Mila: Difference between revisions

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~~{{featured}}~~

{{Infobox language

|name = Mila

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|pronunciation = [ˈmi.ɫɐ]

|creator = Gary Taylor-Raebel

|setting = ~~Kukca~~ Planet

|setting = Kumla Planet

|region = Sizmin Kuka Island.

|speakers = c3000

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}}

Mila is the language spoken by ~~colonisers~~ on the planet ~~Kukca~~. It is descended from, and mutually comprehensible with, the constructed language, Proto-Mila, as spoken on the home planet of Kumja. It has about 3000 speakers living in five settlements spread along the Siska River. There are slight dialectal differences between each settlement, though these too are all mutually comprehensible.

Mila is the language spoken by colonists on the planet Kumla. It is descended from, and mutually comprehensible with the constructed language, Proto-Mila, as spoken on the home planet of Kumja. It has about 3000 speakers living in five settlements spread along the Siska River. There are slight dialectal differences between each settlement, though these too are all mutually comprehensible.

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==Introduction==

Mila is the language spoken by the lula on the planet Kukca. The lula ~~come~~ originally from a technologically advanced planet. The planet Kukca had been terraformed many million years previously and was deemed ripe for colonisation. The colonists were sent under the pretext that they would be repairing ~~the~~ on-planet communication system (in the form of a pyramid), but were not told that they would subsequently become colonists, (it has been discovered that finding willing volunteers is a far from easy task and the home planet necessarily resorted to tricks to send colonists). The colonists had been genetically altered to thrive on the planet, based on readings sent from the communication towers.

Mila is the language spoken by the lula on the planet Kukca. The lula came originally from a technologically advanced home planet. The planet Kukca had been terraformed many million years previously and was deemed ripe for colonisation. The exact reason for the planet to have been colonised has become unclear with time and there are a number of theories, some more sinister than others. It seems the colonists were sent under the pretext that they would be repairing an on-planet communication system (in the form of a pyramid), but were not told that they would subsequently become colonists, (it has been discovered that finding willing volunteers is a far from easy task and the home planet necessarily resorted to tricks to send colonists). The colonists had been genetically altered from before birth to thrive on the planet, based on readings sent from the communication towers.

Other planets which have been previously terraformed have become 'zoos' which may be occasionally visited (our own Earth is one such planet), holiday destinations or like this one colonies, and partly as an elaborate social experiment from the home planet to see how lula can cope. The colonists first arrived about 150 years previous to the language as described here is spoken. On colonisation the language was completely regular having been the constructed lingua franca of the home planet.

Other planets which have been previously terraformed have become 'zoos' which may be occasionally visited (our own Earth is one such planet), holiday destinations or like this one colonies, and partly as an elaborate social experiment from the home planet to see how lula can cope. The colonists first arrived about 150 years previous to the language as described here is spoken. On colonisation the language was completely regular having been the main constructed lingua franca of the home planet.

===Goals===

The original aim of Mila was not to create a whole language fitting into a constructed world, but rather a way to experiment with language change. I wanted to create a language with a simple phonological system and phonotactics which may be manipulated to explore how language can change and to test certain linguistic hypotheses, historical phonology being my main area of interest. I soon discovered though that it would be a good chance to improve my knowledge of other areas of linguistics and it has inevitably developed into a full language. I didn't want at an early stage to deal with loan words which is why I felt it necessary to have the language in complete isolation and a constructed world has thus also been created. With a constructed world and culture it brings with it all the problems of translations from Earth-based languages. How does one translate 'dog' for example? Mila does have a word for 'dog' but it should be understood as a dog-like creature, as opposed to an actual dog. As such the goals of the language have somewhat drifted, now focussing on a realistic setting for the language, though development of the language into separate daughter languages is also an ultimate goal.

The original aim of Mila was not to create a whole language fitting into a constructed world, but rather a way to experiment with language change. I wanted to create a language with a simple phonological system and phonotactics which may be manipulated to explore how language can change and to test certain linguistic hypotheses, historical phonology being my main area of interest. I soon discovered though that it would be a good chance to improve my knowledge of other areas of linguistics and it has inevitably developed into a full language. I didn't want at an early stage to deal with loan words which is why I felt it necessary to have the language in complete isolation and a constructed world has thus also been created. With a constructed world and culture it brings with it all the problems of translations from Earth-based languages. How does one translate 'dog', for example? Mila does have a word for 'dog' but it should be understood as a dog-like creature, as opposed to an actual dog. As such the goals of the language have somewhat drifted, now focussing on a realistic setting for the language, though development of the language into separate daughter languages is also an ultimate goal.

