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''Negation'':
''Negation'':


Negation is done though the VAT vowel, it changes from the +, positive or affirmative coloumn, to the -, negative or negation coloumn of the same sort along with agreeing like the vowel normally is.
Negation is done though the VAT vowel, it changes from the +, positive or affirmative coloumn, to the -, negative or negation coloumn of the same sort along with agreeing like the vowel normally is, along with a suffix prior to it. -ŋ- prior to the VAT vowel, unless the final consonant prior is plosive velar, k or g, in which it is -m- instead.


:{| {{style|center}}
:{| {{style|center}}
Line 1,470: Line 1,470:
| colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''džm <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
| colspan=2 | -'''V<sub>1</sub>'''džm <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
|}
|}
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#VAT|Verb Examples]]''
====Mood====
====Mood====


The mood is conjugated both on the VAT vowel but also on the very stem itself, how depends on the mood.
The mood is conjugated on the VAT vowel, the front where a prefix is placed depending on the mood and a suffix prior to the VAT vowel.


:{| {{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
!
! Mood
! Frontal vowel<sup>1</sup>
! Prefix
! Final Stem Vowel
! Suffix
! Final consonant
|-
! Indicative
| -
| -
| -
|-
|-
! Optative
! Optative
| a-
| a-
| -
| -l
| Lenition + Labialisation
|-
|-
! Subjunctive
! Subjunctive
| -
| uu-
| Longed
| -lj
| Fortition + Palatalization
|-
|-
! Imperative
! Imperative
| ii-
| i-
| Shortened
| -lw
| Reversed Voicing
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup>May replace the initial vowel if any.
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Mood|Examples]]''
 
 
====Circumstantial Voice====
The circumstantial voice is the oddball of the voices, to mark it one has to first mark it on the verb but it requires the postposition it is forcing into the subject position to act as a particle infront of the verb itself with some modifications. The modification is depended upon which case one would use with the postposition


{| {{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | Labialized Lenitions
! Pst
| (ë)lj- '''PP'''
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Unvoiced
! Int
! colspan=3 | Voiced
| tlj(ë)- '''PP'''
|-
|-
! Start
! Erg
! →
| slj(ë)- '''PP'''
! Finish
! Start
! →
! Finish
|-
|-
| p <br> pj || → || f
! Acc
| b <br> bw || → || v
| mlj(ë)- '''PP'''
|-
| pp || → || ff
| bb || → || vv
|-
| t <br> tj || → || sw
| d <br> dj || → || žw
|-
| tt <br> ttj || → || ssw
| dd <br> ddj || → || žžw
|-
| k <br> kw <br> kk <br> kkw  || → || ǧw
| g <br> gw <br> gg <br> ggw || → || ǧw
|-
| rowspan=2 | ts <br> tsj <br> tsw <br> tš <br> tšj <br> tšw || rowspan=2 | → || rowspan=2 | sw
| dz <br> dzj <br> dzw || → || zw
|-
| dž <br> džj <br> džw || → || žw
|}
|}


the initial ë disappears if it begins with a vowel.


{| {{style|center}}
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Circumstantial Voice|Examples]]''
! colspan=6 | Palatalized Fortition
 
|-
===Participle===
! colspan=3 | Unvoiced
 
! colspan=3 | Voiced
====Adjectival====
|-
In umbrean participles serves three purposes, the first one is similar to english where it takes on an adjective characteristic describing a noun, "The '''walking''' man", but with the differens of having one for every tense.
! Start
 
! →
The second is for relative clauses, "The man '''whom I like'''" where the verb is turned into a participle but the sentence itself remains otherwise the same, and is like unlike english placed infront of the noun it describes.
! Finish
 
! Start
And thirdly they are used to modify the verb in the phrase.
! →
! Finish
|-
| rowspan=2 | f <br> fj <br> ff <br> ffj || rowspan=2 | → || rowspan=2 | pj
| v <br> vj || → || b
|-
| vv <br> vvj || → || bb
|-
| s <br> sw <br> sj <br> ss <br> ssw <br> ssj || → || tsj
| z <br> zw <br> zj <br> zz <br> zzw <br> zzj || → || dzj
|-
| š <br> šw <br> šš <br> ššw || → || tš
| ž <br> žw <br> žž <br> žžw || → || dž
|-
| ts <br> tsj <br> tsw <br> tš <br> tšw || → || tj
| dz <br> dzj <br> dzw <br> dž <br> džw || → || dj
|}


To get the subject or object back into the clause one simply puts the noun infront of the participle in postpositional case, similar to "The '''man''' eating woman".


{| {{style|center}}
Active voice cannot be used in participles.
! colspan=6 | Reversed Voicing
|-
| bw || ↔ || pj
| ǧ || ↔ || ǧ
|-
| ǧw || ↔ || ǧw
| ǧǧ || ↔ || ǧǧ
|-


|}
To form a participle the conjugated verb is taken with the addition of a vowel which is depended on the tense in question and a consonant which depends on the gender of the subject that is being relativized, doesn't matter which of the two uses, and the voice in question. The vowel may be omitted when phonotactics allows it.
Reversed voicing is done to all consonants but nasals and laterals, only oddities is in the list
<!--
The mood is conjugated on the polarity vowel and the end of the stem.


:{| {{style|center}}
:{|{{style|center}}
! Indicative
! colspan=9 | Participle Tense Vowels
! Optative
! Subjunctive
! Imperative
|-
|-
| -tl || -tsm || -tf || -tlw
! colspan=9 | Positive / Negative <br> Affirmative / Negation
|-
| -sw || -nn|| -ss || -zj
|-
|-
| -dzj || -dzw || -nn || -dd
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |  
|-
! Perfective
| -mj || -mm || -sm || -m
! Retrospective
! Prospective
! Inceptive
! Continuative
! Pausative
! Terminative
! Genericative
|-
|-
| -l || -ml || -lw || -ll
! Past
| -e / -üü <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
| -a / -ii <br> (<small>Historal Causum</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -ë / -ö <br> (<small>Consequentum</small>)
| -a / -ii <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
| Colspan=2 | -e / -üü <br> (<small>Ingressus</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -e / -üü  <br> (<small>Finitum</small>)
| rowspan=3 | -ë / -ö  <br> (<small>Plerum</small>)
|-
! Present
| <big>—</big>
| rowspan=2 | -e / -üü <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -oo / -e <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| -ë / -ö <br> (<small>Present</small>)
| -e / -üü <br> (<small>Pausa</small>)
|-
! Future
| -oo / -e  <br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
| -a / -ii <br> (<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
| -ë / -ö  <br> (<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -oo / -e <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| colspan=2 | -ë / -ö <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
|}
|}
-->


====Circumstantial Voice====
The circumstantial voice is the oddball of the voices, to mark it one has to first mark it on the verb but it requires the postposition it is forcing into the subject position to act as a particle infront of the verb itself with some modifications. The modification is depended upon which case one would use with the postposition


