Letaale: Difference between revisions
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{{privatelang}} | |||
'''Letaale''' [leˈtaːle] is a constructed secret language used by ''tahu'', members of the ''tagahu'', a secretive and technologically advanced male-only military government ruling the known parts of the space habitat Oru. Little is known of the designer(s) of the language however its use follows a long tradition. It is taught to all ''hiitaahii'' (boys who are raised to be tahu) from a young age, adhering to a strict prescriptive standard. As far as is known, all speakers are male and all are also fluent in [[Guaru]], generally speaking both natively. In informal situations, many tahu engage in extensive code switching. | '''Letaale''' [leˈtaːle] is a constructed secret language used by ''tahu'', members of the ''tagahu'', a secretive and technologically advanced male-only military government ruling the known parts of the space habitat Oru. Little is known of the designer(s) of the language however its use follows a long tradition. It is taught to all ''hiitaahii'' (boys who are raised to be tahu) from a young age, adhering to a strict prescriptive standard. As far as is known, all speakers are male and all are also fluent in [[Guaru]], generally speaking both natively. In informal situations, many tahu engage in extensive code switching. | ||
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==Name== | ==Name== | ||
The name Letaale comes from trisyllabic lemma '''''letaale''''' literally meaning "the Letaale speaker speaks Letaale". This is not the name of the language as such but is used to refer to speaking the language, as in '''''nemaane''''' ("I speak Letaale"). The name of the language in Letaale, although used rarely, is '''''xialetaale''''' [ʔialeˈtaːle], which uses the identifier prefix ''xia-'' for abstract things. | The name Letaale comes from the trisyllabic lemma '''''letaale''''' literally meaning "the Letaale speaker speaks Letaale". This is not the name of the language as such but is used to refer to speaking the language, as in '''''nemaane''''' ("I speak Letaale"). The name of the language in Letaale, although used rarely, is '''''xialetaale''''' [ʔialeˈtaːle], which uses the identifier prefix ''xia-'' for abstract things. | ||
In the [[Guaru]] language, Letaale is known as ''guaru ttahu'' [ˈŋuaɾu ˈtːahu] or simply "language of the tahu". It is also known as ''uoriuo'' [ˈ(ʔ)uoɾiˌuo]. This is probably borrowed from the word '''''volivo''''' [ˈvolivo]~[ˈwoɾiwo] which is essentially the accusative form of "you" (literally "you are physically affected") as this may be a word that is heard in interactions with the ''tagahu''. | In the [[Guaru]] language, Letaale is known as ''guaru ttahu'' [ˈŋuaɾu ˈtːahu] or simply "language of the tahu". It is also known as ''uoriuo'' [ˈ(ʔ)uoɾiˌuo]. This is probably borrowed from the word '''''volivo''''' [ˈvolivo]~[ˈwoɾiwo] which is essentially the accusative form of "you" (literally "you are physically affected") as this may be a word that is heard in interactions with the ''tagahu''. | ||
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|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| || t || || k || ʔ | | || t~d || || k~g || ʔ | ||
! ⟨ t k x ⟩ | ! ⟨ t k x ⟩ | ||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| v | | rowspan=2 | v~w | ||
! ⟨ v s j h ⟩ | | s~z | ||
| rowspan=2 | ʒ~j | |||
| || h | |||
! rowspan=2 | ⟨ v s j h ⟩ | |||
|- align=center | |- align=center | ||
! | ! Semivowel | ||
| || l || || || | | || || | ||
|- align=center | |||
! Liquid | |||
| || l~ɾ || || || | |||
! ⟨ l ⟩ | ! ⟨ l ⟩ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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* All of /n t l/ are usually dental but may also be alveolar. | * All of /n t l/ are usually dental but may also be alveolar. | ||
* Both /t/ and /k/ are unaspirated. | * Both /t/ and /k/ are unaspirated. | ||
* The consonants /t k s/ may be pronounced as voiced | * The consonants /t k s/ may be pronounced as voiced [d g z], especially when non-initial. | ||
* /v/ has a wide range of pronunciation, being essentially anywhere in the realm of [v β ʋ w] although it generally tightens towards [β] or [v] when either of the adjacent vowels is is /u/. It may be romanised as either ⟨v⟩ or ⟨w⟩. The former is used here. | * /v/ has a wide range of pronunciation, being essentially anywhere in the realm of [v β ʋ w] although it generally tightens towards [β] or [v] when either of the adjacent vowels is is /u/. It may be romanised as either ⟨v⟩ or ⟨w⟩. The former is used here. | ||
* /ʒ/ likewise has a range of pronunciations, somewhere in the viscinity of [j ʝ ʑ ʒ ʐ]. When either of the adjacent vowels is /i/, /ʒ/ is usually pronounced tenser and with more friction, further from [j] or [ʝ]. | * /ʒ/ likewise has a range of pronunciations, somewhere in the viscinity of [j ʝ ʑ ʒ ʐ]. When either of the adjacent vowels is /i/, /ʒ/ is usually pronounced tenser and with more friction, further from [j] or [ʝ]. | ||
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===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
In words without a prefix or infix, word stress falls on the last long vowel or diphthong in a word. If all the vowels are short, stress falls on the first syllable. Prefixes, all of which contain a secondary vowel (i.e. a diphthong other than /ai/), are never stressed. Infixes are placed immediately following the stressed vowel in a word. They are generally unstressed, but when emphasised will "steal" the word stress from the preceding syllable. | |||
==Morphophonology== | ==Morphophonology== | ||
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All trisyllabic lemmas are composed of three of the resulting syllables. For example '''''jotaale''''' is allowable as a lemma whereas '''''jitaale''''' is not because '''j''' and '''i''' are not a pair. | All trisyllabic lemmas are composed of three of the resulting syllables. For example '''''jotaale''''' is allowable as a lemma whereas '''''jitaale''''' is not because '''j''' and '''i''' are not a pair. | ||
Secondary vowels are not associated with any particular consonant and only appear in | Secondary vowels are not associated with any particular consonant and only appear in infixes and identifier prefixes. These prefixes are always unstressed. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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|+ '''Trisyllabic roots''' | |+ '''Trisyllabic roots''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Lemma | ! Lemma !! Translation !! Noun !! Translation !! Verb !! Translation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''namina''''' || I am me. || '''''n_m_n_''''' || I || '''''_a_i_a''''' || be me | | '''''namina''''' || I am me. || '''''n_m_n_''''' || I || '''''_a_i_a''''' || be me | ||
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| '''''taamitaa''''' || What is what? || '''''t_m_t_''''' || what, who, which || '''''_aa_i_aa''''' || be what, be who, which? | | '''''taamitaa''''' || What is what? || '''''t_m_t_''''' || what, who, which || '''''_aa_i_aa''''' || be what, be who, which? | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Identifiers=== | ===Identifiers=== | ||