===Design===

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===History===

The lula who first inhabited the planet were raised by scientists in isolation, a necessity as they had been genetically ~~moderated~~ to cope with the ~~planets~~ climate (which is much hotter than the home planet) and air (which is richer in oxygen than the home planet). The scientists, being from an international background, spoke the planet's lingua franca, which is itself a constructed language, based on many of the home planet's language families. The original Mila (meaning simply 'language') was therefore completely regular. In the 150 years since colonisation the original population of 56 has risen to a few thousand (they breed quickly) and the language is now the everyday mother-tongue of the speakers, a situation which has never occurred on the home planet, such that Mila on the home planet has changed little in years. As a mother-tongue, though, the language has undergone a number of changes and irregularities have crept in, most notably in the phonology, shortenings of pronouns and semantic shifts.

The lula who first inhabited the planet were raised by scientists in isolation, a necessity as they had been genetically modified to cope with the planet's climate (which is much hotter than the home planet) and air (which is richer in oxygen than the home planet). The scientists, being from an international background, spoke the home planet's lingua franca, which is itself a constructed language, based on many of the home planet's language families. The original Mila (meaning simply 'language') was therefore completely regular. In the 150 years since colonisation the original population of 56 has risen to a few thousand (they breed quickly) and the language is now the everyday mother-tongue of the speakers, a situation which has never occurred on the home planet, such that Mila on the home planet has changed little in years having been constantly monitored by language purists. As a mother-tongue, though, the language has undergone a number of changes, and irregularities have crept in, most notably in the phonology, shortenings of pronouns and semantic shifts.

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==Phonology==

The Mila phonological system consists of 11, 14 or 15 consonants and two or three vowels, depending on the analysis as shall be described below.

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====Intonation====

Main sentence stress falls on the part of the sentence where agreement with the subject falls. This however is not the case if this word is a pronoun (which in non-formal speech are shortened). If there is a pronoun then the stress will fall on the verb, and if there is no verb, then the stress will fall on the subject. There is a rise in intonation before the main sentence stress and then the intonation falls from this main stress. There is no difference between statements and questions.

Main sentence stress falls on the part of the sentence where agreement with the subject falls. This however is not the case if this word is a pronoun (which in non-formal speech are shortened). If there is a pronoun then the stress will fall on the verb, and if there is no verb, then the stress will fall on the subject. There is a rise in intonation before the main sentence stress and then the intonation falls from this main stress. There is often no difference between statements and questions, although the rise leading to the sentence stress may be greater in questions.

===Phonotactics===

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====Voicing====

The first is that adjacent consonants must agree in the amount of voicing. If therefore a voiceless obstruent (apart from '''ι''' /h/) is adjacent to a voiced consonant then it will become voiced. The word for ''house'' is '''υɔυ''' before voicing considerations are taken we have the basic outline of /ʹluk.la/ ~~(the asterisk indicates a wrong form)~~. The /k/ needs to agree for voicing with the following /l/ which is voiced. The /l/ cannot devoice so the /k/ must become the voiced /g/. giving us [ʹlug.lɐ]. Similarly, the word for ''more'' is '''oωɾ''' which gives the basic outline /ʹpin.ta/ but the /t/ needs to agree for voicing with the preceding /n/ so will become /d/, giving us [ʹpin.dɐ].

The first is that adjacent consonants must agree in the amount of voicing. If therefore a voiceless obstruent (apart from '''ι''' /h/) is adjacent to a voiced consonant then it will become voiced. The word for ''house'' is '''υɔυ''' and before voicing considerations are taken we have the basic outline of /ʹluk.la/. The /k/ needs to agree for voicing with the following /l/ which is voiced. The /l/ cannot devoice so the /k/ must become the voiced /g/, giving us [ʹlug.lɐ]. Similarly, the word for ''more'' is '''oωɾ''' which gives the basic outline /ʹpin.ta/ but the /t/ needs to agree for voicing with the preceding /n/ so will become /d/, giving us [ʹpin.dɐ].