{| {{style|center}}
:{|{{style|center}}
! Pst
! Rowspan=3 | Number
| (ë)lj- '''PP'''
! rowspan=3 | Gender
! colspan=8 | Voice
|-
! colspan=3 | Anti-Passive
! colspan=3 | Passive
! colspan=2 | Circumstantial
|-
|-
! Int
! int / acc || erg || pst
| (ë)lj- '''PP''' -i
! int / erg || acc || pst
! int / pst || erg/acc
|-
|-
! Erg
! rowspan=4 | Sg
| (ë)lj- '''PP''' -u
! Liv
| rowspan=3 | -vj || -zzj || rowspan=4 | -bb
| -žw || -nn || -dw
| rowspan=2 | -dž || -šw
|-
|-
! Acc
! Mag
| (ë)lj- '''PP''' -a
| rowspan=2 | -zz
|}
| rowspan=2 | -ǧw
 
| -mj || rowspan=3 | -ttw
the initial ë disappears if it begins with a vowel.
| -šš
 
|-
===Participle===
! Art
 
| rowspan=2 | -nn
====Adjectival====
| rowspan=2 | -džw || rowspan=2 | -ššw
In umbrean participles serves three purposes, the first one is similar to english where it takes on an adjective characteristic describing a noun, "The '''walking''' man", but with the differens of having one for every tense.
|-
! Non
| -ff || -zw
| -žw
|-
! rowspan=2 | Pc
! {{red|Mag}}/{{green|Liv}}
| rowspan=2 | -vvdj || -zwd || rowspan=2 | -ddw
| rowspan=2 | -žwdj || rowspan=2 | -m || -dj
| rowspan=2 | -dž || -tš
|-
! {{purple|Art}}/{{blue|Non}}
| -dzj
| -tj
| -tšw
|-
! colspan=2 | Plural
| -vm || -zzjn || -sn
| -žn || -mm || -sjn
| -džm || -šn
|}


The second is for relative clauses, "The man '''whom I like'''" where the verb is turned into a participle but the sentence itself remains otherwise the same, and is like unlike english placed infront of the noun it describes.
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adjectival Participle|Examples]]''


And thirdly they are used to modify the verb in the phrase.
====Adverbial====
The adverbial participle is formed in a similar manner to the adjectival participle but there are differenses.


To get the subject or object back into the clause one uses the Postpositions Kwë and Tlë, both highly irregular, before the participle with the noun in their proper case.
The verb is conjugated but the VAT vowel is replaced with a different set. and the ending changes only according to the voice.


Active voice cannot be used in participles.
{| {{style|center}}
 
! rowspan=2 |
To form a participle the conjugated verb is taken with the addition of a vowel which is depended on the tense in question and a consonant which depends on the gender of the subject that is being relativized, doesn't matter which of the two uses, and the voice in question.
! colspan=2 | Indicative
 
! colspan=2 | Optative
:{|{{style|center}}
! colspan=2 | Subjunctive
! colspan=9 | Participle Tense Vowels
|-
|-
! colspan=9 | Positive / Negative <br> Affirmative / Negation
! +
! -
! +
! -
! +
! -
|-
|-
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 |  
! V<sub>1</sub>
! Perfective
| -e || -üü
! Retrospective
| -ii || -u
! Prospective
| -o || -ee
! Inceptive
! Continuative
! Pausative
! Terminative
! Genericative
|-
|-
! Past
! V<sub>2</sub>
| -e / -üü <br> (<small>Aortis</small>)
| -e || -aa
| -a / -ii <br> (<small>Historal Causum</small>)
| -yy || -i
| rowspan=2 | -ë / -ö <br> (<small>Consequentum</small>)
| -ë || -öö
| -a / -ii <br> (<small>Past Initio</small>)
| Colspan=2 | -e / -üü <br> (<small>Ingressus</small>)
| rowspan=2 | -e / -üü  <br> (<small>Finitum</small>)
| rowspan=3 | -ë / -ö  <br> (<small>Plerum</small>)
|-
|-
! Present
! V<sub>3</sub>
| <big>—</big>
| -ë || -ö
| rowspan=2 | -e / -üü <br> (<small>Causum</small>)
| -e || -ii
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -oo / -e <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| -o || -a
| -ë / -ö <br> (<small>Present</small>)
| -e / -üü <br> (<small>Pausa</small>)
|-
! Future
| -oo / -e  <br> (<small>Futurum</small>)
| -a / -ii <br> (<small>Futurum Consequenta</small>)
| -ë / -ö  <br> (<small>Futurum Initio</small>)
| bgcolor=#e4c0cf | -oo / -e <br> (<small>Initio</small>)
| colspan=2 | -ë / -ö <br>(<small>Futurum Termius</small>)
|}
|}




:{|{{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
! Rowspan=3 | Number
! !! + !! -
! rowspan=3 | Gender
! colspan=8 | Voice
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Anti-Passive
! Passive
! colspan=3 | Passive
| -(y)n || -(aa)m
! colspan=2 | Circumstantial
|-
|-
! int / acc || erg || pst
! Anti-passive
! int / erg || acc || pst
| -(im) || -(ë)n
! int / pst || erg/acc
|-
|-
! rowspan=4 | Sg
! Circumstantial
! Liv
| -(y)ŋ || -(ii)ŋ
| rowspan=3 | -vj || -zzj || rowspan=4 | -bb
|}
| -žw || -nn || -dw
 
| rowspan=2 | -dž || -šw
The vowel in the voice-polarity suffix is not used in present tempus or where phonotactics allows it's omition
|-
 
! Mag
The adverbial participle can be used in several manners and each manner usually requires a specific set of tempuses to be used
| rowspan=2 | -zz
 
| rowspan=2 | -ǧw
#'''Causual'''
| -mj || rowspan=3 | -ttw
#*H. Causum or Causum is used
| -šš
#*Answers "Why?" the verb occures
|-
#'''Temporal'''
! Art
#*Present, Aortis & Futurum is used
| rowspan=2 | -nn
#*Answers "When" The verb happened
| rowspan=2 | -džw || rowspan=2 | -ššw
#'''Locational'''
|-
#*Ingressus,  Pausa & Futurum Termius
! Non
#*Answers where it occured.
| -ff || -zw
#'''Manner'''
| -žw
#*Present is used alone, is always contemporary.
|-
#*Answers "how" a verb was done.
! rowspan=2 | Pc
#'''Result'''
! {{red|Mag}}/{{green|Liv}}
#*Consequentum or F. Consequenta is used
| rowspan=2 | -vvdj || -zwd || rowspan=2 | -ddw
#*Tells what outcome the verb has.
| rowspan=2 | -žwdj || rowspan=2 | -m || -dj
#'''Concession'''
| rowspan=2 | -dž || -tš
#*Ingressus, Present & Initio, Futurum Termius
|-
#*The verb happened despite the action or state of the participle.
! {{purple|Art}}/{{blue|Non}}
| -dzj
| -tj
| -tšw
|-
! colspan=2 | Plural
| -vm || -zzjn || -sn
| -žn || -mm || -sjn
| -džm || -šn
|}




''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adverbial Participle|Examples]]''
===Supine===
The supine describes actions done for the purpose of something or a result of the action. In english it is often the infitive form of the verb, "We walked over to Ronald '''To help him'''". Important to notice is that the supine, unlike adverbial participles, can inherently take an object if it neccesitates it.
Can also mark the purpose of a noun if used infront of them.
Supines don't take conjugational affixation but rather these to mark positive or negative, to do or not to do it.