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For example, the personal name '''''Tuakuumoxu''''' consists of the prefix '''''Tua-''''', indicating a tahu in active duty (a ''taaguhii''), followed by the trisyllabic '''''kuumoxu''''', meaning "the monkey plays" ('''k_m_x_''' "the monkey" + '''uu_o_u''' "play"). | For example, the personal name '''''Tuakuumoxu''''' consists of the prefix '''''Tua-''''', indicating a tahu in active duty (a ''taaguhii''), followed by the trisyllabic '''''kuumoxu''''', meaning "the monkey plays" ('''k_m_x_''' "the monkey" + '''uu_o_u''' "play"). | ||
Prefixes | |||
Prefixes for personal names often change during an individual's lifetime. When '''''Tuakuumoxu''''' retires from active duty and enters administration, his name will become '''''Xuakuumoxu''''', with the prefix '''''Xua-'''''indicating a tahu in an administrative role. The vocative prefix generally replaces any other prefix although it can sometimes be stacked on to the beginning. For example, the vocative form of '''''Tuakuumoxu''''' may be '''''Xoekuumoxu''''' or '''''Xoetuakuumoxu'''''. | |||
Identifiers are also used for more specific descriptions of things than are available with trisyllabics, such as names of specific types of plants and animals, towns, rivers, hills and other topographical features, rock types, metals, foods etc. | Identifiers are also used for more specific descriptions of things than are available with trisyllabics, such as names of specific types of plants and animals, towns, rivers, hills and other topographical features, rock types, metals, foods etc. | ||
=== | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | ||
|+ Identifier Prefixes | |||
|- | |||
! Prefix !! Use | |||
|- | |||
| '''hau-''' || geography: topographic features such as rivers, hills, cliffs, valleys | |||
|- | |||
| '''jua-''' || personal names of ''taajona'', equivalent to generals/commanders in the ''tagahu'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''jui-''' || personal names of ''nahiixee'', a partner or long-term-guest of a ''tahu'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''kiu-''' || personal names of civilian women who are not ''nahiixee'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''kui-''' || inanimate physical objects | |||
|- | |||
| '''lua-''' || personal names of the daughters of ''tahu'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''mui-''' || edible things | |||
|- | |||
| '''nia-''' || motile animals (Animals may also sometimes take ''mui-'' or ''kui-'' prefixes.) | |||
|- | |||
| '''niu-''' || personal names of civilian children | |||
|- | |||
| '''nui-''' || personal names of ''hiitaahii'', boys raised to be ''tahu''. It is also used for men who have failed initiation into the ''tagahu'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''teo-''' || geography: ''migutaa'', tubes within ''Oru'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''tua-''' || personal names of ''taaguhii'', ''tahu'' in active duty | |||
|- | |||
| '''xau-''' || abstract qualities | |||
|- | |||
| '''xia-''' || abstract things | |||
|- | |||
| '''xio-''' || personal names of civilian men who are not ''nahiixee'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''xoe-''' || vocative indicator prefix for personal names (It may attach directly to the indicator's trisyllabic or, more formally, before another indicator prefix.) | |||
|- | |||
| '''xua-''' || personal names of ''xeeguhii'', ''tahu'' in an administrative role | |||
|- | |||
| '''xue-''' || geography: towns | |||
|- | |||
| '''xui-''' || onomatopoeia, loanwords and direct quotation of one trisyllabic | |||
|} | |||
===Infixes=== | |||
Infixes in Letaale are single-syllable morphemes beginning with a consonant and containing secondary vowels which contribute grammatical information in a sentence. They are inserted into the word they refer to (or into the first word in a phrase that they refer to), which is termed the "host", directly after the stressed syllable. They may, themselves be unstressed, but can also be stressed for emphasis, taking the primary stress away from the syllable before it. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | |||
|+ Proclitics | |||
|- | |||
! Clitic !! Gloss !! Use !! Example !! Counterpart | |||
|- | |||
| '''hua''' || <small>Q</small> || question infix, turns the word it is attached to (ie. its "host") into a yes/no question || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">hua</span>lavi?'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">Do you</span> eat<span style="color:blue">?</span>" || '''''hua''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''leo''' || <small>NEG</small> || negative infix, "not", negates its host || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">leo</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">do not</span> eat." || '''''gui''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''gui''' || <small>AFF</small> || affirmative infix, "indeed", emphatically affirms its host || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">gui</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You ''<span style="color:blue">do</span>'' eat." || '''''loe''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''heo''' || <small>NEG</small>.<small>Q</small> || negative question infix, "not?", turns its host into a question with an expected negative answer || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">heo</span>lavi?'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">don't</span> eat, <span style="color:blue">do you?</span>" || '''''hui''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''hui''' || <small>AFF</small>.<small>Q</small> || affirmative question infix, "indeed?", turns its host into a question with an expected affirmative answer || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">hui</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">do</span> eat, <span style="color:blue">don't you?" || '''''heo''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''tui''' || <small>FOC</small> || focus infix, indicates its host is the focus of the sentence, the new information that is being claimed || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">tui</span>lavi'''''<br />"(<span style="color:blue">the thing is:</span>) you eat" || '''''nau''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''nau''' || <small>TOP</small> || topic infix, indicates its host is the topic of the sentence, known information about which something is claimed in the focus || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">nau</span>lavi'''''<br />"(<span style="color:blue">as for the fact that</span>) you eat" || '''''tui''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''xeo''' || <small>IMP</small> || imperative infix, indicates its host is an imperative phrase, an order to do or be something || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">xeo</span>lavi'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">Eat!