====Liquid Elision====

If coda /l/ or /r/ occur after /u/ or /i/ respectively then the /l/ and /r/ will be elided. We thus have the example of the word ''language'' '''ɷʌυ''' which has the root MRL. Without elision the syllabification gives /ʹmir.la/, but the /r/ follows /a/ and is in coda position, so the pronunciation is [ʹmi.ɫɐ]. Similarly the word for ''four'' is '''oυɾ''' which will syllabify prior to elision as /ʹpul.da/ but with elision it surfaces as [ʹpu.dɐ].

If coda /l/ or /r/ occur after /u/ or /i/ respectively then the /l/ and /r/ will be elided. We thus have the example of the word ''language'' '''ɷʌυ''' which has the root MRL. Without elision the syllabification gives /ʹmir.la/, but the /r/ follows /i/ and is in coda position, so the pronunciation is [ʹmi.ɫɐ]. Similarly the word for ''four'' is '''oυɾ''' which will syllabify prior to elision as /ʹpul.ta/ but with elision (and voicing of /t/) it surfaces as [ʹpu.dɐ].

====Degemination====

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====Grammatical /a/====

A grammatical /a/ can be inserted (which will take the word stress). This is shown in the orthography by placing an acute accent above the consonant it precedes. ''I am hungry'' is for example '''ɷ́on'''. As the acute accent is above the '''ɷ''' we must insert /a/ before this sound. This gives us the modified root of aMPC. Starting from this /a/ we then syllabify /ʹam.bic/. ''You are hungry'' translates as '''ɷón''' will insert /a/ before the second syllable giving the modified root of MaPC which syllabifies as /ʹmap.ca/. And finally ''(s)he is hungry'' translates as '''ɷoń''' giving the modified root as MPaC. Again starting from the left we start with /mV/ The vowel will be /u/ because of the following non-coronal sound, but the /p/ will not complete the syllable, but rather forms the onset of the following consonant, giving the syllabification of /muʹbac/.

A grammatical /a/ can be inserted (which will take the word stress). This is shown in the orthography by placing an acute accent above the consonant it precedes. ''I am hungry'' is for example '''ɷ́on'''. As the acute accent is above the '''ɷ''' we must insert /a/ before this sound. This gives us the modified root of aMPC. Starting from this /a/ we then syllabify /ʹam.pic/ surfacing as [ʹam.bic]. ''You are hungry'' translates as '''ɷón''' will insert /a/ before the second syllable giving the modified root of MaPC which syllabifies as /ʹmap.ca/. And finally ''(s)he is hungry'' translates as '''ɷoń''' giving the modified root as MPaC. Again starting from the left we start with /mV/ The vowel will be /u/ because of the following non-coronal sound, but the /p/ will not complete the syllable, but rather forms the onset of the following consonant, giving the syllabification of /muʹpac/ ([muʹbac]). Note that liquid elision does not occur following /a/ such that ''You are four'' is '''oύɾ''' which syllabifies as /ʹpal.ta/ and surfaces as [ʹpaɫ.dɐ] without elision of /l/.

====Irregularities====

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===Morphophonology===

Mila has a series of affixes, either prefixes or suffixes. In the orthography these are shown separated from the root with the symbol ''':'''. Syllabification of suffixes is a continuation of the syllabification process of the root. Prefixes are syllabified in the form VC. A word such as ''closed''-adj is ʌ:cιɾ:ω which syllabifies prior to phonological processes as /irʹsuh.tin/ but will surface as [iʹzuh.tin]. Because of the syllabification rules any affix may have a number of allomorphs. The dubitative suffix is ''':o''' /-p/ which may ~~surfaces~~ as [-up] if following an onset consonant, [-pa] if following a voiceless coda and [-ba] if following a voiced coda.

Mila has a series of affixes, either prefixes or suffixes. In the orthography these are shown separated from the root with the symbol ''':'''. Syllabification of suffixes is a continuation of the syllabification process of the root. Prefixes are syllabified in the form VC. A word such as ''closed''-adj is ʌ:cιɾ:ω which syllabifies prior to phonological processes as /irʹsuh.tin/ but will surface as [iʹzuh.tin]. Because of the syllabification rules any affix may have a number of allomorphs. The dubitative suffix is ''':o''' /-p/ which may surface as [-up] if following an onset consonant, [-pa] if following a voiceless coda and [-ba] if following a voiced coda.