:{| {{style|center}}
:{| {{style|center}}
!
! Positive
! Base
! Negative
! Passive<br>Present<br>1p/2p<br>Liv
! Anti-Passive<br>Present<br>3p<br>Mag
|-
|-
! Conjugation
| -lii
| rowspan=2 | Ödz
| -lüü
| Ödzešš
| Ödzots
|-
! Participle
| Ödzeššët
| Ödzetsëlj
|}
|}


====Adverbial====
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Supine|Examples]]''
The adverbial participle is formed in a similar manner to the adjectival participle but there are differenses.
 
===Gerund===
The gerund form of the verbs are used to create noun clauses similar to english "That" clauses. "I know '''that he is a nice guy'''"


The verb is conjugated but the VAT vowel is replaced with a different set. and the ending changes only according to the voice.
The gerund is formed by adding these endings to the conjugated form and is depended on case and the polarity of the verb.


{| {{style|center}}
:{| {{style|center}}
! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 | Case
! colspan=2 | Indicative
! colspan=2 | Suffix
! colspan=2 | Optative
! colspan=2 | Subjunctive
|-
|-
! +
! -
! +
! -
! +
! +
! -
! -
|-
|-
! V<sub>1</sub>
| Int
| -e || -üü
| -ël
| -ii || -u
| -öl
| -o || -ee
|-
| Erg
| -ëssl
| -ösl
|-
|-
! V<sub>2</sub>
| Acc
| -e || -aa
| -ëml
| -yy || -i
| -öml
| -ë || -öö
|-
|-
! V<sub>3</sub>
| Pst
| -ë || -ö
| -ëtšwl
| -e || -ii
| -ötšwl
| -o || -a
|}
|}


''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Gerund|Examples]]''


{| {{style|center}}
===Infinitives===
! !! + !! -
|-
! Passive
| -yn || -aam
|-
! Anti-passive
| -im || -ën
|-
! Circumstantial
| -yŋ || -iiŋ
|}


The adverbial participle can be used in several manners and each manner usually requires a specific set of tempuses to be used
===Modal Forms===
<!-- {{Um-Name|}}-->


#'''Causual'''
Umbrean verbs can take on 8 modal forms which is used for both modality purposes as a verb but can also function as adjectives on their own.
#*H. Causum or Causum is used
#*Answers "Why?" the verb occures
#'''Temporal'''
#*Present, Aortis & Futurum is used
#*Answers "When" The verb happened
#'''Locational'''
#*Ingressus,  Pausa & Futurum Termius
#*Answers where it occured.
#'''Manner'''
#*Present is used alone, is always contemporary.
#*Answers "how" a verb was done.
#'''Result'''
#*Consequentum or F. Consequenta is used
#*Tells what outcome the verb has.
#'''Concession'''
#*Ingressus, Present & Initio
#*The verb happened despite the action or state of the participle.


===Supine===
'''Verb form'''
The supine describes actions done for the purpose of something ora result of the action. In english it is often the infitive form of the verb, "We walked over to Ronald '''To help him'''".


Supines don't take conjugational affixation but rather these to mark positive or negative, to do or not to do it.
The verb form is used along as any normal verb, the positive form and negative form refers to the polarity of the modality. While there is general derivation of each of the three forms some verbs do not follow it and have other forms in the quadrouplet. This infix is often placed between the vowel and the final consonants in the last syllable of the root.


:{| {{style|center}}
'''Adjectival form'''
! Positive
! Negative
|-
| -lii
| -lüü
|}


===Gerund===
The adjectival form works as the name itself suggests like an adjective, the suffixes are put onto the verb and then treated like a normal adjective that has to take on adjectival affixes. The anti-passive form focuses on the subject while the passive one focuses on the object.  
The gerund form of the verbs are used to create noun clauses similar to english "That" clauses. "I know '''that he is a nice guy'''"


The gerund is formed by adding these endings to the conjugated form and is depended on case and the polarity of the verb.


:{| {{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
! rowspan=2 | Case
! colspan=5 | Adjectival Modality
! colspan=2 | Suffix
|-
|-
! +
! rowspan=2 colspan=1 |
! -
! colspan=2 | Verb form
! colspan=2 | Adjective Form
|-
|-
| Int
! colspan=1 | Positive
| -ël
! colspan=1 | Negative
| -öl
! colspan=1 | Passive
! colspan=1 | Anti-passive
|-
|-
| Erg
! colspan=1 | Base
| -ëssl
| colspan=1 | -Ø
| -ösl
| -žžw(y)<sup>1</sup>- <br> -ššw(y)<sup>1</sup>-  
| - || -
|-
|-
| Acc
! Gerundive
| -ëml
| -ssj(o)- <br> -zzj(o)- || -dzw(ëë)- <br> -tsw(ëë)-
| -öml
|-
|-
| Pst
! Abilitative
| -ëtšwl
| -v(e)- <br> -f(e)- || -p(u)- <br> -b(u)-
| -ötšwl
|-
! Hypothetical
| -nj(y)- || -m(üü)-
|}
|}


:{| {{style|center}}
*'''Gerundive''': Marks that the noun it modifies is needs or ought to be the object or subject of the verb
!
*'''Abilative''': Marks that the noun it modifies is can or is able to be the object or subject of the verb
! Base
*'''Hypothetical''': Marks that the noun it modifies could be the object or subject of the verb
! Passive Present<br>1p/2p
 
! Anti-Passive<br>Present<br>1p/2p
<sup>1</sup> vowels are omitable if the phonotactic allows it
|-
! Conjugation
| rowspan=2 | Ödz
| Ödzešš
| Ödzots
|-
! Noun Clause
| Ödzeššël
| Ödzotsël
|}


===Modal Forms===
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Modal Verbs|Examples]]''
<!-- {{Um-Name|}}-->


Umbrean verbs can take on 8 modal forms which is used for both modality purposes as a verb but can also function as adjectives on their own.
===Sequence of tenses===
Umbrean uses {{lg|Relative Tenses}} meaning subclauses are put into present tense if they happened at the sametime as the main verb, past if it occured before the verb and future if it occured after the main verb.


'''Verb form'''
===Nominalization===


The verb form is used along as any normal verb, the positive form and negative form refers to the polarity of the modality. While there is general derivation of each of the three forms some verbs do not follow it and have other forms in the quadrouplet. This infix is often placed between the vowel and the final consonants in the last syllable of the root.
===Ditransitive Verbs===
{{see|sub|Ditransitive verbs}}


'''Adjectival form'''
{{lg|Ditransitive Verbs}} in the umbrean language are arranged in the fashion of '''{{yellow|S}}{{purple|O<sub>1</sub>}}V{{cyan|O<sub>2</sub>}}.''' The first object is the theme, indirect object, and the second object is the recipient (direct object) and the Subject is the Donor.


The adjectival form works as the name itself suggests like an adjective, the suffixes are put onto the verb and then treated like a normal adjective that has to take on adjectival affixes. The anti-passive form focuses on the subject while the passive one focuses on the object.  
'''{{yellow|S}}{{purple|O<sub>T</sub>}}V{{cyan|O<sub>R</sub>}}.'''