</span>" || '''''geo''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''geo''' || <small>NEG.IMP</small> || negative imperative infix, indicates its host is a negative imperative phrase, an order not to do or be something || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">geo</span>lavi'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">Don't</span> eat!" || '''''xeo''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''kia''' || <small>OPT</small> || optative infix, indicates its host is an intended or desired situation || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">kia</span>lavi'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">should</span> eat." || '''''keo''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''keo''' || <small>NEG.OPT</small> || negative optative infix, indicates its host is a situation which is not desired || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">keo</span>lavi'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">should not</span> eat." || '''''kia''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''sau''' || or || inclusive disjunctive infix, "or", "and/or", indicates an alternative which is not exclusive || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">sau</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:blue">sau</span>'''''<br />"you (<span style="color:blue">either</span>) eat <span style="color:blue">or</span> you dance (<span style="color:blue">or both</span>)" || '''''sau''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''tau''' || <small>XOR</small> || exclusive disjunctive infix, "or" "or ... but not both", indicates an exclusive alternative || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">tau</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:blue">tau</span>'''''<br />"you (<span style="color:blue">either</span>) eat <span style="color:blue">or</span> you dance (<span style="color:blue">but not both</span>)" || '''''tau''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''tia''' || although || causal adversative infix, "although", "even though", indicates the context under which some other fact is unexpected or contrastive || '''''vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">jeo</span>) vee<span style="color:blue">tia</span>lavi'''''<br />"you dance <span style="color:blue">although</span> you eat" || '''''jeo''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''jeo''' || but || effective adversative infix, "but", "however", "nevertheless", indicates something surprising given another fact or situation || '''''vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">tia</span>) vee<span style="color:blue">jeo</span>lavi'''''<br />"you dance, <span style="color:blue">but</span> you eat" || '''''tia''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''vui''' || and || simultaneous conjunctive infix, "and", indicates a simultaneous addition || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">vui</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:blue">vui</span>'''''<br />"you eat <span style="color:blue">and</span> dance (<span style="color:blue">at the same time</span>)" || '''''vui''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''nua''' || first || initial conjunctive infix, "first", "initially", indicates its host occurs first in a sequence || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">nua</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:red">sua</span>'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">first</span> you eat, then you dance" || '''sua''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''sua''' || subsequently || subsequent conjunctive infix, "then", "subsequently", indicates an addition that follows in time || '''''vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">nua</span>) vee<span style="color:blue">sua</span>lavi'''''<br />"you dance, <span style="color:blue">then</span> you eat" || '''''vui''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''kua''' || when || simultaneous punctual temporal infix, "when", indicates that another event or situation occurs at the same time as what is marked with '''kua''' || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">kua</span>lavi vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">tui</span>).'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">When</span> you eat, you dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''kua''''' / '''''jau''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''jau''' || while || simultaneous continuous temporal infix, "while", indicates that its host is the temporal context for for another event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">jau</span>lavi vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">tui</span>)'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">While</span> you're dancing, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''kua''''' / '''''jau''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''mua''' || before || antetemporal punctual infix, "before", indicates that its host comes ''after'' another event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">mua</span>lavi vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">tui</span>).'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">Before</span> you dance, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''nio''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''goe''' || until || antetemporal continuous infix, "until", indicates that its host represents the end point of another event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">goe</span>lavi vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">tui</span>).'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">Until</span> you dance, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''nio''' || after || posttemporal punctual infix, "after", indicates that its host comes ''before'' another event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">nio</span>lavi vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">tui</span>).'''''<br />"After you eat, you dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''mua''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''joe''' || since || posttemporal continuous infix, "since", "from", indicates that its host represents the starting point of another event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">joe</span>lavi vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">tui</span>).'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">Since</span> you ate, you've been dancing."<br />"<span style="color:blue">From the time when</span> you eat, you're going to dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''gua''' || because || specific causal infix, "because", "since", "as", indicates that its host is the cause of another event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">gua</span>lavi vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">tui</span>).'