==Morphology==

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means ‘the eating pig’ (so a pig which is eating).

===Numerals===

The base ten numerals of Mila come in two forms, called long and short forms. The most commonly used form of counting would be a mixture of both forms, with the first five numbers most commonly given in their long forms and numbers beyond 5 given in their short form.

====Long Form Numerals====

The numbers 1-5 are as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! Number

! 1

! 2

! 3

! 4

! 5

|-

! Symbol

| .ɛ.

| .ɜ.

| .ɤ.

| .m.

| .ɞ.

|-

! Written form

| ωɔι

| υnɾ

| ωoɷ

| oυɾ

| υɾɾ

|-

! Pronunciation

| ['nukhɐ]

| ['lictɐ]

| ['nubmɐ]

| ['pudɐ]

| ['litɐ]

|}

Although these numerals behave like adjectives they do not take the adjectival ending ''':ω''' [-in] when modifying nouns, so we would say, for example, '''.ɤ.-υɔɔ''' [pudɐ 'lukɐ] for ''4 chairs''. Note that the numeral in this position does not take stress. If placed in the predicate position then it inflects as with other predicates. If the numeral modifies the subject then predicate agreement for the numerals 1-5 will be in the singular.

The numerals 6-10 are, rather confusingly, identical in pronunciation to the numbers 1-5 respectively, the difference between the two is that they have different symbols and a predicate will be in the plural for the numbers 6-10. The symbols in Mila are 6 '''.c.''', 7 '''ɔ''', 8 '''ɾ''', 9 '''n''', 10 '''o'''. We therefore have the sentences '''.ɤ.-υɔɔ:n-ʌɾń''' [nubmɐ 'lukic ri'dac] ''three chairs are broken'' which does not have the plural indicator on the predicate so [nubma] indicates ''3'', whereas '''.ɾ.-υɔɔ:n-ʌɾń:ɾ''' [nubmɐ 'lukic ri'dactɐ] ''eight chairs are broken''. Long form numbers are restricted to the numbers from one to ten.

====Short Form Numerals====

Although there are long forms for the numbers from one to ten, because of the correspondence between the numerals one to five and those from six to ten, in practice these are often not used for the numbers from six to ten. Each of these numbers also has a short form which are as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! Number

| 1

| 2

| 3

| 4

| 5

| 6

| 7

| 8

| 9

| 10

|-

! Short form

| [nu]

| [ic]

| [ub]

| [pu]

| [li]

| [kuh]

| [cit]

| [pum]

| [lit]

| [tit]

|}

In usual speech the long forms are used for the numbers from 1 to 5, whereas the short forms are used for the numbers beyond 6. Using the long form for 6-10 is now considered old fashioned. The short forms will also be used for the numbers 1-5 when describing mathematical processes. Again when these are used with the subject the predicate will be singular for the numbers 1-5 and plural for the numbers 6-10.

===Verbs===

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==Dialectal Differences==

There are five settlements in the lula world four are spread along the Siska River, from the West to East are the main town of iNukhin Litpa (given in the following description as IL), on the opposite bank is Ciɟriskin Sitka (CS), a harbour town further upstream Suɟin Sugra (SS) and the university town in the foothills iNukhin Kina (IK). These are joined by the mining town Jijgin Litpa (JL) to the north of iNukhin Litpa. Each of these have distinctive dialectal features which will be outlined below.

===Differences in Pronunciation===

====Pronunciation of '''n''' [c ~ ɟ]====

There is a trend, stigmatised in IL, although it can also be found there to pronounce /c/ as [ʧ] and /ɟ/ as [ʤ]. This is absent from the South Bank dialects in IK and IL but can be found in those on the North Bank. The dialect of JL goes further and these are pronounced [ʃ] and [ʒ] respectively.

