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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| Proto-Rttirrian had a fairly small consonant inventory; however, it was much more flexible than its daughter languages with regards to clusters. The following consonants are reconstructed:
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" |
| ! |
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| ! |Labial
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| ! |Alveolar
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| ! |Palatal
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| ! |Velar
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| ! |Retroflex
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| ! |Pharyngeal?
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| |- | | |- |
| ! Nasal | | !rowspan="2"| |
| | *'''m''' /m/ | | !colspan="2"|Labial |
| | *'''n''' /n/ | | !colspan="2"|Alveolar |
| | !colspan="2"|Palatal |
| | !rowspan="2"|Retroflex |
| | !colspan="2"|Velar |
| | !rowspan="2"|Uvular |
| | |- |
| | !Plain |
| | !Lab. |
| | !Plain |
| | !Lab. |
| | !Plain |
| | !Lab. |
| | !Plain |
| | !Lab. |
| | |- |
| | ! Plosive |
| | | '''pʼ''' /pˤ/<br>'''p''' /p/<br>'''b''' /b/ |
| | | '''pwʼ''' /pʷˤ/<br>'''pw''' /pʷ/<br>'''bw''' /bʷ/ |
| | | '''tt''' /tʼ/<br>'''tʼ''' /tˤ/<br>'''t''' /t/<br>'''d''' /d/ |
| | | '''ttw''' /tʷʼ/<br>'''twʼ''' /tʷˤ/<br>'''tw''' /tʷ/<br>'''dw''' /dʷ/ |
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| | *'''rn''' /ɳ/ | | | |
| | | '''kk''' /kʼ/<br>'''g''' /g/ |
| | | '''kkw''' /kʷʼ/<br>'''gw''' /gʷ/ |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! Plosive | | ! Fricative |
| | *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/ | | | '''f''' /f/<br>'''v''' /v/<br>'''vʼ''' /vˤ/ |
| | *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/ | | | |
| | | '''s''' /s/<br>'''z''' /z/ |
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| | | '''sh''' /ʃ/<br>'''zh''' /ʒ/<br>'''zhʼ''' /ʒˤ/ |
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| | *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/ | | | |
| | *'''rt''' /ʈ/<br>*'''rd''' /ɖ/ | | | '''kh''' /x/<br>'''gh''' /ɣ/ |
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| |- | | |- |
| ! Fricative | | ! Affricate |
| | *'''f''' /ɸ/<br>*'''v''' /β/ | | | |
| | *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/ | | | |
| | | '''tts''' /t͡sʼ/<br>'''ts''' /t͡s/<br>'''dz''' /d͡z/ |
| | | '''ttsw''' /t͡sʷʼ/<br>'''tsw''' /t͡sʷ/<br>'''dzw''' /d͡zʷ/ |
| | | '''cch''' /t͡ʃʼ/<br>'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/<br>'''jʼ''' /d͡ʒ/<br>'''j''' /d͡ʒˤ/ |
| | | '''cchw''' /t͡ʃʷʼ/<br>'''chw''' /t͡ʃʷ/<br>'''jwʼ''' /d͡ʒʷ/<br>'''jw''' /d͡ʒʷˤ/ |
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| ! Affricate | | ! Lateral |
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| | | '''l''' /l/<br>'''hl''' /ɬ/<br>'''lj''' /ɮ/<br>'''ljʼ''' /ɮˤ/ |
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| | *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
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| | |- |
| | ! Rhotic |
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| | | '''r''' /ʐ/ |
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| | | '''rr''' /ʀ/ |
| |- | | |- |
| ! Approximant | | ! Nasal |
| | *'''w''' /w/ | | | '''m''' /m/ |
| | | '''mw''' /mʷ/ |
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| | *'''y''' /j/
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| | *'''rl''' /ɭ/<br>*'''rr''' /ɻ/ | | | |
| | *'''l<sub>1</sub>'''<br>*'''l<sub>2</sub>''' | | | |
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| | | '''ng''' /ŋ/<br>'''ngʼ''' /ŋˤ/ |
| | | '''ngw''' /ŋʷ/<br>'''ngwʼ''' /ŋʷˤ/ |
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| |} | | |} |
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| * The exact pronunciation of the consonants transcribed as '''l<sub>1</sub>''' and '''l<sub>2</sub>''' is unknown.
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| :* Among the descendants of Proto-Rttirrian, these two sounds survived only in Proto-South-Rttirrian, where they merged into a single phoneme, */ʟ/. That phoneme corresponds to /l/ and many instances of the low [[w:tone (linguistics)|tone]] in Gaju, and corresponds to /w/ and diphthongal /u/ in Rttirri. In all other descendants of Proto-Rttirrian, '''l<sub>1</sub>''' and '''l<sub>2</sub>''' disappeared as consonants and survive only in their effects on surrounding vowels.
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| :* Some linguists posit that they were [[w:pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeal]] approximants [ħ] and [ʕ], pointing to the fact that they generally had a backing effect on surrounding vowels in branches other than South Rttirrian. Others note that these backing effects were not uniform, and suggest that only '''l<sub>2</sub>''' was pharyngeal while '''l<sub>1</sub>''' was something like the velarized lateral [ɫ], or a lateral fricative [ɬ~ɮ].
