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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Comparing phonologies===
===A Comparison of Language Phonologies===
====Hurrian====
====Hurrian====
Hurrian appears to have a voicing alternation in word-medial positions for consonants (excluding ts/z). Hurrian distinguishes consonant gemination and vowel length through doubling (in the case of consonants: an-na = anna) or adding in extra vowels (ka-a-an = kān). P/F distinctions are hard to determine from spelling variation in poorly attested words. Final -f alternates with -u after -a-.
Hurrian appears to have a voicing alternation in word-medial positions for consonants (excluding ts/z). Hurrian distinguishes consonant gemination and vowel length through doubling (in the case of consonants: an-na = anna) or adding in extra vowels (ka-a-an = kān). P/F distinctions are hard to determine from spelling variation in poorly attested words. Final -f alternates with -u after -a-.
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! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"|Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Dorsal
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"|Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Dorsal
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosives
| p || t || k
| p || t || k
|-
|-
! Affricate
! Affricates
|  || ts/z ||  
|  || ts/z ||  
|-
|-
! Fricative
! Fricatives
| f || s || x
| f || s || x
|-
|-
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! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Dorsal !! Guttural
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Dorsal !! Guttural
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosives
| p b || t d ṭ || k g q || ʔ
| p b || t d ṭ || k g q || ʔ
|-
|-
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! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosives
| p || t || č || k
| p || t || č || k
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| Open||  || a ||   
| Open||  || a ||   
|}
====Elamite====
Elamite's sound system is not well understood due to the orthography. /h/ was lost by Neo-Elamite, and /e/'s existence is uncertain. There may have been a voicing distinction for plosives, and fricative values are general guesses. Elamite roots at maximum are CVCCVC, but that is normally even then CVNCVC.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Dorsal !! Guttural
|-
! Plosives
| p (b?) || t (d?) || k (g?) ||
|-
! Fricatives*
| || s z [z] || š [ʃ] || h
|-
! Sonorants
| m w || n l r || y ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Vowels !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i ||  || u
|-
| Mid || (e?) ||  ||
|-
| Open||  || a || 
|}
====Sumerian====
Sumerian phonology is also not a closed book, with some claiming the language had a 3-way plosive phonation distinction. The existence of /w/ and /y/ is unknown.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar
|-
! Plosives
| p pʰ || t tʰ || || k kʰ
|-
! Affricates
| || ts tsʰ || ||
|-
! Fricatives
| || s || š || h
|-
! Sonorants
| m || n l r || || g̃
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Vowels !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i ||  || u
|-
| Mid || (e?) ||  ||
|-
| Open||  || a || 
|}
===Comparing with hypothetically contemporary languages===
====Proto-Indo-European====
Proto-Indo-European proper was already splitting up, or ''had'' split up by the time of the younger languages being compared here.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Dorsal !! "Velar" !! Labialised Back-Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosives
| p (b) bʰ || t d dʰ || ḱ ǵ ǵʰ || k g gʰ || kʷ gʷ gʷʰ || (h₁)
|-
! Fricatives
| || s || || h₂ || h₃ || (h₁)
|-
! Sonorants
| m w || n l r || y || || ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Vowels !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i ī ||  || u ū
|-
| Mid ||  || ə ||
|-
| Open|| e ē ||  || o ō
|}
====Proto-Uralic====
Proto-Uralic has considerably more vowels (by quality, rather than quantity) than any other language described on this page. Uralic may have had consonant gradation processes. /x/ is an unknown in terms of phonation and role, and could likely be from the lenition of /k/ or like a PIE laryngeal. CVCCVC is the most complex clusters may be. Phonetic, but not phonemic, diphthongs can arise via -j or -w.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Postalveolar !! Velar
|-
! Plosives
| p || t || (ć) || č || k
|-
! Fricatives
| || s ð || ś ð´ || (š) || x*
|-
! Nasals
| m || n || ń || || ŋ
|-
! Liquids
| w || l r || (ľ) j ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Vowels !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i ü ||  || ï u
|-
| Mid || e ||  || (ë) o
|-
| Open|| ä ||  || a (å)
|}
====Timucua====
According to the Wikipedia article on this language, it goes back to 2000 BC. I'm not exactly sure ''how'' they figured that out, but hey, might as well include a North-American language for a fun long-range comparison. Note the similarities in phonology to many of the languages above.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Consonants !! Labial !! Dental !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labiovelar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosives
| p || t || č || k || kw ||
|-
! Fricatives
| b f || s ||  || || || h
|-
! Sonorants
| m || n l r || y || || ||
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background: DarkSlateGrey; color: white;"| Vowels !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
| Close || i ||  || u
|-
| Mid || e ||  || o
|-
| Open|| e || a || o
|}
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
=== ===
===Comparison of Morphology===
<!-- Hattic informed by https://app.box.com/shared/2n64ab7i2d and http://www.philology.ru/linguistics4/dunayevskaya-dyakonov-79.htm -->
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cases !! Hurrian !! Urartian !! Hattic !! Sumerian !! Elamite !! P.Indo-European !! P.Uralic
|-
! Absolutive
| -Ø <sup>-Ø, -lla </sup>|| -Ø <sup> -lə </sup>|| -- || -Ø || || -- || --
|-
! Accusative
| -- || -- || -Ø, -šu/-tu || -- || -n || -m || -m
|-
! Nominative
| -- || -- || -Ø || -- ||  || -s, -Ø || -Ø
|-
! Ergative
| -š <sup>-šuš</sup> || -š(ə) || -- || -e ||  || -- || --
|-
! Genitive
| -fe, -we <sup>-še </sup>, -ē || -i <sup> -wə </sup> || -n || -ak || (-na)<ref group=c>Earlier, personal suffixes with a possible epenthetic -i were used</ref> || -s, -sy- || -n
|-
! Ablative
| -tan <sup>-štan </sup>|| -danə <sup> -štanə </sup>|| -- || -ta ||  || -s, -d || -ta / -tä (part)
|-
! Dative
| -fa, -wa <sup> -ša</sup> || -ə <sup> -wə </sup>|| -- || -ra ||  || -ey || --
|-
! Essive
| -a <sup> -ša</sup>|| -- || -- || -- ||  || -- || --
|-
! Locative
| -- || -a || -i || -a, -ne ||  || -i, -Ø <sup>-su</sup> || -na / -nä
|-
! Lative
| -- || -- || -- || -e ||  || -- || -ŋ
|-
! Allative / Directive
| -ta <sup> -šta </sup>, -ē || -edə <sup> -štə <sup>arch</sup> </sup>|| -- || -- ||  || -- || -ŋ
|-
! Terminative
| -- || -- || -- || -še ||  || -- || --
|-
! Adverbial
| -- || -- || -- || -eš ||  || -- || --
|-
! Comitative
| -ra || -ranə || -- || -da ||  || -- || --
|-
! Instrumental
| -ae || -- || -- || -- ||  || -h₁, -bʰi/-mi|| --
|-
! Equative / Associative
| -nn(i), -ōš, -nna|| -- || -- || -gen ||  || -- || --
|-
! Ablative/Instrumental
| -n(i), -ne || -nə|| -- || -- ||  || -- || --
|-
! Remainder
| HUR || URA || HAT || SUM || ELA || PIE || PUR
|}
 