English Examples: "I give him a book" vs "I gave a book to him", "He asked me a question" vs "He asked a question to me"


{| {{style|center}}
'''{{yellow|Donor}}''': The donor is the one that does verb, in case of the verb "give" it gives something. "'''{{yellow|I}}''' gave him a book" "'''{{yellow|He}}''' asked me a question."
! colspan=5 | Adjectival Modality
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=1 |
! colspan=2 | Verb form
! colspan=2 | Adjective Form
|-
! colspan=1 | Positive
! colspan=1 | Negative
! colspan=1 | Passive
! colspan=1 | Anti-passive
|-
! colspan=1 | Base
| colspan=1 | -Ø
| -žžw(y)<sup>1</sup>- <br> -ššw(y)<sup>1</sup>-
| - || -
|-
! Gerundive
| -ssj(o)- <br> -zzj(o)- || -dzw(ëë)- <br> -tsw(ëë)-
|-
! Abilitative
| -v(e)- <br> -f(e)- || -p(u)- <br> -b(u)-
|-
! Hypothetical
| -nj(y)- || -m(üü)-
|}


*'''Gerundive''': Marks that the noun it modifies is needs or ought to be the object or subject of the verb
'''{{purple|Theme}}''': The theme is the object which is transferred or undergoing the verb directly, like a book in giving. "I gave him '''{{purple|a book}}'''" ""He asked me '''{{purple|a question}}'''"
*'''Abilative''': Marks that the noun it modifies is can or is able to be the object or subject of the verb
*'''Hypothetical''': Marks that the noun it modifies could be the object or subject of the verb


<sup>1</sup> vowels are omitable if the phonotactic allows it
'''{{cyan|Recipient}}''': The recipient recieves the Theme in some manner in an indirect manner, it is common for the recipient to be said by a prepositional phrase in english. "I gave '''{{cyan|him}}''' a book" "He asked '''{{cyan|me}}''' a question".


===Sequence of tenses===
====Cases====
Umbrean uses {{lg|Relative Tenses}} meaning subclauses are put into present tense if they happened at the sametime as the main verb, past if it occured before the verb and future if it occured after the main verb.


===Nominalization===
The donor takes on the Ergative case, Theme takes the accusative case and Recipient takes on postpositional case.
 
===Ditransitive Verbs===
{{see|sub|Ditransitive verbs}}
 
{{lg|Ditransitive Verbs}} in the umbrean language are arranged in the fashion of '''{{cyan|O<sub>1</sub>}}{{yellow|S}}{{purple|O<sub>2</sub>}}V.''' The first object is the recipient, direct object, and the second object is the theme (indirect object) and the Subject is the Donor.
 
English Examples: "I give him a book" vs "I gave a book to him", "He asked me a question" vs "He asked a question to me"
 
'''{{yellow|Donor}}''': The donor is the one that does verb, in case of the verb "give" it gives something. "'''{{yellow|I}}''' gave him a book" "'''{{yellow|He}}''' asked me a question."
 
'''{{purple|Theme}}''': The theme is the object which is transferred or undergoing the verb directly, like a book in giving. "I gave him '''{{purple|a book}}'''" ""He asked me '''{{purple|a question}}'''"
 
'''{{cyan|Recipient}}''': The recipient recieves the Theme in some manner in an indirect manner, it is common for the recipient to be said by a prepositional phrase in english. "I gave '''{{cyan|him}}''' a book" "He asked '''{{cyan|me}}''' a question".
 
====Cases====
 
The donor takes on the Ergative case, Theme takes the accusative case and Recipient takes on postpositional case.


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Line 2,016: Line 1,904:


{| {{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=2 | Declensions
! colspan=5 | Declensions
|-
|-
! Name
! rowspan=2 | Dec
! Vowels
! colspan=4 | Gender
|-
|-
| 1st
! Mag
! Liv
! Art
! Non
|-
! 1st
| a-ee-u
| a-ee-u
|-
| y-o-öö  
| 2nd
| ii-o-e
|-
| 3rd
| y-o-öö
|-
| 4th
| ee-i-ë
| ee-i-ë
|-
| 5th
| ü-uu-e
| ü-uu-e
|-
|-
| 6th
! 2nd
| o-a-üü
|
| ii-o-e
| o-a-üü  
|-
|-
| 7th
! 3rd
|
|
| y-uu-o
| y-uu-o
|}
|}
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Declension|Examples]]''


===Possession===
===Possession===
Line 2,051: Line 1,941:
Inalienable possession refer to possession that is static through time, your arm will always be your arm, parents will always be parents even if disowned. In this case both are in indefiniate state but the same case.
Inalienable possession refer to possession that is static through time, your arm will always be your arm, parents will always be parents even if disowned. In this case both are in indefiniate state but the same case.


In both cases the possessed comes before the possessor in the word order.
In both cases the possessed comes after the possessor in the word order.
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Possession|Examples]]''


==Adjective==
==Adjective==
Line 2,091: Line 1,983:
|}
|}


''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adjective|Examples]]''


 
===Predicate===
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=2 | Forms
|-
! Form
! Suffix
|-
| Negative
| -öššw
|-
| Equative
| -yž
|-
| Positive
| -oovj
|}
 
===Predicate===


==Postposition==
==Postposition==
Line 2,145: Line 2,021:
| -itj || -osj || -ymj
| -itj || -osj || -ymj
|}
|}
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Postpositions|Examples]]''
==Word Order==