====Pronunciation of Preconsonantal Vowels====

Although preconsonantal vowels are described as either /i/ or /u/ depending on whether they are coronal or not respectively and when not grammatical /a/ the accent of IK pronounces pre-[c ~ ɟ] and pre-[l] (whether this has disappeared or not) with lip rounding as [y]. This accent maintains a difference between such words as, for example, '''ɔυι''' [ʹkyhɐ] ''door'' and '''ɔιι''' [ʹkuhɐ] ''road'' which have merged to [ʹkuhɐ] in the other varieties.

====Pronunciation of Coda Nasals====

Although coda /m/ and /n/ are pronounced as such in most dialects, they have merged in CS to become [n] when not followed by another consonant and they assimilate for place with the following consonant if one is present in the same word (this assimilation does not take place across word boundaries). Thus '''cɷo''' [ʹsumbɐ] ''syrup'' is pronounced [ʹsumbɐ] whereas '''cωo''' [ʹsinbɐ] ''still water'' is pronounced [ʹsimbɐ], the preconsonantal vowel being the indication of the former consonant /n/.

====Stress====

In compound words in the standard language the main stress is usually given to the second element and the first element receives secondary stress. This is not the case in SS where both elements receive equal stress. In JL, if the first element has three syllables then the secondary stress of the compound shifts to the penultimate syllable. So a compound such as '''ɔʌι:ʌ:ω-vnʌ''' ''sloth'' which is pronounced [ˌkihinɐ ʹjiɟɾɐ] in the standard is pronounced [ʹkihinɐ ʹjiɟɾɐ] in SS and [kiˌhinɐ ʹjiʒɾɐ] in JL.

====Syllable Structure====

In most accents words such as '''ιʌω''' ''to woo'' and '''ιωω''' ''density'' have merged to [ʹhinɐ]. The syllable structure differs however in SS and IK from the other accents. Elsewhere the syllable structures are identically arranged as [ʹhi.nɐ], however in SS and IK the structure is [ʹhi.nɐ] if a /r/ or /l/ has been elided, whereas it is [ʹhin.ɐ] if a sound has been degeminated. At the surface level this does not have much difference, but the two are stored differently and for speakers the syllable structure is a relevant feature. In the later history of the language this also becomes relevant. We can speak of a near-merger here for these two varieties.

====Epenthetic Liquids====

In all the dialects coda /r/ and /l/ have been elided when preceded by /i/ and /u/ respectively, such that a word such as '''ιυι:ʌ''' ''to wake up'' has become [ʹhuhi] with no final /r/ and '''ιυι:υ''' ''also to sleep'' is [ʹhuhu] with no final /l/. This coda sound is completely lost in all positions everywhere apart from in JL where it reappears epenthetically when followed by a vowel. This is also extended intrusively to positions where it did not occur historically. ''I slept and dreamt'' is '''óoo-ω:ιυι-óoo-ω:ιωɷ:υ''' which is commonly pronounced [ɐp inʹhuhu ɐp inʹhinmu], but in JL it becomes [ɐp inʹhuhu'''ɫ''' ɐp inʹhinmu] where there was no historical /l/ present. This feature is open to ridicule by non-JL speakers and as such is often avoided when in conversation with outsiders. Older speakers are more likely to epenthesise the liquids based on historical position, whereas epenthesis intrusively is becoming more common amongst younger speakers.

====The Pronunciation of '''υ''' /l/====

In SS and IK this sound has become [w]. In CS the velarisation is lost in onset position and is only [ɫ] in coda position. In the other towns it is [ɫ] in all positions.

===Morphological Differences===

====Predicate Plurals====

Although in the standard language the plurality of the predicate is not shown, or if necessary is shown with constructions such as ''some ...'', ''all of ...'', ''three ...'' etc., in SS, IK and CS it is possible to show the plural of the predicate (and also the subject, though this is rarer) by making the object to be adjectival and adding '''υυυ''' [ɫuɫɐ] ''person'', '''vvv''' [jijɐ] ''animal'', '''ɾɾɾ''' [titɐ] ''thing nearby'', '''nnn''' [cicɐ] ''thing in sight'' or '''ooo''' [pupɐ] ''thing out of sight''. Abstract nouns also use '''ooo'''. The stress in these constructions falls on the adjective (so the object) and not the ''plural'' noun.

