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| | ===Introduction=== |
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| | Thulean is the sole surviving member of the Insular branch of the Hercynian language family. It has an estimated 33 million speakers. The language is agglutinative and polysynthetic with an active-stative morphosyntax of the fluid-S subtype. It is written using the Latin alphabet as is universal amongst Western European languages. |
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| <!--
| | ===Phonology=== |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | A) PHONEME INVENTORY |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | 1) CONSONANTS |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
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| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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| | NASAL: |
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| ==Introduction==
| | -fortis: /mb, nd, Ng/ |
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| ===Background===
| | -lenis: /m, n, N/ |
| Thulean (endonym: Migkatsi) is spoken by the Selhar people of Thule (endonym: Telku) an island in the North Atlantic, west of Scotland and north of Ireland. The Selhar are a nation of thurses (AKA European pygmies) noted for their neoteny, androgyny and distinctive striped epidermises. Thulean has approximately 30 million native speakers. The language is agglutinative and polysynthetic with a split intransitive fluid-S morphosyntax. It is a language isolate and has not been proven to be related to any other languages even those of other thurse groups on the European mainland.
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| ===Influences===
| | LIQUID: |
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| The phonology was inspired by Finnish and Quenya phonaesthetics. The morphology was heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.
| | -fortis: /rd, ld/ |
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| --> | | -lenis: /r, l/ |
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| <!-- ***Phonology*** -->
| | PLOSIVE: |
| <!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
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| <!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
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| Vowel inventory
| | -fortis: /pp, tt, kk/ |
| Consonant inventory
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| Syllable structure
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| Stress
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| Intonation
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| --> | | -lenis: /p, t, k/ |
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| ==Phonology==
| | FRICATIVE: |
| ===Orthography===
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| Thulean is written with the Thulean alphabet. The Thulean government endorses a romanised orthography for the purpose of transliterating Thulean proper names in foreign media. This is also increasingly used in foreign scholarly works on the language. This orthography is as follows:
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| "a" = /A/
| | -fortis: /ss, xx/ |
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| "e" = /E/
| | -lenis: /s, x/ |
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| "g" = /N/
| | APPROXIMANT: /v, D, j/ |
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| "h" = /M\/
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| "i" = /i/
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| "j" = /j/
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| "k" = /k/
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| "l" = /l/
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| "m" = /m/
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| "n" = /n/
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| "p" = /p/
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| "q" = /K/
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| "r" = /r/
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| "s" = /s/
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| "t" = /t/
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| "u" = /u/
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| "v" = /w/
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| "x" = /x/
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| ===Consonants===
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| NASAL: /m, n, N/
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| PLOSIVE: /p, t, k/
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| FRICATIVE: /s, K, x/
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| LIQUID: /r, l/
| | 2) VOWELS |
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| APPROXIMANT: /j, M\, w/
| | a) MONOPHTHONGS: /i, u, a/ |
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| ===Vowels===
| | b) DIPHTHONGS: /@U, OI, aI, aU/ |
| HIGH: /i, u/
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| LOW: /E, A/
| | B) ALLOPHONES |
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| ===Allophones===
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| 1) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position and in onset position following a coda consonant. | | 1) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position and in onset position following a coda consonant. |
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| 2) Plosives are aspirated in word-initial position. | | 2) All fortis obstruents are realised as lenis plosives in intervocalic position. |
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| 3) /p, t, k, s/ are voiced in intervocalic position. | | 3) All lenis plosives and /s/ are voiced in intervocalic position. |
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| 4) /K/ is realised as [T] in coda position and in onset position following a coda consonant. | | 4) /x/ is realised as [Z] in intervocalic position. |
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| 5) /K/ is realised as [D] in intervocalic position. | | 5) /D/ is realised as [T] in word-final position. |
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| 6) /x/ is realised as [S] in coda position. | | 6) /i, u/ are realised as [E, O] when preceding a liquid coda or fortis liquid. |
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| 7) /x/ is realised as [Z] in intervocalic position. | | 7) /i, u/ are reslised as [E, O] when adjacent to /v, j/. |
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| 8) The geminate clusters /mm, nn, NN, rr, ll/ are realised as [mb, nd, Ng, rd, ld].
