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| '''Venetian Hebrew''' (''ngiwrith'' /ˈɲiwriθ/) is a basilect of Hebrew spoken in Lõis's Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany. The phonology is similar to [[Allemañisch]]. | | '''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh. |
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| Numbers:
| | The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity |
| 0-10: afs, ódh (m)/áth (f), stay, hlusz, arbøng, homisz, szesz, szew, hmun, teszøng, ngaxør
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| 11-20: ódh/áth ngaxør, hnay/stay ngaxør, hlusz ngaxør, arbøng ngaxør, homisz ngaxør, szesz ngaxør, szew ngaxør, hmun ngaxør, teszøŋ ngaxør, ngaxre
| | l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters |
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| 40: stay ngaxre
| | Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh |
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| 60: hlusz ngaxre
| | /ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr |
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| | samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/ |
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| 120: merkø
| | definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural |
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| 14400: rúø
| | Heth and he merge |
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| before: kkurm
| | pronouns: |
| | * 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/ |
| | * 2sg /tʰə/ |
| | * 3sg m /hʏ/ |
| | * 3sg f /hɪ/ |
| | * 1pl /nʏ/ |
| | * 2pl /tʰəm/ |
| | * 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/ |
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| <!--
| | Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | /-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess' |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | h-g-y 'to savor' |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
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| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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| --> | | ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved' |
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| ==Introduction==
| | k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big' |
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| <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
| | g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical' |
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| <!-- Example categories/headings:
| | ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul') |
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| Goals
| | One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake') |
| Setting
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| Inspiration
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| --> | | == Phonology == |
| | Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals) |
| | === Vowels === |
| | === Consonants === |
| | ==== Phones ==== |
| | ==== Underlying consonants ==== |
| | * |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/ |
| | * |b| from Old Knench /b/ |
| | * |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/ |
| | * |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/ |
| | * |h| from Old Knench /h/ |
| | * |w| from Old Knench /w/ |
| | * |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð) |
| | * |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ) |
| | * |j| from Old Knench /j/ |
| | * |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/ |
| | * |l| from Old Knench /l/ |
| | * |m| from Old Knench /m/ |
| | * |n| from Old Knench /n/ |
| | * |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s) |
| | * |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ) |
| | * |f| from Old Knench /p/ |
| | * |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}}) |
| | * |r| from Old Knench /r/ |
| | * |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ) |
| | * |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/ |
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| <!-- ***Phonology*** -->
| | ==== Vocalizables ==== |
| <!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
| | ''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|. |
| <!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
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| Vowel inventory
| | === Mutation === |
| Consonant inventory
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| Syllable structure
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| Stress
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| Intonation
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| -->
| | == Morphology == |
| ==Phonology==
| | === Verbs === |
| ===Orthography===
| | Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct) |
| ===Consonants=== | |
| /m pʰ b f w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ {{angbr|''m p b f w n t tt d th dh ts s/x z sz y ng k kk g kh h l r''}}
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| Allophonic palatalization occurs before /ɛ/, /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ tɕ˭ dʑ ɕ/.
| | Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions) |
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| ====Mutations====
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| Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew:
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| p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- w- th- dh- kh- Ø-
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| "Already lenited" consonants lenite as follows: f w th dh kh Ø > nf, nw, nth, ndh, nkh, n
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| ===Vowels===
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| /a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə:/ = {{angbr|a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ}}
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| Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| Stress is always penultimate.
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
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| Nouns
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| Adjectives
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| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| -->
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| ===Nouns and adjectives===
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| Nouns are either masculine or feminine, and inflect for number. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.
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| *The regular feminine singular suffix is -ø or -th.
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| *The regular masculine plural suffix is -i after consonants and -yø after vowels.
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| *The regular feminine plural is -uth.
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| ''køfor, køfori'' (m) = village, villages
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| ''bagbøg, bagbøgi'' (m) = bottle, bottles
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| ''i, iyø'' (m) = island, islands
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| ''kkiszø, kkiszøyø'' (m) = squash, squashes
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| ''gøfø, gøfuth'' (f) = corpse, corpses
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| ''tagrith, tagriyuth'' (f) = incident, incidents
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| ===Verbs===
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| Clauses take the form of ''inflected pronoun + preposition/aspect marker + verbal noun''.
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| ====Copula====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Inflection of the copula (Present tense)
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| ! Affirmative
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| | ''ni''
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| | ''to''
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| | ''te''
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| | ''u''
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| | ''i''
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| | ''nan''
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| | ''ti''
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| | ''em''
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| ! Interrogative
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| | ''ini''
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| | ''intø''
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| | ''inte''
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| | ''imu''
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| | ''imi''
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| | ''inan''
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| | ''inti''
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| | ''iyum''
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| ! Negative
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| | ''eni''
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| | ''ekhø''
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| | ''ekh''
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| | ''enu''
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| | ''enø''
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| | ''enen''
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| | ''ekhi''
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| | ''enøm''
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| |}
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| The definite article is a clitic:
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| *Singular: -az (after C) or -zø (after V)
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| *Plural: -il
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| Examples:
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| *''hadhør'' = a room
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| *''hadhraz'' = the room
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| *''hadhri'' = rooms
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| *''hadhril'' = the rooms
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| *''hadhør grul'' = a big room
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| *''hadhør grulaz'' = the big room (< ''ha hadheor ha godhowl ha ze'')
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| *''boti gruli'' = big houses
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| *''boti grulil'' = the big houses
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ''Isz li rangu'' "I'm hungry"
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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| ==Example texts==
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| ===UDHR, Article 1===
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| :'''''Kol bnenuszil kkú ledhø kø wnehuri, hem szowi ngar kúdhaz am skhøyuthil. Kkú hangnokkø bø thwønø am matspøn, ken ngalem hithnághuth ódh lø hni bø nszomø ahwø.'''''
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| :''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
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| ===Tower of Babel===
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| # ''Am bø khol ngulømaz yo áth xofø am uthøm miluthil.''
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| # ''Am yo migre, sze ksze yu bø nsingø me mizroh, em ahre takkløth bø miszor Szinngor am ithyaszvøth szom.'''
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Languages]]
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| [[Category:Lõis]]
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]]
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