Ngolu: Difference between revisions

'''Ngolu''' (pronounced /ŋɒˈluː/ or /ŋɔːˈluː/), also known as '''Iliaqu''' (/ˌɪljəˈʔuː/) or sometimes '''Qu''' /ʔuː/ (endonym: ''iliaqu'' IPA: [ìʎàʔú]) is a language isolate spoken throughout the known regions of the space habitat [[Qu]] by the Ngolu people, whose number is estimated to be around 100,000. As the Ngolu are almost entirely monolingual, and while voluntary travel to and from Qu remains impossible, the language is not in any danger of extinction. At this stage, little is known of dialect differences within Qu. There are estimated to be somewhere between 50 and 100 Iliaqu speakers on Earth who have simply mysteriously appeared in various locations. Small communities of Ngolu speakers been brought or have found their way together, the most well-known and well-studied of which is a group of about 15 living in and around Berlin, Germany.

===Consonants===

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| '''m''' ‹m›

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| '''ŋ''' ‹g›

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| '''b''' ‹b›

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| '''ʔ''' ‹q›

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| '''kʼ''' ‹kk›

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| '''v''' ‹v›

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| '''h''' ‹h›

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| '''ene ua''' || [è.né.wá] || '''u''' followed by syllabic vowel

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| '''ene ima''' || [è.néj.má] || '''i''' is weak and can become non-syllabic

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| '''eni ua''' || [è.ní.wá] || final '''i''' before non-syllabic '''u'''

| '''eni iu''' || [è.ní.jú] || final '''i''' before non-syllabic '''i'''

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| '''ene iui''' || [è.néj.wí] || final '''e''' followed by 'weak' '''i''' which becomes non-syllabic

::{| cellpadding="2"

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| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF

| "the thing"

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| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.house

| "the thing that" || "is a house"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| be.strange || DAT.1s.ACS || NOM.C || be.not || COP-DAT.3s.INAN.DEF || NOM.3s.DEF.ACS || be.father || COP-GEN.3s.ACS.DEF

| "is strange" || "to me" || "that" || "is not" || "go there" || "the one who" || "is father" || "is hers/his"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| NOM.3p.INAN.DEF || be.house

| "the things that" || "are houses"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.pair || be.house

| "the thing that" || "is a group of two" || "is a house"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| NOM.3p.INAN.DEF || be.pair || be.house

| "the things that" || "are groups of two" || "are houses"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| NOM.3p.INAN.DEF || be.grain.of.sand

| "the things that" || "are grains of sand"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| NOM.3p.DEF.INAN.REL || be.potable

| "the things that" || "are potable"

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====Gender====

::{| cellpadding="2"

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| be.heard || DAT.1s.ICS || NOM.3s.ANIM.DEF || be.bird

| "was heard" || "to me" || "the one who" || "is a bird"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| be.heard || DAT.1s.ICS || NOM.3s.INAN.DEF || be.bird

| "was heard" || "to me" || "the thing that" || "is a bird"

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In order to group referents from more than one grammatical person together, the required pronominals are juxtaposed. For example, '''inu''' (gloss: NOM.1s.ICS) is the exclusive 'we'. The inclusive 'we' may take a form such as '''vu nu''' (gloss: NOM.2s.ICS NOM.1s.ICS) or '''nu ivu''' (gloss: NOM.1s.ICS NOM.2p.ICS), more or less equivalent to 'you and I'. Even addressing people in the second person, should the group include third persons, these are made note of separately, for example '''ju vu''' (gloss: NOM.3s.ICS.DEF NOM.2s.ICS). The nominal '''ivu''' (gloss: NOM.2p.ICS), for example, is only used to address two more people when all are present.  

Nominal juxtapositions are characterised by all pronominals being inflected in the same [[Ngolu#Case|case]]. For example, the nominative '''ua na''' (gloss: NOM.2s.ACS NOM.1s.ACS) becomes '''eues ene''' in the dative and '''uua una''' in the possessive.

::{| cellpadding="2"

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| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.DEF || be.bird

| "am seeking" || "I" || "the being who" || "is a bird"

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| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.DEF

| "am seeking" || "I" || "the being"

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| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.SPEC || be.bird

| "am seeking" || "I" || "a specific one who" || "is a bird"

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| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ICS.SPEC

| "am seeking" || "I" || "a specific being"

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| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ANIM.NSPC || be.bird

| "am seeking" || "I" || "anyone who" || "is a bird"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| seek || NOM.1s.ACS || ACC.3s.ANIM.NSPC

| "am seeking" || "I" || "anyone"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| be.initiated.man || NOM.1s.ACS

| "be an initiated man" || "I"

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| be.not || sleep || NOM.3s.ICS.DEF

| "be not" || "sleep" || "the being"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| be.PRF || deliberately.kill || NOM.3s.ICS.DEF

| "have finished" || "deliberately kill" || "the being"

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| be.good || NOM.C || be.not || (be).rain

| "be good" || "that" || "be not" || "rain"

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| be.difficult || NOM.TEMP.C || be.child || NOM.3s.ACS.DEF

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| colspan="4" | ''He had a difficult childhood.

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::{| cellpadding="2"

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| '''{{color|MediumBlue|ko}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|uako}}''' || '''jus''' || '''une'''

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| "be.like" || "be enemy" || "the being" || "my"

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| '''ti''' || '''li''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|ko}}''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|bale}}''' || '''uji'''

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| colspan="4" |''She made {{color|MediumBlue|a fist}}.''

====''Hai''====

====''Haizuo''====

====''I-''====

| "the thing which" || "be this" || "be fish"  

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| "be finished" || "eat" || "I" || "some things which" || "be food" || "using a thing which" || "be a knife"  

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| "using a thing which" || "be a knife"  || "be finished" || "eat" || "I" || "some things which" || "be food"  

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| "using a thing which" || "be a knife"  || "be finished" || "I" || "eat" || "some things which" || "be food"  

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| '''{{color|MediumBlue|ahe}}''' || '''bo''' || '''xu''' || '''eni'''

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| "be indeed" || "be wanted" || "the thing" || "to me"

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| '''{{color|MediumBlue|kka}}''' || '''ju''' || '''xua''' || '''uttia'''

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| "be not" || "she" || "at the thing which" || "be tree"

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| '''{{color|MediumBlue|kka}}''' || '''mula''' || '''jas''' || '''ene'''

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| "be not" || "be liked" || "he" || "to me"

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| '''uo''' || '''xi''' || '''oko''' || '''lo''' || '''{{color|MediumBlue|kka}}''' || '''ja''' || '''tehi''' || '''los''' || {{color|MediumBlue|'''ahe'''}} || '''ja''' || '''mbuja'''

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===Speech Crime===