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">Because</span> you eat, you dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''noe''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''noe''' || therefore || specific effective infix, "therefore", "so", indicates that its host is the effect caused by another event or situation || '''''Vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">gua</span>) vee<span style="color:blue">noe</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You've been dancing; therefore, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''gua''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''vue''' || if.<small>REAL</small> || generic/potential causal infix, "if", indicates that its host, ''if it does turn out to be the case'', is the cause of another event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">vue</span>lavi vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">jue</span>).'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">If</span> you eat, (then) you dance." || '''''jue''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''jue''' || then.<small>REAL</small> || generic/potential effective infix, "then", indicates that its host is the effect caused by another ''possible'' event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:red">vue</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:blue">jue</span>.'''''<br />"If you eat, (then) you dance." || '''''vue''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''viu''' || if.<small>IRR</small> || irrealis causal infix, "if", indicates that its host is a ''hypothetical'' event or situation that, ''if it were true'', would the cause of another event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">viu</span>lavi vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">jiu</span>).'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">If</span> you <span style="color:blue">ate</span>, (then) you would dance." || '''''jiu''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''jiu''' || then.<small>IRR</small> || irrealis effective clitic, "then", "would" indicates that its host would be the effect caused by another ''hypothetical'' event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:red">jiu</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:blue">jiu</span>.'''''<br />"If you ate, (<span style="color:blue">then</span>) you <span style="color:blue">would</span> dance." || '''''viu''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''gau''' || preparatively || telic causal clitic, indicates that its host is done in preparation in order to achieve another event or situation || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">gau</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:red">neo</span>.'''''<br />"You eat (<span style="color:blue">preparatively</span>) in order to dance." || '''''neo''''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''neo''' || so.that || telic effective clitic, "so that", "in order that", indicates that its host is the intended goal behind another event or situation || '''''Vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">gau</span>) vee<span style="color:blue">neo</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You dance <span style="color:blue">in order</span> to eat." || '''''vue''''' | |||
|} | |||
==Personal pronouns== | |||
===First and second persons=== | |||
Letaale a system of trisyllabic pronouns for the first and second persons. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Clusivity !! Stance !! Singular !! Plural | |||
|- align=center | |||
! rowspan=4 | 1st | |||
! rowspan=2 | exclusive<br /><small>of 2nd p.</small> | |||
! guarded | |||
| '''''namina''''' | |||
| '''''mitaami''''' | |||
|- align=center | |||
! vulnerable | |||
| '''''namijo''''' || '''''mitaajo''''' | |||
|- align=center | |||
! rowspan=2 | inclusive<br /><small>of 2nd p.</small> | |||
! guarded | |||
| - | |||
| '''''vainami''''' | |||
|- align=center | |||
! vulnerable | |||
| - || '''''vainajo''''' | |||
|- align=center | |||
! 2nd | |||
! - | |||
! - | |||
| '''''vailevai''''' | |||
| '''''xeevaile''''' | |||
|} | |||
Stance indicates the approach of the speaker towards the addressee. The vulnerable stance pronouns indicate a kind of "weapons down" stance. The singular pronoun '''''namijo''''' must be used when speaking to superiors. It is also used, when off duty, in the presence of close friends, where all use this form and where the inclusive plural form used is '''''vainajo'''''. The plural exclusive form '''''mitaajo''''' is only used when all members of the group referred to would use the vulnerable stance with the addressee — if not, the guarded form '''''mitaami''''' must be used. | |||
===Third person=== | |||
There are no dedicated third person pronouns. To refer back to an already mentioned third person entity, the triconsonantal noun-form of that word is simply repeated. | |||
==Demonstratives== | |||
===Spatial demonstratives=== | |||
Spatial demonstratives are used to indicate things that have a real, physical location in space. They are connected to grammatical persons, with forms indicating proximity to the speaker, proximity to the addressee and proximity to neither. They are frequently accompanied by pointing, which is generally done with the whole hand except when pointing at something very small and close. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | |||
|+ '''Spatial demonstratives''' | |||
|- | |||
! Lemma !! Translation !! Noun !! Translation !! Verb !! Translation | |||
|- | |||
| '''''hiimijo''''' || The one near me is near me. || '''''h_m_j_''''' || one near me || '''''_ii_i_o''''' || be near me | |||
|- | |||
| '''''xeenajo''''' || The one near you is near you. || '''''x_n_j_''''' || one near you || '''''_ee_a_o''''' || be near you | |||
|- | |||
| '''''kuugujo''''' || The one over there is over there. || '''''k_g_j_''''' || one near me || '''''_uu_u_o''''' || be over there | |||
|} | |||
Because of the tendency of nominal roots to be interpreted as definite and verbal roots to be interpreted as indefinite, these tend to be equivalent to "this, this, that, those" (ie. ''the'' thing by me, etc.) as nouns and "be here, be there" as verbs (ie. be ''a'' thing by me). | |||
When something is equally close to speaker and addressee, such as a building that both are standing in, it is customary for '''''xeenajo''''' to be used among equals and to superiors, with '''''hiimijo''''' used with subordinates. | |||
===Discourse demonstratives=== | |||
There are two types of discourse demonstrative: future and past. | |||
There is only one form of future demonstrative: that which is associated with the first person. The lemma '''''gumina''''', in its nominal translation, means "that which I am about to say/do" and can be used to introduce another clause as the complementiser "that". | |||
Past demonstratives can be used to refer to words, ideas or actions associated with certain grammatical persons. In the third person, there are also rank distinctions. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | |||
|+ '''Spatial demonstratives''' | |||
|- | |||
! Person !! Rank !! Lemma !! Nominal Translation | |||
|- | |||
| 1st || all || '''''jonami''''' || "that (which I said/did)" | |||
|- | |||
