Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
IlL (talk | contribs)
Bots
143,283 edits
IlL (talk | contribs)
Bots
143,283 edits
m IlL moved page Verse:Angai/Old Gloob/Lexicon to Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon without leaving a redirect
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(226 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:


==Ablaut==
Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "''a''-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "''i''-grade". (Also cf. [[Ancient Wiebian]].)
*present stem ''a'' - preterite stem ''e''
*present stem ''ā'' - preterite stem ''ē''
*present stem ''o'' - preterite stem ''i''
*present stem ''ō'' - preterite stem ''ī''
*present stem ''ō'' - preterite stem ''ē''
*present stem ''ȳ'' - preterite stem ''ē''
*present stem ''ao'' - preterite stem ''iū''
*present stem ''ao'' - preterite stem ''iō''
==Nouns and adjectives==
===Masculine nouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''δȳrom'' 'bird'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''δȳros'' || ''δeδȳros'' || ''δȳrīs''
|-
! Definite
| ''δȳrae'' || ''δeδȳrae'' || ''δȳrinny''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''δȳrom'' - 'word'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''δȳrot''||''δȳrinnyt''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''δȳrōn''||''δȳroryn''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''δȳrossi''||''δȳroressi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''δȳrossy''||''δȳroressy''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''δȳrō''||''δȳrory''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''δȳrī''||''δȳrorī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''δȳra''||''δȳrora''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''δȳrommo''||''δȳrorammo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''δȳront''||''δȳrorynt''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''δȳrocca''||''δȳrorecca''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''δȳrōr''||''δȳrorōr''
|}
===Feminine nouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''gondā'' 'body'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''gondā'' || ''gegondā'' || ''gondār''
|-
! Definite
| ''gondām'' || ''gegondām'' || ''gondās''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''gondā'' - 'body'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''gondāt''||''gondāsat''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''gondaen''||''gondannan''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''gondaessi''||''gondannassi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''gondaessy''||''gondannassy''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''gondae''||''gondanny''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''gondaeī''||''gondannī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''gondaea''||''gondanna''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''gondaemmo''||''gondannammo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''gondaent''||''gondannynt''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''gondaecca''||''gondannecca''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''gondaeōr''||''gondannōr''
|}
===Neuter nouns===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''tectys'' 'child'
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plurative
|-
! Indefinite
| ''tectys'' || ''tetectys'' || ''tectȳn''
|-
! Definite
| ''tectȳs'' || ''tetectȳs'' || ''tectȳr''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |Possessed forms of ''tecty'' - 'child'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singulative
!style="width: 100px;"|Plurative
|-
!|Construct
|''tectyt''||''tectȳt''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''tectyn''||''tectȳsin''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''tectyssi''||''tectȳssi''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''tectyssy''||''tectȳssy''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''tectymy''||''tectȳsiō''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''tectymī''||''tectȳsī''
|-
!|3sg.n possessor
|''tectyma''||''tectȳsia''
|-
!|1exc possessor
|''tectȳmmo''||''tectȳsimmo''
|-
!|1inc possessor
|''tectȳnt''||''tectȳsint''
|-
!|2pl possessor
|''tectȳcca''||''tectȳsicca''
|-
!|3pl possessor
|''tectymōr''||''tectȳsiōr''
|}
====Mass nouns====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''jenās'' 'water' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''jenās'' || ''jenenās''
|-
! Definite
| ''jenaȝes'' || ''jenenaȝes''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | ''stucs'' 'fire' (n.)
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singulative
!  style="width: 100px;" | Collective
|-
! Indefinite
| ''stucs'' || ''stetucs''
|-
! Definite
| ''stuφes'' || ''stetuφes''
|}
==Adjectives==
The predicative form of an adjective is the indefinite singular form.