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| :* Evidence that '''l<sub>1</sub>''' was some type of fricative comes from the fact that the vowel '''a''' was allophonically raised when adjacent to '''f''', '''v''', '''s''', and '''z''', as well as '''l<sub>1</sub>''', but the relevance of this observation is disputed. The realization of the vowel '''u''' was not affected by either consonant, suggesting that they were probably not velar.
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
| Proto-Rttirrian had a simple three-vowel system:
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;" | | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;" |
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| ! Front | | ! Front |
| ! Central | | ! Central |
| | ! Near-back |
| ! Back | | ! Back |
| |- | | |- |
| ! High | | ! High |
| | *'''i''' /i/ | | | '''i''' /i/<br>'''ui''' /y/ |
| | | '''ie''' /ɨ/ |
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| | *'''u''' /u/
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| ! Low | | ! Near-high |
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| | *'''a''' /ä/
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| | | | | '''u''' /ʊ/ |
| |} | | | |
| * The low vowel '''a''' was probably fronted and raised allophonically to something like [æ~e] adjacent to fricatives and '''l<sub>1</sub>'''.
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| * The high back vowel '''u''' was probably lowered allophonically to something like [ʊ~ɔ] adjacent to velar consonants.
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| ==Grammar==
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| Proto-Rttirrian had a moderate degree of [[w:fusional language|fusional]] inflection.
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| ===Verbs===
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| The following verb prefixes were used:
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| !rowspan="4" | | | ! High-mid |
| !colspan="8" | Person
| | | '''e''' /e/ |
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| | | '''o''' /o/ |
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| !colspan="2" | 1st | | ! Low-mid |
| !colspan="2" | 2nd
| | | '''oe''' /œ/ |
| !colspan="4" | 3rd
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| |- | | |- |
| !rowspan="2" | Sing. | | ! Low |
| !rowspan="2" | Pl.
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| !rowspan="2" | Sing.
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| !rowspan="2" | Pl.
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| !colspan="2" | Sing.
| | | '''a''' /ɑ/<br>'''ao''' /ɒ/ |
| !colspan="2" | Pl.
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| |-
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| ! Anim.
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| ! Inan.
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| ! Anim.
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| ! Inan.
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| |-
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| !Past
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| | ''*mu-''
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| | ''*mum-''
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| | ''*apaf-''
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| | ''*am-''
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| | ''*bu-''
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| | ''*pa-''
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| | ''*bum-''
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| | ''*bam-''
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| |-
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| !Present
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| | ''*na-''
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| | ''*nam-''
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| | ''*akf-''
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| | ''*sam-''
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| | ''*gyu-''
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| | ''*rta-''
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| | ''*gim-''
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| | ''*rtam-''
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| !Future
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| | ''*nay-''
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| | ''*mi-'' | |
| | ''*akay-'' | |
| | ''*mi-'' | |
| | ''*gi-''
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| | ''*rti-''
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| | colspan="2" | ''*mi-''
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| |-
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| !Tense #4
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| | ''*l<sub>2</sub>an-''
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| | ''*l<sub>2</sub>am-''
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| | ''*l<sub>2</sub>ak-''
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| | ''*l<sub>2</sub>am-''
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| | ''*l<sub>2</sub>i-''
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| | ''*l<sub>2</sub>art-''
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| | colspan="2" | ''*l<sub>2</sub>am-''
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| |} | | |} |
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| * The exact function of the fourth tense is unknown; it may have been a [[w:perfect (grammar)|perfect]] aspect, an [[w:aorist|aorist]], or something else entirely. It evolved into two verbal moods in Proto-South-Rttirrian and took on various tense and aspect functions in other descendants.
| | ===Phonotactics=== |
| * An ''i-'' was used to begin the stems of transitive verbs. By analogy, this would cause object pronouns to be affixed to the verb in Proto-South-Rttirrian.
| | Stress falls on the first syllable. |
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| The following auxiliary verbs existed:
| | Syllable structure is maximally CVN. There may only be one pharyngealized, ejective, or labialized consonant per root, although more may be added to a single word through compounding and affixation. |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| ! Rttirri
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| ! English
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| |-
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| | ''*tya''
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| | to hope
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| |-
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| | ''*apta''
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| | to plead
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| |-
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| | ''*ikrta''
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| | to have to
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| |-
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| | ''*gamu''
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| | to do something<br>habitually or generally
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| |}
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| Verbs could inflect for the following moods:
| | ==Grammar== |
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| | ===Nouns=== |
| |-
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| ! Rttirri
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| ! English
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| |-
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| | (the tenses???)
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| |-
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| | ''*-nagji''
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| | subjunctive
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| |}
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| ===Auxiliary verbs=== | | ===Syntax=== |
| Ample auxiliary verbs were used. Some of these took on chronological meanings and came to supplant the original tense inflections. Similarly, certain past-tense and future-tense verb prefixes would become auxiliary verbs.
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| ===Nouns===
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| Pronouns were suffixed with *''-i'' for the accusative.
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| ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| * [[Gaju]]
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| * [[Rttirri]]
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| * [[Verse:Rttirria]]
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| <!-- | | <!-- |
| [[Category:A priori]] | | [[Category:A priori]] |
| [[Category:Conlangs]] | | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
| [[Category:Fusional languages]] | | [[Category:Polysynthetic languages]] |
| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| --> | | --> |