==Deixis, Proforms & Anaphora==
==Deixis, Proforms & Anaphora==
Line 2,223: Line 2,103:
====Interogative Pronouns====
====Interogative Pronouns====
The pronouns are similar to english with a few addition, it distinguishes between an item, a living thing, an animal and a sapient being.
The pronouns are similar to english with a few addition, it distinguishes between an item, a living thing, an animal and a sapient being.
{| {{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=7 | Interrogative pronouns
! colspan=7 | Interrogative pronouns
Line 2,302: Line 2,183:
| flat || fljat || flwat
| flat || fljat || flwat
|}
|}
There is a hierarchy of choice which you ask for depending on level of knowledge, the higher it is in the hierarchy the more specific it must be that kind of entity.
High > ''Person'' '''>''' ''Animal'' '''>''' ''Living'' '''>''' ''Thing'' > Low
===Demonstratives===
===Demonstratives===
Demonstratives are highly contextual. They refer to a specific entity of some sort that is deduced from what is said and done around.
Demonstratives are highly contextual. They refer to a specific entity of some sort that is deduced from what is said and done around.
*'''This''': Refers to an entity close to the speaker
*'''That''': Refers to an entity close to the listener
*'''Yon''': Refers to an entity neither close to the speaker nor listener
====Demonstratives Determiner====
====Demonstratives Determiner====
{| {{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=11 | Demonstrative Determiner
! colspan=11 | Demonstrative Determiner
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
! colspan=11 | {{red|mag}} - {{green|liv}} - {{purple|art}} - {{blue|non}}
! colspan=11 | {{red|mag}} - {{green|liv}} - {{purple|art}} - {{blue|non}} <br> {{yellow|mag - liv}} - {{cyan|art - non}}
|-  
|-  
! colspan=1 | Case↓
! colspan=1 | Case↓
! colspan=1 | This
! colspan=3 | This
! colspan=1 | That
! colspan=3 | That
! colspan=1 | Yon  
! colspan=3 | Yon  
|-
! Sg.
! Pc.
! Pl.
! Sg.
! Pc.
! Pl.
! Sg.
! Pc.
! Pl.
|-
|-
! Int
! Int
<!-- This -->
<!-- This -->
| {{red|tlet}} <br> {{green|tlež}} <br> {{purple|tlezj}} <br> {{blue|tledj}}
| {{red|tlet}} <br> {{green|tlež}} <br> {{purple|tlezj}} <br> {{blue|tledj}}
| {{yellow|tljëv}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëv}}
| tliizz
| {{red|zzliit}} <br> {{green|zzliž}} <br> {{purple|zzliizj}} <br> {{blue|zzliidj}}
| {{red|zzliit}} <br> {{green|zzliž}} <br> {{purple|zzliizj}} <br> {{blue|zzliidj}}
| {{red|tslyt}} <br> {{green|tslyž}} <br> {{purple|tslyzj}} <br> {{blue|tslydj}}
| {{red|tslyt}} <br> {{green|tslyž}} <br> {{purple|tslyzj}} <br> {{blue|tslydj}}
Line 2,323: Line 2,226:
! Erg
! Erg
| {{red|tletsw}} <br> {{green|tležžw}} <br> {{purple|tlezzw}} <br> {{blue|tledzw}}
| {{red|tletsw}} <br> {{green|tležžw}} <br> {{purple|tlezzw}} <br> {{blue|tledzw}}
| {{yellow|tljëz}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëz}}
| tliizw
| {{red|zzliitsw}} <br> {{green|zzliižžw}} <br> {{purple|zzliizzw}} <br> {{blue|zzliidzw}}
| {{red|zzliitsw}} <br> {{green|zzliižžw}} <br> {{purple|zzliizzw}} <br> {{blue|zzliidzw}}
| {{red|tslytsw}} <br> {{green|tslyžžw}} <br> {{purple|tslyzzw}} <br> {{blue|tslydzw}}
| {{red|tslytsw}} <br> {{green|tslyžžw}} <br> {{purple|tslyzzw}} <br> {{blue|tslydzw}}
Line 2,328: Line 2,233:
! Acc
! Acc
| {{red|tlesn}} <br> {{green|tležwn}} <br> {{purple|tlezjn}} <br> {{blue|tlezn}}
| {{red|tlesn}} <br> {{green|tležwn}} <br> {{purple|tlezjn}} <br> {{blue|tlezn}}
| {{yellow|tljëvm}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëvm}}
| tliizn
| {{red|zzliisn}} <br> {{green|zzliižwn}} <br> {{purple|zzliizjn}} <br> {{blue|zzliizn}}
| {{red|zzliisn}} <br> {{green|zzliižwn}} <br> {{purple|zzliizjn}} <br> {{blue|zzliizn}}
| {{red|tslysn}} <br> {{green|tslyžwn}} <br> {{purple|tslyzjn}} <br> {{blue|tslyzn}}
| {{red|tslysn}} <br> {{green|tslyžwn}} <br> {{purple|tslyzjn}} <br> {{blue|tslyzn}}
Line 2,333: Line 2,240:
! Pst
! Pst
| {{red|tletsw}} <br> {{green|tledžw}} <br> {{purple|tledzw}} <br> {{blue|tledzw}}
| {{red|tletsw}} <br> {{green|tledžw}} <br> {{purple|tledzw}} <br> {{blue|tledzw}}
| {{yellow|tljëdw}} <br> {{cyan|tlwëdw}}
| tliidz
| {{red|zzliitsw}} <br> {{green|zzliidžw}} <br> {{purple|zzliidzw}} <br> {{blue|zzliidzw}}
| {{red|zzliitsw}} <br> {{green|zzliidžw}} <br> {{purple|zzliidzw}} <br> {{blue|zzliidzw}}
| {{red|tslytsw}} <br> {{green|tslydžw}} <br> {{purple|tslydzw}} <br> {{blue|tslydzw}}
| {{red|tslytsw}} <br> {{green|tslydžw}} <br> {{purple|tslydzw}} <br> {{blue|tslydzw}}
|}
|}
=====Affection=====
Determiners don't only refer to physical distance but can refer to emotional distance.
*'''This''': Refers to an entity the speaker is very affectionate toward, children, close family, good friends typicly. May include things one has laboured for long and developed emotional attatchment to.
*'''That''': Refers to an entity the speaker is neutral toward. Such Possessions, bought items, distant family members, general people.
*'''Yon''': Refers to an entity the speaker is emotional distant to or even disdain, people one dislike or items of bad association.
=====Definiteness=====
Nouns can occure definite and indefinite form with a determiner with slight meaning
{| {{style|center}}
!
! width=200px | Definite
! width=200px | Indefinete
|-
! This
| ''The thing close to me that can be seen or whichs location is well known''
| ''The thing that is somewhere near me but cannot be seen by you or both of us''
|-
! That
| ''The thing close to you that can be seen or whichs location is well known''
| ''The thing that is somewhere near you but cannot be seen by me or both of us''
|-
! Yon
| ''The thing far from us that can be seen or whichs location is well known''
| ''The thing that is far from us and beyond sight'' or ''The thing that is somewhere around and cannot be seen by us''
|}
====Demonstrative Pronouns====
====Demonstrative Pronouns====
{| {{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
Line 2,415: Line 2,352:
|}
|}


===Gender mixture===
====Compound demonstratives====
Umbrean does not allow gender mix in the singular forms ever. One cannot say like "this hat and dog" to mean this for both the dog and the hat as they are different genders. In paucal magic and livinng can be used togather and artificial and non-moving can be togather, but those two groups cannot be used togather. In plural gender matters none and it can mix togather.
There exist also compound demonstratives, they are composed of demonstrative pronoun + postposition. Key thing to remember is that the demonstrative pronoun takes the gender of the noun it acts upon, wether determiner or pronoun, and the postposition takes the same gender, but the demonstrative pronoun takes the neccisery case marking of the postposition
 
{| {{style|center}}
! Determiner
| Demonstrative<br>Pronoun
| Postposition
|}
 
This only expands the determiners and not the pronouns except a few handful cases
 
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Compound Demonstratives|Examples]]''
 
===Gender mixture===
Umbrean does not allow gender mix in the singular forms ever. One cannot say like "this hat and dog" to mean this for both the dog and the hat as they are different genders. In paucal magic and livinng can be used togather and artificial and non-moving can be togather, but those two groups cannot be used togather. In plural gender matters none and it can mix togather.