| | C) ORTHOGRAPHY |
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| 9) The geminate clusters /pp, tt, kk, ss, KK, xx/ are realised as [p, t, k, s, K, x].
| | "a" = /a/ |
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| 10) The onset cluster /Nj/ is realised as [dZ] in word-initial position and in onset position following a coda consonant.
| | "ai" = /aI/ |
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| 11) The onset clusters /tr, tl/ are realised as [ts`, tK].
| | "au" = /aU/ |
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| 12) The onset clusters /kj, kM\, kw/ are realised as [tS, kx, kW].
| | "g" = /N/ |
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| ===Prosody=== | | "gg" = /Ng/ |
| ====Stress====
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| Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables are light, closed syllables are heavy. Syllable onset clusters do not close the preceding syllable. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.
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| ====Intonation==== | | "h" = /x/ |
| Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.
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| ===Phonotactics===
| | "hh" = /xx/ |
| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| 1) The maximal syllable in Thulean is CCVC.
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| 2) Permitted syllable codas:
| | "i" = /i/ |
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| a) Morpheme-medial only: /N, p/
| | "iu" = /@U/ |
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| b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, s, K, x, r, l/
| | "j" = /j/ |
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| 3) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.
| | "k" = /k/ |
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| 4) Consonant clusters may not occur in morpheme-final position.
| | "kk" = /kk/ |
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| 5) Permitted syllable onset clusters: /Nj, NM\, Nw, tr, tl, kj, kM\, kw/. These consonant clusters are the only ones permitted to occur in prefix-initial or root-initial position.
| | "l" = /l/ |
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| 6) Permitted syllable boundary clusters:
| | "ll" = /ld/ |
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| a) /m/ + /m, p/
| | "m" = /m/ |
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| b) /n/ + /n, t, s, K/
| | "mm" = /mb/ |
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| c) /N/ + /N, k, x/
| | "n" = /n/ |
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| d) /p/ + /p, s/
| | "nn" = /nd/ |
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| e) /t/ + /t, s/
| | "p" = /p/ |
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| f) /k/ + /k, s/
| | "pp" = /pp/ |
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| g) /s/ + /p, t, k, s/
| | "q" = /D/ |
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| h) /K/ + /p, t, k, K/
| | "r" = /r/ |
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| i) /x/ + /p, t, k, x/
| | "rr" = /rd/ |
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| j) /r/ + /m, n, N, p, t, k, s, K, x, r, j, M\, w/
| | "s" = /s/ |
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| k) /l/ + /m, n, N, p, t, k, s, K, x, l, j, M\, w/
| | "ss" = /ss/ |
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| 7) Geminate plosive clusters may not occur before a coda consonant.
| | "t" = /t/ |
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| 8) With the exception of pronouns and some personal names, all roots are disyllabic.
| | "tt" = /tt/ |
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| 9) All suffixes must begin with either a single consonant, a syllable onset cluster or a syllable boundary cluster.
| | "u" = /u/ |
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| 10) Vowel clusters or diphthongs do not occur.
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| 11) High vowels may not occur before a liquid onset.
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| 12) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.
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| 13) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.
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| ===Morphophonology=== | |
| ===Consonant Gradation===
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| 1) If a syllable should be closed by suffixation and should it begin with a geminate plosive or a single plosive following a nasal, a liquid or a vowel then those plosives undergo lenition. This is usually referred to as consonant gradation.
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| 2) The sequences of consonant gradation are as follows:
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| a) pp > p > w
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| b) tt > t > r
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| c) kk > k > M\
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| d) mp > mm
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| e) nt > nn
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| f) Nk > NN
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| g) rp > rw
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| h) rt > rr
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| i) rk > rM\
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| j) lp > lw
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| k) lt > ll
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| l) lk > lM\
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| 3) Consonant gradation occurs after metathesis from sandhi.
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| ===Sandhi===
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| 1) If a triconsonantal cluster should result from affixation then the first segment of the forbidden cluster is deleted.
