Linguifex

User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Frrurtu (talk | contribs)
387 edits
Frrurtu (talk | contribs)
387 edits
 
(64 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Old Zoki''' is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]]. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of [[Proto-North-Rttirrian]].
==History==
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Retroflex
|-
|-
! Nasal
! colspan="2" |
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
| *'''k''' /k/
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''g''' /g/
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|  
|  
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
! Voiced
|
|
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|-
! Voiceless
|
|
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|
| *'''rn''' /ɳ/
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Aspirated
| *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/
|
| *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
| *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/
| *'''rt''' /ʈ/<br>*'''rd''' /ɖ/
|-
|-
! Fricative
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| *'''f''' /ɸ/<br>*'''v''' /β/
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/
| *'''l''' /l/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/<br>*'''zh''' /ʒ/
|
|
| *'''kh''' /x/
|
|
|-
|-
! Approximant
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
| *'''rl''' /ɭ/<br>*'''rr''' /ɻ/
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The following vowels were used:
The following vowel phonemes are used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
!
! colspan="2" | Front
! Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! Central
! colspan="2" | Back
! Back
|-
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
! Short
! Long
|-
|-
! High
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''ī''' /iː/
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
|
|  
|
| *'''u''' /u/
| *'''ū''' /uː/
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''ē''' /eː/
|  
|
|
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''ō''' /oː/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Mid
|
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
|
|  
| *'''â''' /ɔ/
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
| *'''ấ''' /ɔː/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|
|
|
| *'''a''' /ä/
| *'''a''' /a/
| *'''ā''' /äː/
|
|
|
|}
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.
===Pronouns===
The following pronouns were used:


Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''shikh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] ''chiu'' "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''rnufukh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rrirnufukh'', cognate to Rttirri ''rrirneu''). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="4" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="8" | 3rd
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! colspan="4" | Sing.
! colspan="4" | Pl.
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*shig''
| ''*e''
| ''*far''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*sir''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*rini''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*amí''
| ''*esmí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tir''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tires''
| ''*rines''
|-
! Genitive
| ''*míne''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*iser''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*rinom''
|-
! Dative
| ''*mísho''
| ''*esmej''
| ''*phájo''
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*rij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
! Ablative
| ''*míd''
| ''*esmed''
| ''*fíd''
| ''*fasmed''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| ''*rind''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
| ''*turos''
|-
! Locative
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| ''*esmaj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj''
| ''*fasmaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*raj''
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*rinchø''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*fasmo''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''*rinar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*rinash''
|-
! Comitative
| ''*amík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*fík''
| ''*vosík''
| ''*tyrom''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*rinsom''
|-
! Illative
| ''*míshor''
| ''*esmen''
| ''*phájor''
| ''*fasmen''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*shin''
| ''*rinchar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*turon''
| ''*rinchen''
|}


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
====Case declension====
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" |
|-
! colspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="4" | Plural
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-(e)s''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
|-
! Genitive (inalienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
|-
! Genitive (alienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
|-
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
|-
! Adessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
! Inessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
|-
|-
!colspan="6"|Forms
! Comitative
!colspan="2"|Examples
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
|-
|-
!Form
! Illative
!Past
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
!Present
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
!Future
|}
!Gerund
 
!Meaning
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
!Biliteral roots, e.g. ''k-b'' (to stop)
 
!Triliteral roots, e.g. ''t-j-n'' (to bother)
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'
 
===Verb phrases===
====Person/number conjugation====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="4" |
|-
|-
! I
!colspan="6" | Athematic
| ''shikh ___''
!colspan="6" | Thematic
| ''shikh ___''
| ''shikh ___''
| ''rnufukh ___''
| to do something
| ''shikh pag'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*pʰaŋʔ/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]])
| ''shikh sanās'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]] /*snas/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]])
|-
|-
! II
!colspan="2" | 1st
| ''_ō_(e_)''
!colspan="2" | 2nd
| ''_ē_(e_)''
!colspan="2" | 3rd
| ''_ē_(e_)''
!colspan="2" | 1st
| ''_ē_(e_)''
!colspan="2" | 2nd
| to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly
!colspan="2" | 3rd
| ''kēb'' – he stops suddenly
| ''tējen'' – he goes crazy
|-
|-
! III
! Sing.
| ''_ā_(a_)''
! Pl.
| ''_ā_(a_)''
! Sing.
| ''_ī_(i_)''
! Pl.
| ''_ấ_(â_)''
! Sing.
| to undergo a process weakly or gradually
! Pl.
| ''kāb'' – he slows to a halt
! Sing.
| ''tājan'' – he hesitates
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
|-
! IV
!Past
| ''_i_ō(_e)''
| ''*-ø''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''*-as''
| ''_i_ē(_e)''
| ''*-etí''
| to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly
| ''*-a''
| ''kibē'' – he causes to stop suddenly
| ''*-and''
| ''tijēne'' – he completely disrupts
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
! V
!Present
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''*-ma''
| ''_i_ā(_a)''
| ''*-mos''
| ''_i_ī(_i)''
| ''*-sa''
| ''_i_ấ(_â)''
| ''*-te''
| to act on someone/something weakly or gradually
| ''*-ta''
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''*-ach''
| ''tijāna'' – he annoys
| ''*-o''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*-et''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*-och''
|}
|}
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2"