The gender of the deixis is picked by the closest word or the one wishes to focus on more.
The gender of the deixis is picked by the closest word or the one wishes to focus on more.
==Quantifiers==
===Determiner===


==Personal Pronouns==
==Personal Pronouns==
Line 2,441: Line 2,394:
! colspan=5 | Accusative
! colspan=5 | Accusative
! colspan=5 | Postpositional
! colspan=5 | Postpositional
! colspan=5 | Reflexive
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | sg.
! colspan=2 | pc.
! colspan=2 | pl.
! rowspan=2 | sg.
! rowspan=2 | sg.
! colspan=2 | pc.
! colspan=2 | pc.
Line 2,459: Line 2,408:
! colspan=2 | pl.
! colspan=2 | pl.
|-
|-
! coll.
! distr.
! coll.
! distr.
! coll.
! coll.
! distr.
! distr.
Line 2,482: Line 2,427:
! colspan=2 rowspan=2| 1st
! colspan=2 rowspan=2| 1st
! inc.
! inc.
| rowspan=2 | ntswë
| rowspan=2 | tswë
| slo ||  
| dže || džle
| mlo||  
| dzjü || dzjlü
| rowspan=2 | tšes
| rowspan=2 | tšees
| liss ||  
| dzes || dzles 
| mliis||  
| džliis || džlwiis
| rowspan=2 | Tsümj
| rowspan=2 | tsümj
| lyym ||
| džüm || džlüm
| mmlu||
| dzjëëm|| dzjlëëm
| rowspan=2 | Tswutš
| rowspan=2 | tswit
| looš||  
| džot || džlot
| ||  
| dzjiit  || dzjlwiit
| rowspan=2 |
| ||  
| ||  
|-
|-
! exc.
! exc.
| ||  
| džettj || džlettj
| ||  
| dzjüttj || dzjlüttj
| ||  
| dzetsj || dzletsj
| ||  
| dzliitsj || dzlwiitsj
| ||  
| džüsjm || džlüsjm
| ||  
| džëësjm|| džlëësjm
| ||  
| džottj || džlottj
| ||  
| džiittj  || džlwiittj
| ||
| ||
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |2nd
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |2nd
!style="font-size: x-small;"|Common
!style="font-size: x-small;"|Common
| mǧö
| fü
| ||  
| vjuu || vljuu
| ||  
| bü || blü 
| ǧöss
| füss
| ||  
| vjuus || vljuus
| ||  
| büss || büss
| uumj
| füm
| ||  
| vjuum || vljuum
| ||  
| büm || büm
| gum
| füt
| ||  
| vjutt || vljutt
| ||  
| büt || blüt
|
|-
| ||  
!style="font-size: x-small;"|Respect
| ||  
| dy
| tju || tjlu
| tšwa || tšwla
| dys
| tjus ||  tjlus
| tšwas || tšwlas
| dym
| tjum || tjlum
| tšwam || tšwlam
| ddy
| twutj || tlutj
| tšwat || tšwlat
|-
! rowspan="10"|3rd
!style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=5| Object
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Animal
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Magical
| tsjaš
| dzwaš || dzwlaš
| džwaš || džwlaš
| tsjasj
| dzwasj || dzwlasj
| džwasj || džwlasj
| tsjašm
| dzwašm || dzwlašm
| džwašm || džwlašm
| tsjašt
| dzwašt || dzwlašt
| džwašt || džwlašt
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Living
| tsjaf
| dzwaf || dzwlaf
| džwaf || džwlaf
| tsjafs
| dzwafs || dzwlafs
| džwafs || džwlafs
| tsjafm
| dzwafm || dzwlafm
| džwafm || džwlafm
| tsjafp
| dzwafp || dzwlafp
| džwafp || džwlafp
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Artificial
| tsjavj
| dzwavj || dzwlavj
| džwavj || džwlavj
| tsjavjz
| dzwavjz || dzwlavjz
| džwavjz || džwlavjz
| tsjavjm
| dzwavjm || dzwlavjm
| džwavjm || džwlavjm
| tsjavjd
| dzwavjd || dzwlavjd
| džwavjd || džwlavjd
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Non-Move
| tsjaz
| dzwaz || dzwlaz
| džwaz || džwlaz
| tsjass
| dzwass || dzwlass
| džwass || džwlass
| tsjazm
| dzwazm || dzwlazm
| džwazm || džwlazm
| tsjazd
| dzwazd || dzwlazd
| džwazd || džwlazd
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=4|Person
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1|General
| ŋŋo
| ŋii || ŋlii
| ŋŋa || ŋŋla
| ŋŋos
| ŋiis || ŋliis
| ŋŋas || ŋŋlas
| ŋŋom
| ŋiim || ŋliim
| ŋŋam || ŋŋlam
| ŋŋot
| ŋiit || ŋliit
| ŋŋat || ŋŋlat
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1| Male
| no
| nii || nlii
| nna || nnla
| nos
| niis || nliis
| nnas || nnlas
| nom
| niim || nliim
| nnam || nnlam
| not
| nii || nliit
| nnat || nnlat
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1|Female
| mo
| mii || mlii
| mma || mla
| mos
| miis || mliis
| mmas || mlas
| mom
| miim || mliim
| mmam || mlam
| mot
| miit || mliit
| mmat || mlat
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1| Sick one
|-
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"|Respect
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|General
|
|  
| ||
| ||
|
| ||  
| ||  
| ||  
| ||  
Line 2,544: Line 2,597:
| ||  
| ||  
| ||  
| ||  
|}
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=2 | First person inclusive dual
|-
! Case
! Pro-noun
|-
! Int
|-
! Erg
|-
|-
! rowspan="8"|3rd
! Acc
!style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=4| Object
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Magical
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|-
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Living
! Pst
|
|}
| ||
 
| ||
abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsštstuvyzžüëö
|
 
| ||
==Conditional Sentence==
| ||
{{see|sub|Conditional Sentence}}
|
 
| ||
'''Generalizations Conditional sentences''' expresses factual things that always occur, "If water is heated to 10 degrees it boils" and the If can be replaced with "when" or "whenever".
| ||
 
|
'''Hypothetical Conditional sentence''' expresses a hypothetical situation that could be possible
| ||
 
| ||
'''Factual Conditional sentence''' states it as factual that the result will occur if condition is meet. It may also be used to express that if the condition had been meet result should also have occurred but didn't.
|
 
| ||
'''Contra-factual sentence''' expresses a situation against known facts.
| ||
 
:{| {{style|center}}
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |Kind
! colspan=3 | Condition
! colspan=3 | Result
|-
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Artificial
! Tempus
|
! Mood
| ||
! Modality
| ||
! Tempus
|
! Mood
| ||
! Modality
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|-
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;"| Non-Move
! colspan=2 | Generalizations
|
<!-- Condition -->
| ||
| Causum
| ||
| Indicative
|
| Base
| ||
<!-- Result-->
| ||
| Plerum
|
| Indicative
| ||
| Base
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|-
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" rowspan=3|Person
! colspan=2 | Hypothetical
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1|General
<!-- Condition -->
|
| '''Any''' but ''H.Causum, Causum<br> Consequenta, F.Consequenta''
| ||
| Subjunctive
| ||
| Base
|
<!-- Result-->
| ||
| Futurm Consequenta
| ||
| Optative
|
| Abilative
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|-
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1| Male
! rowspan=2 | Factual
|
! Likely
| ||
<!-- Condition -->
| ||
| Causum
|
| Indicative
| ||
| Base
| ||
<!-- Result-->
|
| Futurm Consequenta
| ||
| Optative
| ||
| Gerundive
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|-
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=1|Female
! Unlikely
|
<!-- Condition -->
| ||
| Causum
| ||
| Indicative
|
| Abilative
| ||
<!-- Result-->
| ||
| Futurm Consequenta
|
| Subjunctive
| ||
| Hypothetical
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|-
|-
!style="font-size: x-small;" colspan=2|General
! colspan=2 | Contra-Factual
|
<!-- Condition -->
| ||
| Historal Causum
| ||
| Subjunctive
|
| Base
| ||
<!-- Result-->
| ||
| Consequentum
|
| Subjunctive
| ||
| Hypothetical
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|
| ||
| ||
|}
|}


==Accusative Absolute==
Accusative Absolute is similar to latins {{lg|Ablative Absolute}}, a participle plus a noun describing things around the verb. It always occure in the begining before the subject or agent.
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Accusative Absolute|Examples]]''
==Modality==
{{see|sub|Modality}}


==Copula Usage==
There exist technicly no copula in umbrean, they have other methods of achiving it.