| 2nd || all || '''''jovaile''''' || "that (which you said/did)" | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="4" | 3rd || Taajona || '''''jotaajo''''' || "that (which the Taajona said/did)" | |||
|- | |||
| Tahu || '''''jotaagu''''' || "that (which the Tahu said/did)" | |||
|- | |||
| Civilian Man || '''''josoovai''''' || "that (which the civilian man said/did)" | |||
|- | |||
| Woman/Child || '''''jolevai''''' || "that (which the woman said/did)" | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
| Line 208: | Line 418: | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Trisyllabic !! Translation !! Noun !! Translation !! Verb !! Translation | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''xaanijaa''''' || What is that? || '''''x_n_j_''''' || | | '''''xaanijaa''''' || What is that? || '''''x_n_j_''''' || one near you || '''''_aa_i_aa''''' || be what/who? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''himujai''''' || This is a banana. || '''''h_m_j_''''' || | | '''''himujai''''' || This is a banana. || '''''h_m_j_''''' || one near me || '''''_i_u_ai''''' || be banana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''huumijee''''' || This is a monkey. || '''''h_m_j_''''' || | | '''''huumijee''''' || This is a monkey. || '''''h_m_j_''''' || one near me || '''''_uu_i_ee''''' || be monkey | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''huumiiji''''' || This is a house. || '''''h_m_j_''''' || | | '''''huumiiji''''' || This is a house. || '''''h_m_j_''''' || one near me || '''''_uu_ii_i''''' || be house | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''haamijaa''''' || What is this? || '''''h_m_j_''''' || | | '''''haamijaa''''' || What is this? || '''''h_m_j_''''' || one near me || '''''_aa_i_aa''''' || be what/who? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''xinujai''''' || That is a banana. || '''''x_n_j_''''' || | | '''''xinujai''''' || That is a banana. || '''''x_n_j_''''' || one near you || '''''_i_u_ai''''' || be banana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''xuunijee''''' || That is a monkey. || '''''x_n_j_''''' || | | '''''xuunijee''''' || That is a monkey. || '''''x_n_j_''''' || one near you || '''''_uu_i_ee''''' || be monkey | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''xuuniiji''''' || That is a house. || '''''x_n_j_''''' || | | '''''xuuniiji''''' || That is a house. || '''''x_n_j_''''' || one near you || '''''_uu_ii_i''''' || be house | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''nimunai''''' || I am a banana. || '''''n_m_n_''''' || I || '''''_i_u_ai''''' || | | '''''nimunai''''' || I am a banana. || '''''n_m_n_''''' || I || '''''_i_u_ai''''' || be banana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''magiva''''' || The banana is me. || '''''m_g_v_''''' || | | '''''magiva''''' || The banana is me. || '''''m_g_v_''''' || banana || '''''_a_i_a''''' || be me | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''viluvai''''' || You are a banana. || '''''v_l_v_''''' || you || '''''_i_u_ai''''' || | | '''''viluvai''''' || You are a banana. || '''''v_l_v_''''' || you || '''''_i_u_ai''''' || be banana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''maigevai''''' || The banana is you. || '''''m_g_v_''''' || | | '''''maigevai''''' || The banana is you. || '''''m_g_v_''''' || banana || '''''_ai_e_ai''''' || be you | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''neemani''''' || I eat. || '''''n_m_n_''''' || I || '''''_ee_a_i''''' || eat | | '''''neemani''''' || I eat. || '''''n_m_n_''''' || I || '''''_ee_a_i''''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''xanima''''' || The eating one is me. || '''''x_n_m_''''' || | | '''''xanima''''' || The eating one is me. || '''''x_n_m_''''' || eater || '''''_a_i_a''''' || be me | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''veelavi''''' || You eat. || '''''v_l_v_''''' || you || '''''_ee_a_i''''' || eat | | '''''veelavi''''' || You eat. || '''''v_l_v_''''' || you || '''''_ee_a_i''''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''xainemai''''' || The eating one is you. || '''''x_n_m_''''' || | | '''''xainemai''''' || The eating one is you. || '''''x_n_m_''''' || eater || '''''_ai_e_ai''''' || be you | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''keejami''''' || The dog eats. || '''''k_j_m_''''' || | | '''''keejami''''' || The dog eats. || '''''k_j_m_''''' || dog || '''''_ee_a_i''''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''xuunomi''''' || The eating one is a dog. || '''''x_n_m_''''' || | | '''''xuunomi''''' || The eating one is a dog. || '''''x_n_m_''''' || eater || '''''_uu_o_i''''' || be dog | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''kejoomi''''' || The dog sleeps. || '''''k_j_m_''''' || | | '''''kejoomi''''' || The dog sleeps. || '''''k_j_m_''''' || dog || '''''_e_oo_i''''' || sleep | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''kijumai''''' || The dog is a banana. || '''''k_j_m_''''' || | | '''''kijumai''''' || The dog is a banana. || '''''k_j_m_''''' || dog || '''''_i_u_ai''''' || be banana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''nemone''''' || I perceive. || '''''n_m_n_''''' || I || '''''_e_o_e''''' || perceive | | '''''nemone''''' || I perceive. || '''''n_m_n_''''' || I || '''''_e_o_e''''' || perceive | ||
| Line 254: | Line 464: | ||
| '''''nameeno''''' || I exist. || '''''n_m_n_''''' || I || '''''_a_ee_o''''' || exist | | '''''nameeno''''' || I exist. || '''''n_m_n_''''' || I || '''''_a_ee_o''''' || exist | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''meegovi''''' || The banana exists. || '''''m_g_v_''''' || | | '''''meegovi''''' || The banana exists. || '''''m_g_v_''''' || banana || '''''_ee_o_i''''' || exist | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''''xijumai''''' || There is a banana. || '''''x_j_m_''''' || | | '''''xijumai''''' || There is a banana. || '''''x_j_m_''''' || existing one || '''''_i_u_ai''''' || be banana | ||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 277: | Line 487: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈniːmeni ʔua̯ˈtonuŋo]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈniːmeni ʔua̯ˈtonuŋo]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ii_e_i''' || | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ii_e_i''' || be named | ||
|- style=" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''Xua-''' | | '''Xua-''' | ||
| colspan="20" | | | colspan="20" | IDENTIFIER: Name of ''xeeguhii'' | ||
|- style=" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''t_n_g_''' | | '''t_n_g_''' | ||
| | | big one | ||
| '''_o_u_o''' | | '''_o_u_o''' | ||
| | | be strange | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''My name is Xuatonugo.''<br />''I am Xuatonugo.'' | | colspan="20" | ''My name is Xuatonugo.''<br />''I am Xuatonugo.'' | ||
| Line 297: | Line 507: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈhalima ʔua̯ˈtonuŋo]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈhalima ʔua̯ˈtonuŋo]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''h_l_m_''' || | | '''h_l_m_''' || named one || '''_a_i_a''' || be me | ||
