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'''Old Zoki''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]]. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of [[Proto-North-Rttirrian]].
==History==
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
|-
|-
! Nasal
! colspan="2" |
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''ṇ''' /n̪/
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Plosive
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
| *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/
! Voiceless
| *'''ṭ''' /t̪/<br>*'''ḍ''' /d̪/
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
| *'''k''' /k/
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''g''' /g/
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|  
|  
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|
| *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/
|-
|-
! Fricative
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
| *'''f''' /ɸ/<br>*'''v''' /β/
! Voiced
|
|
| *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/<br>*'''zh''' /ʒ/
|
|
| *'''kh''' /x/
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Voiceless
|
|
|
|
| *'''j''' /d͡ʒ/
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
|-
|-
! Approximant
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The following vowels were used:
The following vowel phonemes are used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
!
! colspan="2" | Front
! Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! Central
! colspan="2" | Back
! Back
|-
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
|-
! High
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''ī''' /iː/
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
|
|  
|
| *'''u''' /u/
| *'''ū''' /uː/
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''ē''' /eː/
|  
|
|
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''ō''' /oː/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Mid
|
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
|
|  
| *'''â''' /ɔ/
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
| *'''ấ''' /ɔː/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|
|
|
| *'''a''' /ä/
| *'''a''' /a/
| *'''ā''' /äː/
|
|
|
|}
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Verbs===
===Pronouns===
====Verb forms====
The following pronouns were used:
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.


Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''shikh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] ''chiu'' "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''nufukh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rinufukh'', cognate to Rttirri ''rrirneu''). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
 
|-
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
!rowspan="4" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="8" | 3rd
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! colspan="4" | Sing.
! colspan="4" | Pl.
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*shig''
| ''*e''
| ''*far''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*sir''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*rini''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*amí''
| ''*esmí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tir''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tires''
| ''*rines''
|-
|-
!colspan="6"|Forms
! Genitive
!colspan="2"|Examples
| ''*míne''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*iser''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*rinom''
|-
|-
!Form
! Dative
!Past
| ''*mísho''
!Present
| ''*esmej''
!Future
| ''*phájo''
!Gerund
| ''*fasmej''
!Meaning
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
| ''*rij''
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''t-j-ṇ'' (to bother)
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
! I
! Ablative
| ''shikh ___''
| ''*míd''
| ''shikh ___''
| ''*esmed''
| ''shikh ___''
| ''*fíd''
| ''nufukh ___''
| ''*fasmed''
| to do something
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| ''shikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''*rind''
| ''shikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
| ''*turos''
|-
|-
! II
! Locative
| ''_ō_(e_)''
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| ''*esmaj''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj''
| ''_ē_(e_)''
| ''*fasmaj''
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''*raj''
| ''tējeṇ'' – he goes crazy
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*rinchø''
|-
|-
! III
! Instrumental
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| ''*esmáj''
| ''_ā_(a_)''
| ''*fasmo''
| ''_ī_(i_)''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''_ấ_(â_)''
| ''*rinar''
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''tājaṇ'' – he hesitates
| ''*rinash''
|-
|-
! IV
! Comitative
| ''_i_ō(_e)''
| ''*amík''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''*esmík''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''*fík''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''*vosík''
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly
| ''*tyrom''
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''tijēṇe'' – he completely disrupts
| ''*rimom''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*rinsom''
|-
|-
! V
! Illative
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''*míshor''
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''*esmen''
| ''_i_ī(_i)''
| ''*phájor''
| ''_i_ấ(_â)''
| ''*fasmen''
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''*shin''
| ''tijāṇa'' – he annoys
| ''*rinchar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*turon''
| ''*rinchen''
|}
|}


====Verb inflection====
====Case declension====
The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" |
|-
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
! colspan="4" | Singular
!colspan="2" | 2nd
! colspan="4" | Plural
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-(e)s''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
|-
! Genitive (inalienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
|-
! Genitive (alienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
|-
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
|-
! Adessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
|-
! Sing.
! Inessive
! Pl.
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
! Sing.
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
|-
!Past
! Instrumental
| ''*mo-''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*om-''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
| ''*ap-''
| ''*am-''
| ''*bo-''
| ''*bom-''
|-
|-
!Present
! Comitative
| ''*na-''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| ''*nam-''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
| ''*af-''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*kha-''
| ''*khem-''
|-
|-
!Future
! Illative
| ''*ne-''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| ''*mi-''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
| ''*ke-''
| ''*mīj-''
| ''*j-''
| ''*mēj-''
|}
|}


===Nouns===
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
Most nouns were pluralized with ''*-m'' if they ended with a vowel, or ''*-mi'' if they ended with a consonant. A small class of nouns ending in ''*-ey/y'' (historically, a diminutive suffix) were pluralized instead with ''*-mizh''.
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'


The following pronouns are reconstructed:
===Verb phrases===
====Person/number conjugation====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!rowspan="4" |
|-
|-
!colspan="6" | Athematic
!colspan="6" | Thematic
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Pl.
Line 234: Line 365:
! Pl.
! Pl.
|-
|-
! Nominative<br>(emphatic)
!Past
| ''*nak''
| ''*-ø''
| ''*naw''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''*āt''
| ''*-as''
| ''*sak''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*âtū''
| ''*-a''
| ''*âk''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
! Accusative
!Present
| ''*ni''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*me''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*ki''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*se''
| ''*-te''
| ''*yo''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*goj''
| ''*-ach''
|-
| ''*-o''
! Possessive<br>noun prefix
| ''*-om''
| ''*na-''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*-et''
| ''*ak-''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*sa-''
| ''*-och''
| ''*â-''
| ''*e-''
|}
|}
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