==Verbs==
The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of {{PAGENAME}} grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
#switch-reference marker
#applicative or derivational prefixes
#object prefix
#(prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
#'''STEM'''
#voice suffix
#TAM + subject
#emphatic suffix ''-is''
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic ''-is'', which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
===Object markers===
*1sg: ''n(i)-''
*2sg: ''r(i)-''
*3sg: ''b(i)-''
*1pl.ex: ''mē-''
*1pl.ex: ''dē-''
*2pl: ''sē-''
*3pl: ''nē-''
===Voice markers===
*''-ro-'' = passive marker
===TAM + subject markers===
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.
*Consonant stems: (-y-)
*Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o-, -u-
The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle:
*''caxynis'' = I eat
*''nīs caxyn'' = I do not eat
====Present====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussanis || torenis || aellinis || caxynis
|-
| 2SG || tussaris || toreris || aelliris || caxyris
|-
| 3SG.M || tussamis || toremis || aellimis || caxymis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussasis || toresis || aellisis || caxysis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussas || tores || aellis || caxis
|-
| 1EX || tussamēs || toremēs || aellimēs || caxymēs
|-
| 1IN || tussantis || torentis || aellintis || caxyntis
|-
| 2PL || tussasces || toresces || aellisces || caxysces
|-
| 3PL || tussatis || toretis || aellitis || caxytis
|}
Dependent forms (shown with ''nīs'' 'not'):
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || nīs tussan || nīs toren || nīs aellin || nīs caxyn
|-
| 2SG || nīs tussar || nīs torer || nīs aellir || nīs caxyr
|-
| 3SG.M || nīs tussam || nīs torem || nīs aellim || nīs caxym
|-
| 3SG.F || nīs tussasi || nīs toresi || nīs aellisi || nīs caxysi
|-
| 3SG.N || nīs tussa || nīs tore || nīs aelli || nīs caxy
|-
| 1EX || nīs tussamē || nīs toremē || nīs aellimē || nīs caxymē
|-
| 1IN || nīs tussant || nīs torent || nīs aellint || nīs caxynt
|-
| 2PL || nīs tussasce || nīs toresce || nīs aellisce || nīs caxysce
|-
| 3PL || nīs tussat || nīs toret || nīs aellit || nīs caxyt
|}
====Imperfect====
Uses reduplication:
*Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
*Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- lengthen the first vowel: ''ȝastranis'' 'I laugh', ''ȝāstranis'' 'I used to laugh'.
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tetussanis || tetorenis || aeaellinis || cecaxynis
|-
| 2SG || tetussaris || tetoreris || aeaelliris || cecaxyris
|-
| 3SG.M || tetussamis || tetoremis || aeaellimis || cecaxymis
|-
| 3SG.F || tetussasis || tetoresis || aeaellisis || cecaxysis
|-
| 3SG.N || tetussas || tetores || aeaellis || cecaxis
|-
| 1EX || tetussamēs || tetoremēs || aeaellimēs || cecaxymēs
|-
| 1IN || tetussantis || tetorentis || aeaellintis || cecaxyntis
|-
| 2PL || tetussasces || tetoresces || aeaellisces || cecaxysces
|-
| 3PL || tetussatis || tetoretis || aeaellitis || cecaxytis
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || nīs tetussan || nīs tetoren || nīs aeaellin || nīs cecaxyn
|-
| 2SG || nīs tetussar || nīs tetorer || nīs aeaellir || nīs cecaxyr
|-
| 3SG.M || nīs tetussam || nīs tetorem || nīs aeaellim || nīs cecaxym
|-
| 3SG.F || nīs tetussasi || nīs tetoresi || nīs aeaellisi || nīs cecaxysis