|- style=" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''Xua-''' | | '''Xua-''' | ||
| colspan="20" | | | colspan="20" | IDENTIFIER: Name of ''xeeguhii'' | ||
|- style=" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''t_n_g_''' || | | '''t_n_g_''' || big one || '''_o_u_o''' || be strange | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''Xuatonugo is me.'' | | colspan="20" | ''Xuatonugo is me.'' | ||
| Line 317: | Line 527: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ʔai̯ʒoˈmuː nia̯malai̯ˈʔuː ˈmalima] </small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ʔai̯ʒoˈmuː nia̯malai̯ˈʔuː ˈmalima] </small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''x_j_m_''' || an extisting one || '''_ai_o_uu''' || | | '''x_j_m_''' || an extisting one || '''_ai_o_uu''' || be a bird | ||
|- style=" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''nia-''' | | '''nia-''' | ||
| colspan="20" | '' | | colspan="20" | ''IDENTIFIER: Name of animal species'' | ||
|- style=" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''m_l_x_''' || | | '''m_l_x_''' || blue one || '''_a_ai_uu''' || fly high | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m_l_m_''' || | | '''m_l_m_''' || owner || '''_a_i_a''' || be me | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''I have a hyacinth macaw.'' | | colspan="20" | ''I have a hyacinth macaw.'' | ||
| Line 343: | Line 553: | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_a_ai_a''' || cause | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_a_ai_a''' || cause | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_i_ai_aa''' || dance | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''I make the monkey dance.'' | | colspan="20" | ''I make the monkey dance.'' | ||
| Line 355: | Line 565: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[kimai̯ˈʔaː naˈmai̯na]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[kimai̯ˈʔaː naˈmai̯na]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_i_ai_aa''' || dance | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_a_ai_a''' || cause | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_a_ai_a''' || cause | ||
| Line 369: | Line 579: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[kimai̯ˈʔaː ˈnawina]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[kimai̯ˈʔaː ˈnawina]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_i_ai_aa''' || dance | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''n_v_n_''' || | | '''n_v_n_''' || cause || '''_a_i_a''' || be me | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey dances because of me.'' | | colspan="20" | ''The monkey dances because of me.'' | ||
| Line 383: | Line 593: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈnawina kimai̯ˈʔaː]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈnawina kimai̯ˈʔaː]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''n_v_n_''' || | | '''n_v_n_''' || cause || '''_a_i_a''' || be me | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_i_ai_aa''' || dance | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''Because of me, the monkey dances.'' | | colspan="20" | ''Because of me, the monkey dances.'' | ||
| Line 391: | Line 601: | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
====Transitivity==== | ====Transitivity==== | ||
| Line 427: | Line 612: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ˈmoŋiwo]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ˈmoŋiwo]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m_g_v_''' || | | '''m_g_v_''' || banana || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats the banana.'' | | colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats the banana.'' | ||
| Line 435: | Line 620: | ||
'''''Jomijo''''' is, however, not simply an equivalent of an accusative case. In many instances, another root is used to indicate the | '''''Jomijo''''' is, however, not simply an equivalent of an accusative case. In many instances, another root is used to indicate the role of the object. | ||
| Line 444: | Line 629: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈtuʔanu keːmuˈʔeː]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈtuʔanu keːmuˈʔeː]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''t_x_n_''' || | | '''t_x_n_''' || hunter || '''_u_a_u''' || kill | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_ee_u_ee''' || die | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''The hunter kills the monkey.'' | | colspan="20" | ''The hunter kills the monkey.'' | ||
| Line 458: | Line 643: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[wiˈʒaːka lawiˈteː]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[wiˈʒaːka lawiˈteː]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''v_j_k_''' || | | '''v_j_k_''' || bird || '''_i_aa_a''' || construct | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''l_v_t_''' || | | '''l_v_t_''' || nest || '''_a_i_ee''' || come into being | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''The bird builds the nest.'' | | colspan="20" | ''The bird builds the nest.'' | ||
| Line 472: | Line 657: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[heluˈmai̯ tua̯ˈkuːmoʔu kimai̯ˈʔaː | koːmiˈʔuː ˈtoŋiho]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[heluˈmai̯ tua̯ˈkuːmoʔu kimai̯ˈʔaː | koːmiˈʔuː ˈtoŋiho]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''h_l_m_''' || | | '''h_l_m_''' || named one || '''_e_u_ai''' || force | ||
|- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''Tua-''' | | '''Tua-''' | ||
| colspan="20" | IDENTIFIER: Name of ''taaguhii'' | | colspan="20" | IDENTIFIER: Name of ''taaguhii'' | ||
|- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_e_ee_ii''' || play | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_i_ai_aa''' || dance | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ... | | colspan="20" | ... | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_oo_i_uu''' || bite | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''t_g_h_''' || | | '''t_g_h_''' || ''taaguhii'' / he || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''Tuakuumoxu forces the monkey to dance. It bites him.'' | | colspan="20" | ''Tuakuumoxu forces the monkey to dance. It bites him.'' | ||
| Line 501: | Line 685: | ||
| colspan="16" | IDENTIFIER: Name of ''taaguhii'' | | colspan="16" | IDENTIFIER: Name of ''taaguhii'' | ||
|- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''m_g_v_''' || | | '''m_g_v_''' || banana || '''_e_ee_ii''' || be big | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''h_l_m_''' || | | '''h_l_m_''' || named one || '''_a_ai_a''' || cause | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_h_m_''' || | | '''k_h_m_''' || house || '''_u_ee_ii''' || be on fire | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''Tuamaagavu sets the house on fire.'' | | colspan="20" | ''Tuamaagavu sets the house on fire.'' | ||
| Line 522: | Line 706: | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ii_o_e''' || | | '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ii_o_e''' || be (be)loved | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''I love you.'' | | colspan="20" | ''I love you.'' | ||