'''Noun Predicate'''


abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsštstuvyzžüëö
Example: He is '''''an idiot'''''
 
This is achived by putting the noun into intransitive construction state with the proper number vowel and then use it as an ordinary verb.
 
Adjectives for noun predicates, "''He is a '''green''' dog''", is used like an adjective predicate present adverbial participle.
 
Relative clause for noun predicates, "''He is the man '''that I saw yesterday'''''", is used adverbial participle.


==Conditional Sentence==
{{see|sub|Conditional Sentence}}


'''Generalizations Conditional sentences''' expresses factual things that always occur, "If water is heated to 10 degrees it boils" and the If can be replaced with "when" or "whenever".
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Noun Copula|Examples]]''


'''Hypothetical Conditional sentence''' expresses a hypothetical situation that could be possible
'''Adpositional Predicate'''


'''Factual Conditional sentence''' states it as factual that the result will occur if condition is meet. It may also be used to express that if the condition had been meet result should also have occurred but didn't.
Example: We are '''''with him'''''


'''Contra-factual sentence''' expresses a situation against known facts.
Adpositional predicates are constructed by taking the adposition and add the proper Circumfix and then use it as a verb where the object that was being modified by it is the agent while the object in the adpositional phrase is treated as an ordinary object. the ë in the ëlj- prefix is ommited if the postposition begins with a vowel.


:{| {{style|center}}
:{| {{style|center}}
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |Kind
! Case
! colspan=3 | Condition
! Prefix
! colspan=3 | Result
|-
|-
! Tempus
| Int || (ë)lj- -(i)f<sup>1</sup>
! Mood
! Modality
! Tempus
! Mood
! Modality
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Generalizations
| Erg || (ë)lj- -(o)s<sup>1</sup>
<!-- Condition -->
| Causum
| Indicative
| Base
<!-- Result-->
| Plerum
| Indicative
| Base
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Hypothetical
| Acc || (ë)lj- -(a)m<sup>1</sup>
<!-- Condition -->
| '''Any''' but ''H.Causum, Causum<br> Consequenta, F.Consequenta''
| Subjunctive
| Base
<!-- Result-->
| Futurm Consequenta
| Optative
| Abilative
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Factual
| Pst || (ë)lj- -(v)<sup>2</sup>
! Likely
|}
<!-- Condition -->
*<sup>1</sup>: Vowels can be excluded if phonotactics allows it
| Past Initio
*<sup>2</sup>: is only used if it ends in a vowel
| Indicative
 
| Base
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adposition Copula|Examples]]''
<!-- Result-->
 
| Futurm Consequenta
'''Locative Predicate'''
| Optative
| Gerundive
|-
! Unlikely
<!-- Condition -->
| Causum
| Indicative
| Abilative
<!-- Result-->
| Initio
| Subjunctive
| Hypothetical
|-
! colspan=2 | Contra-Factual
<!-- Condition -->
| Historal Causum
| Subjunctive
| Base
<!-- Result-->
| Ingressus
| Subjunctive
| Hypothetical
|}


==Accusative Absolute==
Example: We are '''''at the store'''''


==Modality==
See Adpositional Predicate
{{see|sub|Modality}}


==Copula Usage==
There exist technicly no copula in umbrean, they have other methods of achiving it.


'''Noun Predicate'''
'''Adjectival Predicate'''


Example: He is '''''an idiot'''''
Example: We are '''''blue'''''


This is achived by putting the noun into intransitive construction state and then use it as an ordinary verb.
Adjectival predicates are achived through using the adjective as a verb all on its own and have it declined according to the noun.


:{| {{style|center}}
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Adjective Copula|Examples]]''
| mǧö mtomöökwlë
|-
| mǧö mto>möökw<l-ë
|-
| {{sc|2.sg}} <{{sc|acc.const.sg}}>Idiot-{{sc|1/2.sg.ind.prs.ctn}}
|-
| You're an idiot
|}


'''Adpositional Predicate'''
'''Existential'''


Example: We are '''''with him'''''
Example: I '''''am'''''


Adpositional predicates are constructed by taking the adposition and add the proper Circumfix and then use it as a verb where the object that was being modified by it is the agent while the object in the adpositional phrase is treated as an ordinary object. the ë in the ëlj- prefix is ommited if the postposition begins with a vowel.


:{| {{style|center}}
'''tswümj''': v.t.a
! Case
! Prefix
|-
| Int || (ë)lj- -tatl
|-
| Erg || (ë)lj- -satl
|-
| Acc || (ë)lj- -matl
|-
| Pst || (ë)lj- -atl
|}


:{| {{style|center}}
''See [[Umbrean/Examples#Existencial Copula|Examples]]''
| mǧö mtomöökwlë
|-
| mǧö mto>möökw<l-ë
|-
| {{sc|2.sg}} <{{sc|acc.const.sg}}>Idiot-{{sc|1/2.sg.ind.prs.ctn}}
|-
| You're an idiot
|}


'''Locative Predicate'''
==Question==


Example: We are '''''at the store'''''
===Polarity questions===
Polarity


See Adpositional Predicate
===Content Question===




'''Adjectival Predicate'''
Questions are formed by inverting the position of the Agent and the Object if its transitive, otherwise it remains the same with the Subject. The question word and particles does the rest to signify it is a question.
 
Example: We are '''''blue'''''
 
Adjectival predicates are achived through using the adjective as a verb all on its own but replaces the last consonant with -tl
 
 
'''Existential'''
 
Example: I '''''am'''''
 
 
'''tswümj''': v.t.a
 
==Question==
Questions are formed by inverting the position of the Agent and the Object if its transitive, otherwise it remains the same with the Subject. The question word and particles does the rest to signify it is a question.


'''Yes or no question'''
'''Yes or no question'''
Line 2,931: Line 2,861:
|-
|-
! Right
! Right
| {{cd|Pjodwia}}
| {{term|Pjodwia}}
| {{cd|Amodwia}}
| {{term|Amodwia}}
| {{cd|Migna}}
| {{term|Migna}}
|-
|-
! Left
! Left
| {{cd|Bjana}}
| {{term|Bjana}}
| {{cd|Bjuma}}
| {{term|Bjuma}}
| {{cd|Bfignina}}
| {{term|Bfignina}}
|-
|-
! Up
! Up
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
|-
|-
! Down
! Down
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
|-
|-
! Forward
! Forward
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
|-
|-
! Backward
! Backward
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
| {{cd|}}
| {{term|}}
|}
|}