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| 2) Other forbidden clusters resulting from affixation are treated as follows:
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| i) /m/ + /n, N/ > [nn, NN]
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| ii) /m/ + /t, k/ > [nt, Nk]
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| iii) /m/ + /s, K, x/ > [ns, nK, Nx]
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| iv) /m/ + /r, l/ > [rr, ll]
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| v) /m/ + /j, M\, w/ > [Nj, NM\, Nw]
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| vi) /n/ + /m, N/ > [mm, NN]
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| vii) /n/ + /p, k/ > [mp, Nk]
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| viii) /n/ + /x/ > [Nx]
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| ix) /n/ + /r, l/ > [rr, ll]
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| x) /n/ + /j, M\, w/ > [Nj, NM\, Nw]
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| xi) /t/ + /m, n, N/ > [nt, nt, nt]
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| xii) /t/ + /p, k] > [pp, kk]
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| xiii) /t/ + /K, x/ > [Kt, xt]
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| xiv) /t/ + /j, M\, w/ > [kj, kM\, kw]
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| xv) /k/ + /m, n, N/ > [Nk, Nk, Nk]
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| xvi) /k/ + /p, t/ > [pp, tt]
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| xvii) /k/ + /K, x/ > [Kk, xk]
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| xviii) /k/ + /r, l/ > [tr, tl]
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| xix)/s/ + /m, n, N/ > [ns, ns, ns]
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| xx) /s/ + /K, x/ > [KK, xx]
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| xxi) /s/ + /r, l/ > [rs, ls]
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| xxii) /s/ + /j, M\, w/ > [ss, ss, ss]
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| xxiii) /K/ + /m, n, N/ > [nK, nK, nK]
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| xxiv) /K/ + /s, x/ > [ss, xx]
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| xxv) /K/ + /r, l/ > [rK, lK]
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| xxvi) /K/ + /j, M\, w/ > [KK, KK, KK]
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| xxvii) /x/ + /m, n, N/ > [Nx, Nx, Nx]
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| xxviii) /x/ + /s, K/ > [ss, KK]
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| xxix) /x/ + /r, l/ > [rx, lx]
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| xxx) /x/ + /j, M\, w/ > [xx, xx, xx]
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| xxxi) /r/ + /l/ > [ll]
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| xxxii) /l/ + /r/ > [rr]
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| 4) If a vowel cluster should result from affixation then an epenthetic /M\/ is inserted after the first vocalic segment to break up the cluster.
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| 5) If owing to affixation a high vowel should precede a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.
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| ==Morphology==
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| <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
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| Nouns
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| Adjectives
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| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| ===General Notes===
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| Thulean morphology has the following constituents:
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| 1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.
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| 2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.
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| 3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.
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| 4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.
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| ===Nominal Morphology=== | | "ui" = /OI/ |
| ===Nominal Structure===
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| 1) Noun template:
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| case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s) + number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix
| | "v" = /v/ |
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| 2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.
| | Historical note: /D/ was originally written with "þ". However, when printing was introduced to Thule, no type was available for that letter so "q" was substituted instead. |
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| ===Cases===
| | The spelling of Thulean is generally phonemic except that the effects of consonant gradation and sandhi are indicated. |
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| 1) Case prefixes:
| | D) PROSODY |
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| ABS(olutive): Ø-
| | Thulean has fixed initial primary stress. Secondary stress falls on every alternate syllable following the primary stress. Rhythm type is trochaic. |
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| NOM(inative): a-
| | E) PHONOTACTICS |
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| INST(rumental): ki-
| | 1) The syllable template is (C)V(C). |
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| LOC(ative): jet-
| | 2) Consonant clusters only occur at syllable boundaries. |
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| ALL(ative): nu-
| | 3) Permitted consonant clusters: |
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| ABL(ative): pik-
| | a) /m/ + /p/ |
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| PER(lative): me-
| | b) /n/ + /t, s/ |
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| EQU(ative): sin-
| | c) /N/ + /k, x/ |
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| | d) /r/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/ |
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| 2) Case Functions:
| | e) /l/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/ |
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| a) Absolutive Case:
| | f) /p, t, k/ + /s/ |
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| i) Marks the citation form of a noun.