{{reflist|group=c}}
 
 
A list of cool morphological features:
* Hurro-Urartian anaphoric suffixes (Hurr. Abs -Ø, Obl. -'''ne''', Pl. -na; Ur. Sing. '''-nə/-ne-''', Plu. Abs. -nelə, Obl. -na).
* Hurro-Urartian Suffixaufnahme (basically adjectival agreement but applies to dependent nouns too)
:: ''Resembles PIE -n for nominalisation/participles and Japonic -no for nominalisation''
* Urartian '''-hə''' for adjectives of belonging
* Urartian '''-šə''' for abstract nouns
:: ''Resembles PIE -tis.''
* Hurro-Urartian '''-lla''' and '''-š-''', Sumerian '''-(e)ne''', PIE '''-s''' and Uralic '''-ð-''' plural markers all have something in common phonologically.
 
===Conlang cases===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Cases !! Singular
|-
! Absolutive
| -Ø
|-
! Ergative
| -??
|-
! Objective-Accusative
| -m
|-
! Genitive/Originative
| -ha
|-
! Partitive-Ablative <!-- Includes ablative and genitive functions, cf. Russian genitive-partitive -->
| -ta
|-
! Dative-Locative? <!-- And Instrumental? -->
| -i
|-
! Dative-Allative?
| -a
|-
! Locative <!-- -Associative... And Instrumental? And ablative?? -->
| -na
|}
 
Then combinations such as:
* -mi, -ma, -man
* -ti > -tši, -tan
* -nana etc.
 
Next to do: pronouns and more cases.
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