| Line 536: | Line 720: | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ai_i_a''' || | | '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ai_i_a''' || be visible | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''I see you.'' | | colspan="20" | ''I see you.'' | ||
| Line 553: | Line 737: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ˈmoŋiwo]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ˈmoŋiwo]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m_g_v_''' || | | '''m_g_v_''' || banana || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats the banana.'' | | colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats the banana.'' | ||
| Line 567: | Line 751: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ʒimuˈʒai̯]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ʒimuˈʒai̯]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''j_m_j_''' || | | '''j_m_j_''' || physically affected one || '''_i_u_ai''' || be banana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats a banana.'' | | colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats a banana.'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
====Time==== | ====Time==== | ||
There are no verb tenses in Letaale. The word indicating time is '''hiimixee''' and this can be combined with other roots to specify what time is meant. | There are no verb tenses in Letaale. The word indicating time is '''hiimixee''' and this can be combined with other roots to specify what time is meant. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | |||
|+ '''Time words''' | |||
|- | |||
! Lemma !! Translation !! Noun !! Translation !! Verb !! Translation | |||
|- | |||
| '''''vaimigu''''' || The past one is in the past. || '''''v_m_g_''''' || past one || '''''_ai_i_u''''' || exist in past | |||
|- | |||
| '''''vaixeele''''' || Yesterday's one was yesterday. || '''''v_m_g_''''' || yesterday's one || '''''_ai_ee_e''''' || exist yesterday | |||
|- | |||
| '''''hiinami''''' || The current one is current. || '''''v_m_g_''''' || current one, ongoing one || '''''_ii_a_i''''' || be current, be ongoing | |||
|- | |||
| '''''kuumisoo''''' || The future one will be in the future. || '''''k_m_s_''''' || future one || '''''_uu_i_oo''''' || be in future | |||
|- | |||
| '''''lelemi''''' || Tomorrow's one will be tomorrow. || '''''v_m_g_''''' || tomorrow's one || '''''_ai_i_u''''' || exist yesterday | |||
|} | |||
| Line 586: | Line 786: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[hai̯ˈmeːʔe nuːmiːnu ʒaˈwai̯te ʔue̯kahoˈmai̯]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[hai̯ˈmeːʔe nuːmiːnu ʒaˈwai̯te ʔue̯kahoˈmai̯]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''h_m_x_''' || time || '''_ai_ee_e''' || | | '''h_m_x_''' || time || '''_ai_ee_e''' || be yesterday | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_uu_ii_u''' || fly | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_uu_ii_u''' || fly | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''j_v_t_''' || destination || '''_a_ai_e''' || | | '''j_v_t_''' || destination || '''_a_ai_e''' || be town | ||
|- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''Xue-''' | | '''Xue-''' | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>IDENTIFIER: Name of town</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>IDENTIFIER: Name of town</small> | ||
|- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | |- style="font-style: italic; font-size: 90%;" | ||
| '''k_h_m_''' || house || '''_a_o_ai''' || | | '''k_h_m_''' || house || '''_a_o_ai''' || be circle | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''Yesterday I flew to Xuekahomai.'' | | colspan="20" | ''Yesterday I flew to Xuekahomai.'' | ||
| Line 606: | Line 806: | ||
:{| class=" | :{| class="graytable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | '''''Neemani mogivo kahaami.''''' | | colspan="20" | '''''Neemani mogivo kahaami.''''' | ||
| Line 614: | Line 814: | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m_g_v_''' || | | '''m_g_v_''' || banana || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_h_m_''' || | | '''k_h_m_''' || house || '''_a_aa_i''' || be location | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''I eat the banana in the house.'' | | colspan="20" | ''I eat the banana in the house.'' | ||
| Line 622: | Line 822: | ||
:{| class=" | :{| class="graytable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | '''''Neemani mogivo nuutiimi.''''' | | colspan="20" | '''''Neemani mogivo nuutiimi.''''' | ||
| Line 630: | Line 830: | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m_g_v_''' || | | '''m_g_v_''' || banana || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''n_t_m_''' || | | '''n_t_m_''' || location || '''_a_aa_i''' || be house | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''I eat the banana in a house.'' | | colspan="20" | ''I eat the banana in a house.'' | ||
| Line 643: | Line 843: | ||
:{| class=" | :{| class="graytable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | '''''Nemano velove niimone.''''' | | colspan="20" | '''''Nemano velove niimone.''''' | ||
| Line 653: | Line 853: | ||
| '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | | '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ii_o_e''' || | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ii_o_e''' || be (be)loved | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''I know <s>(that)</s> you love me.'' | | colspan="20" | ''I know <s>(that)</s> you love me.'' | ||
| Line 662: | Line 862: | ||
:{| class=" | :{| class="graytable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | '''''Nemone (gaimina) keemaxi mogivo.''''' | | colspan="20" | '''''Nemone (gaimina) keemaxi mogivo.''''' | ||
| Line 670: | Line 870: | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''g_m_n_''' || | | '''g_m_n_''' || next thing I say || '''_ai_i_a''' || be visible | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m_g_v_''' || | | '''m_g_v_''' || banana || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''I see the monkey eat the banana.'' | | colspan="20" | ''I see the monkey eat the banana.'' | ||
| Line 691: | Line 891: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ˈneːmani ˈmoŋiwo]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ˈneːmani ˈmoŋiwo]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m_g_v_''' || | | '''m_g_v_''' || banana || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey and I eat the banana.'' | | colspan="20" | ''The monkey and I eat the banana.'' | ||
| Line 707: | Line 907: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈtuːŋahu ˈnomino ˈkomiʔo ˈkoʒimo]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈtuːŋahu ˈnomino ˈkomiʔo ˈkoʒimo]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''t_g_h_''' || | | '''t_g_h_''' || ''taaguhii'' / he || '''_uu_a_u''' || hits | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_o_i_o''' || | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_j_m_''' || | | '''k_j_m_''' || dog || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''The taaguhii hits me, the monkey, and the dog.''<br />''He hits me, the monkey, and the dog.'' | | colspan="20" | ''The taaguhii hits me, the monkey, and the dog.''<br />''He hits me, the monkey, and the dog.'' | ||