| | g) /s/ + /p, t, k/ |
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| ii) Marks the O argument of a transitive verb.
| | 4) Permitted word-final codas: /m, n, t, k, s, D/ |
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| iii) Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb.
| | 5) Vowels in hiatus do not occur. |
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| iv) Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb.
| | 6) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable, before a fortis consonant or before /P, j/. |
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| b) Nominative Case:
| | F) SANDHI |
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| i) Marks the A argument of a transitive verb.
| | 1) Sandhi occurs at morpheme boundaries as a result of suffixation. |
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| ii) Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb.
| | 2) The resulting sandhi transformations are as follows: |
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| iii) Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
| | a) /m, n, N/ + /m, n, N/ > [mb, nd, Ng] |
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| c) Instrumental Case:
| | b) /m, n, N/ + /r/ > [rd, rd, rd] |
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| i) Marks the use of an instrument or tool.
| | c) /m, n, N/ + /l/ > [ld, ld, ld] |
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| ii) Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection if the S argument is stative.
| | d) /m, n, N/ + /v, D, j/ > [mb, nd, Ng] |
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| iii) Marks direct causation.
| | e) /m, N/ + /t, s/ > [nt, ns] |
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| iv) Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb.
| | f) /m, n/ + /k, x/ > [Nk, Nx] |
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| d) Locative Case:
| | g) /n, N/ + /p/ > [mp] |
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| i) Marks location or place.
| | h) /r, l/ + /n/ > [nd] |
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| ii) Marks occasion, time or event.
| | i) /r, l/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld] |
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| iii) Marks the locative comitative.
| | j) /r, l/ + /D/ > [rd, ld] |
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| iv) Marks the infinite form of the verb in periphrastic constructions.
| | k) /p, t, k/ + /p, t, k/ > [pp, tt, kk] |
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| e) Allative Case:
| | l) /p, t, k, s/ + /v/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss] |
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| i)Marks destination or motion towards.
| | m) /p, t, k, s/ + /D/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss] |
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| ii) Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection if the S argument is active.
| | n) /p, t, k, s/ + /j/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss] |
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| iii) Marks terminative relations (up to, until, as far as) spatially and temporarally.
| | G) CONSONANT GRADATION |
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| iv) Marks benefactive relations (for, on behalf of).
| | 1) This process affects fortis consonants and lenis plosives following a nasal, liquid or vowel. |
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| f) Ablative Case:
| | 2) It is triggered if the consonants in question form the onset of a closed syllable due to suffixation. |
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| i) Marks origin or motion away from.
| | 3) The gradation sequences are as follows: |
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| ii) Marks distance from, time since.
| | a) /mp/ > /mb/ > /m/ |
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| iii) Marks the focus of intransitive verbs of opposition or repulsion.
| | b) /nt/ > /nd/ > /n/ |
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| iv) Marks aversive functions (for fear of, lest, in case of).
| | c) /Nk/ > /Ng/ > /N/ |
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| g) Perlative Case:
| | d) /rp/ > /rP/ |
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| i) Marks motion through, across or along.
| | e) /rt/ > /rd/ > /r/ |
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| ii) Marks duration.
| | f) /rk/ > /rj/ |
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| iii) Marks path, means or mode of transport or transmission.
| | g) /lp/ > /lP/ |
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| iv) Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative.
| | h) /lt/ > /ld/ > /ll/ |
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| v) Marks indirection causation.
| | i) /lk/ > /lj/ |
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| h) Equative Case:
| | j) /pp/ > /p/ > /P/ |
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| i) Marks similarity in manner, likeness or composition.
| | k) /tt/ > /t/ > /D/ |
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| ii) Marks comparative functions (as, than).
| | l) /kk/ > /k/ > /j/ |
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| ==Syntax==
| | m) /ss/ > /s/ |
| ===Constituent order===
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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| ==Example texts==
| | n) /xx/ > /x/ |
| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]] | | [[Category:Sketchlangs]] |
| [[Category:Languages]]
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