Line 3,246: Line 3,176:
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|-
| -ii
| -ššw
| Agentative
| Agentative
| Verb
| Verb
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|-
| -ü
| -ss
| Patientative
| Patientative
| Verb
| Verb
Line 3,262: Line 3,192:
|-
|-
| -
| -
| Time when done<br />happen
| Time when or place<br /> where done happen
| Verb
| Verb
| Noun
| Noun
Line 3,282: Line 3,212:
|-
|-
|  
|  
| Used to do verb
| Instrumental Used to do verb
| Verb
| Verb
| Noun
| Noun
Line 3,326: Line 3,256:
|  
|  
| Part of
| Part of
| Verb
| Noun
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|-
Line 3,334: Line 3,264:
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|-
| -(o)ŋ
| -ŋ
| living thing
| living thing
| Noun
| Noun
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|-
| -(y)nn
| -nn
| Female of
| Female of
| Noun
| Noun
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|-
| -(ö)mm
| -mm
| Male of
| Male of
| Noun
| Noun
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|-
| -dwa
| -tjidw
| Dominion of, domain of
| Dominion of, domain of
| Noun
| Noun
Line 3,362: Line 3,292:
| Language of
| Language of
| Verb
| Verb
| Noun
|-
| -nits
| Producer of
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|
|
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|
|
| Noun
| Noun
| Noun
|-
|-
Line 3,403: Line 3,348:
| Adj
| Adj
|-
|-
|
| -lo
|
| for the purpose of
| Verb
| Adj
|-
| -lë
| not for the purpose of
| Verb
| Verb
| Adj
| Adj
Line 3,599: Line 3,549:
|-
|-
! 0
! 0
| Zero
| Zero || Osŋ
| Tlits
| Zeroth ||
| Zeroth
| One Zeroth ||
| Tlidzw
| All Zero ||
| One Zeroth
| Zero ||
|
| All Zero
|
|Zero
|
|Zero
|
|Zero
|
|Zero
|
|Zero
|
|Zero
|
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| One
| One || Iž
|  
| First ||  
| First
| Whole ||
|  
| All One ||
| Whole
| One ||
|
| All One
|
| One
|
|One
|
|One
|
|One
|
|One
|
|One
|
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| Two
| Two || Ëëzw
|  
| Second ||  
| Second
| Half ||
|  
| All Two ||
| Half
|Two ||
|
| All Two
|
|Two
|
|Two
|
|Two
|
|Two
|
|Two
|
|Two
|
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| Three
| Three || Yvv
|  
| Third ||  
| Third
| One Third ||
|  
| All Three ||
| One Third
|Three ||
|
|-
| All Three
! 4
|
| Four || ets
|Three
| Fourth ||
|
| One Fourth ||
|Three
|Four ||
|
|Three
|
|Three
|
|Three
|
|Three
|
|-
! 4
| Four
|  
| Fourth
| Kjlwzz
| One Fourth
|
|Four
|
|Four
|
|Four
|
|Four
|
|Four
|
|Four
|
|Four
|
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| Five
| Five || ellts
| ellts
| Fifth ||
| Fifth
| One Fifth ||
|
|Five ||
| One Fifth
|
|Five
|
|Five
|
|Five
|
|Five
|
|Five
|
|Five
|
|Five
|
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| Six
| Six || atsm
|  
| Sixth ||
| Sixth
| One Sixth ||
|
|Six ||
| One Sixth
|-
|
! 7
|Six
| Seven || ydj
|
| Seventh ||
|Six
| One Seventh ||
|
|Seven ||
|Six
|
|Six
|
|Six
|
|Six
|
|Six
|
|-
! 7
| Seven
|  
| Seventh
|
| One Seventh
|
|Seven
|
|Seven
|
|Seven
|
|Seven
|
|Seven
|
|Seven
|
|Seven
|
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| Eight
| Eight || dël
|  
| Eighth ||
| Eighth
| One Eighth ||
|
|Eight ||
| One Eighth
|
|Eight
|
|Eight
|
|Eight
|
|Eight
|
|Eight
|
|Eight
|
|Eight
|
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| Nine
| Nine || atlit
|  
| Nineth ||
| Nineth
| One Nineth ||
|
|Nine ||
| One Nineth
|-
|
! 10
|Nine
| Ten || ekkim
|
| Tenth ||
|Nine
| One Tenth ||
|
|Ten ||
|Nine
|
|Nine
|
|Nine
|
|Nine
|
|Nine
|
|-
! 10
| Ten
|  
| Tenth
|
| One Tenth
|
|Ten
|
|Ten
|
|Ten
|
|Ten
|
|Ten
|
|Ten
|
|Ten
|
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| Eleven
| Eleven || slletw
|  
| Eleventh ||
| Eleventh
| One Eleventh ||
|
| Eleven ||  
|Eleven
|
|Eleven
|
|Eleven
|
|Eleven
|
|Eleven
|
|Eleven
|
|Eleven
|
|Eleven
|
|}
|}


Line 3,902: Line 3,664:
| 1
| 1
| 12 (10)
| 12 (10)
| -ut / -tl
| -üt / -tl
| Utl
| ütl
|-
|-
| 2
| 2
Line 3,970: Line 3,732:
|-
|-
! Postposition-Verb
! Postposition-Verb
|
|
|}
 
{| {{style|center}})
! Type
! English
! Umbrean
! Parts
|-
! Verb-Verb
|
|
|
|-
! Noun-Verb
|
|
|
|-
! Adjective-Noun
|
|
|
|-
! Postposition-Verb
|
|
|
|}
 
==Word Classes==
While english division here is shown the umbrean language divides its own words a bit differently
*Nouns ()
**Items, objects, concepts and ideas
*Adjectives ()
**
==Sentence Order==
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | Intransitive
|-
| colspan=2 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Postpositional'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Supine'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | '''Verb'''<br>phrase
|-
| colspan=2 | {{blue|'''Intransitive'''}}<br>case
|-
! colspan=6 | Transitive
|-
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Postpositional'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Supine'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | '''Verb'''<br>phrase
|-
| colspan=1 | {{Green|'''Ergative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{red|'''Accusative'''}}<br>case
|-
! colspan=6 | Ditransitive
|-
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Postpositional'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Supine'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Verb'''<br>phrase
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
|-
| colspan=1 | {{Green|'''Ergative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{red|'''Accusative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{purple|'''Postpositional'''}}<br>case
|}
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | Noun Phrase
|-
| Postpositional<br>Clause
| Number
| Determiner
| Adjective
| Relative<br>Clause
| Noun
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Postpositional'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Supine'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Verb'''<sub>gerund</sub>
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
|-
| colspan=1 | {{Green|'''Ergative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{red|'''Accusative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{purple|'''Postpositional'''}}<br>case
|- style="border-top:2px solid;"
| colspan=6 | Infinitive
|}
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=6 | Relative Phrase
|-
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Postpositional'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Supine'''<br>Phrase
| rowspan=2 | '''Verb'''<sub>participle</sub>
| colspan=1 | '''Noun'''<br>Phrase
|-
| colspan=1 | {{Green|'''Ergative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{red|'''Accusative'''}}<br>case
| colspan=1 | {{purple|'''Postpositional'''}}<br>case
|}
 
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan=2 | Postpositional <br> Phrase
|-
| Noun <br> Phrase
| Postpostition
|}
|}


{| {{style|center}})
! Type
! English
! Umbrean
! Parts
|-
! Verb-Verb
|
|
|
|-
! Noun-Verb
|
|
|
|-
! Adjective-Noun
|
|
|
|-
! Postposition-Verb
|
|
|
|}


==Word Classes==
While english division here is shown the umbrean language divides its own words a bit differently
*Nouns ()
**Items, objects, concepts and ideas
*Adjectives ()
**
[[Category: Umbrean]]
[[Category: Umbrean]]
[[Category:Languages]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Umbrean"