| Line 725: | Line 925: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[meˈnoːti ˈmenote ʒaˈleːto]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[meˈnoːti ˈmenote ʒaˈleːto]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m_n_t_''' || | | '''m_n_t_''' || cat || '''_e_oo_i''' || sleep | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m_n_t_''' || | | '''m_n_t_''' || cat || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''j_l_t_''' || | | '''j_l_t_''' || dream || '''_a_ee_o''' || exist | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''The cat sleeps and (the cat) dreams.'' | | colspan="20" | ''The cat sleeps and (the cat) dreams.'' | ||
| Line 744: | Line 944: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈtuːŋahu ˈlowilo ŋoˈmaːne ˈlewole ˈtiːŋohe]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈtuːŋahu ˈlowilo ŋoˈmaːne ˈlewole ˈtiːŋohe]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''t_g_h_''' || | | '''t_g_h_''' || ''taaguhii'' / he || '''_uu_a_u''' || hit | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''l_v_l_''' || | | '''l_v_l_''' || woman / she || '''_o_i_o''' || be physically affected | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''g_m_n_''' || | | '''g_m_n_''' || next thing I say || '''_o_aa_e''' || be surprising | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''l_v_l_''' || | | '''l_v_l_''' || woman / she || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''t_g_h_''' || | | '''t_g_h_''' || ''taaguhii'' / he || '''_ii_o_e''' || be (be)loved | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''He hits her but she loves him.'' | | colspan="20" | ''He hits her but she loves him.'' | ||
| Line 768: | Line 968: | ||
| colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ʒimuˈʒai̯ ˈmaːŋavu]</small> | | colspan="20" | <small>[ˈkeːmaʔi ʒimuˈʒai̯ ˈmaːŋavu]</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''k_m_x_''' || | | '''k_m_x_''' || monkey || '''_ee_a_i''' || eat | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''j_m_j_''' || | | '''j_m_j_''' || physically affected one || '''_i_u_ai''' || be banana | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''m_g_v_''' || | | '''m_g_v_''' || banana || '''_aa_a_u''' || be large | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats a big banana.'' | | colspan="20" | ''The monkey eats a big banana.'' | ||
| Line 786: | Line 986: | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ii_o_e''' || | | '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ii_o_e''' || be (be)loved | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''h_j_l_''' || | | '''h_j_l_''' || beloved one || '''_aa_ii_aa''' || be extreme | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''I love you very much.'' | | colspan="20" | ''I love you very much.'' | ||
| Line 802: | Line 1,002: | ||
| '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | | '''n_m_n_''' || I || '''_e_o_e''' || perceive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''l_j_l_''' || | | '''l_j_l_''' || perceiver || '''_aa_ii_aa''' || be extreme | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ii_o_e''' || | | '''v_l_v_''' || you || '''_ii_o_e''' || be (be)loved | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="20" | ''It is clear to me that I love you.'' | | colspan="20" | ''It is clear to me that I love you.'' | ||
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==Glossary== | ==Glossary== | ||
{| class=" | {| class="graytable sortable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Word !! Letaale (lemma) !! Guaru !! Explanation | ! Word !! Letaale (lemma) !! Guaru !! Explanation | ||
| Line 821: | Line 1,021: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| primary vowel || || || The primary vowels are the short vowels /a e i o u/ ⟨'''a e i o u'''⟩, the long vowels /aː eː iː oː uː/ ⟨'''aa ee ii oo uu'''⟩ and the diphthong /ai/ ⟨'''ai'''⟩. Primary vowels can occur in trisyllabics whereas secondary vowels cannot. Each primary vowel is associated with one consonant, with which it alternates in conversion from a verb root to its equivalent noun root. | | primary vowel || || || The primary vowels are the short vowels /a e i o u/ ⟨'''a e i o u'''⟩, the long vowels /aː eː iː oː uː/ ⟨'''aa ee ii oo uu'''⟩ and the diphthong /ai/ ⟨'''ai'''⟩. Primary vowels can occur in trisyllabics whereas secondary vowels cannot. Each primary vowel is associated with one consonant, with which it alternates in conversion from a verb root to its equivalent noun root. | ||
|- | |||
| taaguhii || '''''taaguhii''''' || || A '''taaguhii''' is a ''tahu'' in active duty, roughly equivalent to a soldier or police officer. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| tagahu || || ''tagahu'' || The '''tagahu''' is an all-male secret society which functions more or less as the government and military/police force of the known parts of Oru. Its members are known as ''tahu''. The leaders of the tagahu are believed to be in contact with the creators of Oru and they consequently have access to very sophisticated technology. | | tagahu || || ''tagahu'' || The '''tagahu''' is an all-male secret society which functions more or less as the government and military/police force of the known parts of Oru. Its members are known as ''tahu''. The leaders of the tagahu are believed to be in contact with the creators of Oru and they consequently have access to very sophisticated technology. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| tahu || || ''tahu'' || A '''tahu''' is a man who has been successfully initiated into the ''tagahu''. | | tahu || '''''taahiigu''''' || ''tahu'' || A '''tahu''' is a man who has been successfully initiated into the ''tagahu''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| trisyllabic || || || A '''trisyllabic''' is a word consisting of three syllables, each of which is made up of a consonant phoneme and a ''primary vowel'' phoneme. Trisyllabics represent a full clause consisting of a ''triconsonantal noun root'' and a ''trivocallic verb root''. For example, the trisyllabic '''''neemani''''' "I eat" consists of the noun root '''n_m_n_''' "I" plus the verb root '''_ee_a_i''' "eat". | | trisyllabic || || || A '''trisyllabic''' is a word consisting of three syllables, each of which is made up of a consonant phoneme and a ''primary vowel'' phoneme. Trisyllabics represent a full clause consisting of a ''triconsonantal noun root'' and a ''trivocallic verb root''. For example, the trisyllabic '''''neemani''''' "I eat" consists of the noun root '''n_m_n_''' "I" plus the verb root '''_ee_a_i''' "eat". | ||
| Line 835: | Line 1,037: | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
This conlang has been inspired by [http://www.lingweenie.net/abakwi/abakwi.shtml Abakwi] and [http://www.frathwiki.com/Iljena Iljena]. Check them out! - Imralu | This conlang has been inspired by [http://www.lingweenie.net/abakwi/abakwi.shtml Abakwi] and [http://www.frathwiki.com/Iljena Iljena]. Check them out! - Imralu | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | |||