é í ó ú ḗ ṓ'''


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
The following pronouns are used:
The following pronouns were used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''*xigy''
| ''*shig''
| ''*evij''
| ''*e''
| ''*fax''
| ''*far''
| ''*jafa''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*siq''
| ''*sir''
| ''*qins''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuq''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiqaj''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*qini''
| ''*rini''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
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| ''*esmí''
| ''*esmí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*vōs''
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tiq''
| ''*tir''
| ''*qim''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tiqes''
| ''*tires''
| ''*qines''
| ''*rines''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''*míni''
| ''*míne''
| ''*esu''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tívi''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shafsu''
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*safó''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*isiq''
| ''*iser''
| ''*qinchu''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisum''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tiqum''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*qinum''
| ''*rinom''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''*míshu''
| ''*mísho''
| ''*esmej''
| ''*phájo''
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*rij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| ''*míd''
| ''*míd''
| ''*esmed''
| ''*fíd''
| ''*fasmed''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| ''*rind''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
| ''*turos''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| ''*esmaj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj''
| ''*fasmaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*raj''
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*rinchø''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*fasmo''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''*rinar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*rinash''
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Comitative
| ''*amík''
| ''*amík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*fík''
| ''*vosík''
| ''*tyrom''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*rinsom''
|-
|-
! Illative
! Illative
| ''*míshuq''
| ''*míshor''
| ''*esmen''
| ''*phájor''
| ''*fasmen''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*shin''
| ''*rinchar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*turon''
| ''*rinchen''
|}
|}
====Case declension====
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" |
|-
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-(e)s''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
|-
! Genitive (inalienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
|-
! Genitive (alienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
|-
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
|-
! Adessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
! Inessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
|-
! Comitative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
|-
! Illative
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
|}
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'


===Verb phrases===
===Verb phrases===
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!rowspan="4" |
|-
|-
!colspan="6" | Athematic
!colspan="6" | Thematic
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Pl.
Line 280: Line 366:
|-
|-
!Past
!Past
|
| ''*-ø''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''*-as''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*-a''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
!Present
!Present
|
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*-te''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*-ach''
| ''*-o''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*-et''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*-och''
|}
|}
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