|-
| 3SG.N || nīs tetussa || nīs tetore || nīs aeaelli || nīs cecaxy
|-
| 1EX || nīs tetussamē || nīs tetoremē || nīs aeaellimē || nīs cecaxymē
|-
| 1IN || nīs tetussant || nīs tetorent || nīs aeaellint || nīs cecaxynt
|-
| 2PL || nīs tetussasce || nīs tetoresce || nīs aeaellisce || nīs cecaxysce
|-
| 3PL || nīs tetussat || nīs tetoret || nīs aeaellit || nīs cecaxyt
|}
====Preterite====
Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussannemis || torennemis || aellinnemis || cēnnemis
|-
| 2SG || tussarȳs || torerȳs || aellirȳs || cērȳs
|-
| 3SG.M || tussasmis || toresmis || aellismis || cēsmis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussastis || torestis || aellistis || cēstis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussasos || toresos || aellisos || cēsos
|-
| 1EX || tussameris || toremeris || aellimeris || cēmeris
|-
| 1IN || tussanteris || torenteris || aellinteris || cēnteris
|-
| 2PL || tussasceris || toresceris || aellisceris || cēsceris
|-
| 3PL || tussateris || toreteris || aelliteris || cēteris
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || nīs tussannem || nīs torennem || nīs aellinnem || nīs cēnnem
|-
| 2SG || nīs tussarȳ || nīs torerȳ || nīs aellirȳ || nīs cērȳ
|-
| 3SG.M || nīs tussasmi || nīs toresmi || nīs aellismi || nīs cēsmi
|-
| 3SG.F || nīs tussasti || nīs toresti || nīs aellisti || nīs cēsti
|-
| 3SG.N || nīs tussaso || nīs toreso || nīs aelliso || nīs cēso
|-
| 1EX || nīs tussamer || nīs toremer || nīs aellimer || nīs cēmer
|-
| 1IN || nīs tussanter || nīs torenter || nīs aellinter ||  nīs cēnter
|-
| 2PL || nīs tussascer || nīs torescer || nīs aelliscer || nīs cēscer
|-
| 3PL || nīs tussater || nīs toreter || nīs aelliter || nīs cēter
|}
====Future====
Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.
Phonological rules for consonant stems:
*''m'' + ''t'' > ''nt''
*''b, φ, g'' + ''t'' > ''ct''
*''cs'' + ''t'' > '':st''
*''θ, δ'' + ''t'' > ''θθ'' (or metathesis to ''ts'' > ''ss''?)
*''d'' + ''t'' > ''tt''
*''ȝ'' + ''t'' > ''ħt''
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussatēnis || toretēnis || cāstēnis
|-
| 2SG || tussatēris || toretēris || cāstēris
|-
| 3SG.M || tussatēmis || toretēmis || cāstēmis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussatēsis || toretēsis || cāstēsis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussatēs || toretēs || cāstēs
|-
| 1EX || tussatēmēs || toretēmēs || cāstēmēs
|-
| 1IN || tussatēntis || toretēntis || cāstēntis
|-
| 2PL || tussatēsces || toretēsces || cāstēsces
|-
| 3PL || tussatētis || toretētis || cāstētis
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || nīs tussatēn || nīs toretēn || nīs cāstēn
|-
| 2SG || nīs tussatēr || nīs toretēr || nīs cāstēr
|-
| 3SG.M || nīs tussatēm || nīs toretēm || nīs cāstēm
|-
| 3SG.F || nīs tussatēsi || nīs toretēsi || nīs cāstēsi
|-
| 3SG.N || nīs tussatē || nīs toretē || nīs cāstē
|-
| 1EX || nīs tussatēmē || nīs toretēmē || nīs cāstēmē
|-
| 1IN || nīs tussatēnt || nīs toretēnt || nīs cāstēnt
|-
| 2PL || nīs tussatēsce || nīs toretēsce || nīs cāstēsce
|-
| 3PL || nīs tussatēt || nīs toretēt || nīs cāstēt
|}
====Subjunctive====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussanaes || torenaes || caxynaes
|-
| 2SG || tussaraes || toreraes || caxyraes
|-
| 3SG.M || tussamioris || toremioris || caxymioris
|-
| 3SG.F || tussasioris || toresioris || caxysioris
|-
| 3SG.N || tussoris || torioris || caxioris
|-
| 1EX || tussamaes || toremaes || caxymaes
|-
| 1IN || tussantaes || torentaes || caxyntaes
|-
| 2PL || tussascaes || torescaes || caxyscaes
|-
| 3PL || tussatioris || toretioris || caxytioris
|}
Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative ''δā''):
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || δā tussanae || δā torenae || δā caxynae
|-
| 2SG || δā tussarae || δā torerae || δā caxyrae
|-
| 3SG.M || δā tussamior || δā toremior || δā caxymior
|-
| 3SG.F || δā tussasior || δā toresior || δā caxysior
|-
| 3SG.N || δā tussor || δā torior || δā caxior
|-
| 1EX || δā tussamae || δā toremae || δā caxymae
|-
| 1IN || δā tussantae || δā torentae || δā caxyntae
|-
| 2PL || δā tussascae || δā torescae || δā caxyscae
|-
| 3PL || δā tussatior || δā toretior || δā caxytior
|}
====Optative====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || tussaedonis || torēdonis || caxidonis
|-
| 2SG || tussaedoris || torēdoris || caxidoris
|-
| 3SG.M || tussaedomis || torēdomis || caxidomis
|-
| 3SG.F || tussaedosis || torēdosis || caxidosis
|-
| 3SG.N || tussaedos || torēdos || caxidos
|-
| 1EX || tussaedomēs || torēdomēs || caxidomēs
|-
| 1IN || tussaedontis || torēdontis || caxidontis
|-
| 2PL || tussaedosces || torēdosces || caxidosces
|-
| 3PL || tussaedotis || torēdotis || caxidotis
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 1SG || δā tussaedon || δā torēdon || δā caxidon
|-
| 2SG || δā tussaedor || δā torēdor || δā caxidor
|-
| 3SG.M || δā tussaedom || δā torēdom || δā caxidom
|-
| 3SG.F || δā tussaedosi || δā torēdosi || δā caxidosi
|-
| 3SG.N || δā tussaedo || δā torēdo || δā caxido
|-
| 1EX || δā tussaedomē || δā torēdomē || δā caxidomē
|-
| 1IN || δā tussaedont || δā torēdont || δā caxidont
|-
| 2PL || δā tussaedosce || δā torēdosce || δā caxidosce
|-
| 3PL || δā tussaedot || δā torēdot || δā caxidot
|}
====Imperative====
Independent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person  !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || tussās! || torēs! || aellīs! || caxys!
|-
| 1IN || tussantēs! || torentēs! || aellintēs! || caxyntēs!
|-
| 2PL || tussascēs! || torescēs! || aelliscēs! || caxyscēs!
|}
Dependent forms:
{| class="bluetable"
|-
! Person !! ''tussanis'' "I pray"<br/>(a-stem) !! ''torenis'' "I bloom, flourish"<br/>(e-stem) !! ''aellinis'' "I love"<br/>(i-stem) !! ''caxynis'' "I eat"<br/>(ablaut stem)
|-
| 2SG || δā tussā! || δā torē! || δā aellī! || δā caxy!
|-
| 1IN || δā tussantē! || δā torentē! || δā aellintē! || δā caxyntē!
|-
| 2PL || δā tussascē! || δā torescē! || δā aelliscē! || δā caxyscē!
|}
===Non-finite forms===
Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.
====Infinitives====
*First infinitive: ''-s''
*Second infinitive: ''-ācos''
*Third infintiive: ''-bom''?
====Participles====
*Present participle: ''-tus''
*Past participle: ''-īnos''
*Future participle: ''-tētus''
==Derivational morphology==
*''ar-, aφor-'' = telic
*''φer-'' = nominalizer
*''ēs-'' = co-, together
*''-t-'' = a causative marker
==Numbers==
*1: ''cēmym''
*2: ''tiθōr''
*3: ''narge''
*4: ''δaobe''
*5: ''salithe''
*6: ''stāmym''
*7: ''rōde''
*8: ''lorede''
*9: ''barve''
*10: ''ħiōr''
*11: ''jācēmym''
*12: ''cnaesā''
[[Category:Thensarian]]

Latest revision as of 00:36, 24 June 2025

Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Verse:Mwail/Old_Gloob/Lexicon&oldid=459023"