====Present Tense====

The present tense marker on verbal forms is shown as '''ʌ:''' [i(ɾ)-]. There is some variation in its usage. In IL and CS this is usually omitted when it is followed by another prefix, so the present tense of '''ɔ:ɷvo''' [ug'mijbɐ] ''to overeat'' is written as '''ʌ:ɔ:ɷɔo''', so with the present tense marker, but it is pronounced without this marker as [ug'mijbɐ], whereas in SS and IK it is pronounced [irug'mijbɐ]. The accent of JL has gone further and the verbal prefix '''ʌ:''' is never pronounced, so '''ʌ:ɷvo''' to eat is just pronounced ['mijbɐ] and not [i'mijbɐ] as in the other towns, this is also often extended to the locative usage of this prefix in very common phrases. If the initial root sound has become a voiced sound because of the prefix, this voicing is often extended here even when the prefix is lost, so '''ʌ:cυc''' [iʹzuza] pres-swim will be pronounced [ʹzuzɐ].

===Semantic Differences===

===='''ιvo''' [hijbɐ] to happen====

'''ιvo''' [hijbɐ] to happen may be used colloquially to describe the usual action of a noun. So for a sentence such as ''the sun shines'' we may colloquially replace ''shines'' with ''happens'' in Mila. This is very commonly used colloquially for weather conditions in all towns, so ''rain falls'', ''snow falls'', ''wind blows'' etc. may replace the verb with ''happens'', '''ʌ:ιvo''' [ihijbɐ]. It may dialectally have more uses, though. In the Eastern and Southern towns of SS, IK and CS it is also used with animals to describe the noise they make, so ''a dog happens'' would mean ''a dog barks'' for example. This verb is not generally used this way in the remaining two towns. In JL the verb is often used instead of predicate forms. A sentence such as '''υʌɾ:n-oιń''' [ʹɫidic puʹhac] ''the boy is happy'' will commonly be produced in JL as '''υʌɾ:n-oιń-ʌ:ιvo''' [ʹɫidiʃ puʹhaʃ ʹhijba].

====Numerals====

The numerals up to ten are shown as having two forms which are described as long and short in the main dialect of IL, with the long forms being the usual ones for the numbers 1-5 and the short forms limited to mathematical descriptions. In the University of Inukhin Kina, however, where the sciences and mathematics are studied the short forms are the ones used as they can unambiguously show the numbers used. Here then, and also within the town, the short numbers are more commonly used in all settings and the long numbers are considered unrefined.

===Dialect Comparison Text===

Dialect examples from the different villages compared to the standard.

The North Wind and the Sun

'''ɔon:ω-ιɾω-ɔιɾ:υ ɔon:ω-ιɾώ-ɔιɾ́:υ-ɷɷɷ:ω-ω:oυυ-υoω:ω-υ:υυυ:n-oωɾ:ω-ɾoɔ́ oɾω:ω-υnω:ω-ʌ:υvɾ:ω-ɔιʌ:υɾ:n-ʌ:ɔoυ:ι-ooó-ω:υιɾ:ʌ υυń:ɾ-ω:ɔɔω oωɾ:ω-ɾoɔ:n-υoω:c-υυn:ω-nnύ-ʌ:.ɛ.:n-ɔιʌ́:υɾ:n-ωɔʌ-ooó-υvɾ:ʌ ɔon:ω-ιɾω:n-ω:ɾo-ooó-υυn:ω-ɾoɔ:ω-ɔιc:ω-ω:ιɾω ɔιʌ:υɾ:n-ɾʌω-oωɾ:ω-ιɾω:υ-ʌ:υυn-υnω:ω-υvɾ́-oωɾ:ω-ιωc:ω-ω:vnɔ:cʌ ɔon:ω-ιɾω:n-ooó-ɾno:ʌ:ω-ω:oɾn:ʌ ɔιɾ:n-ω:ɾo-ooó-oɾω:ω-ω:nnc ɔιʌ:υɾ:n-υnω:ω-υvɾ́-ɔoυ:ω-ω:υvɾ:ʌ ɔon:ω-ιɾώ-ω:ωɔʌ-ooó-ʌ:ɷʌυ-ɔιɾ:n-υoω:c-oωɾ:ω-ɾoɔ́'''

'''Standard:'''

[ˌkup.cin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.tu ||

ˌkup.cin hi'dan ku'had.ɫa ˌmu.min in'bu.ɫa | 'ɫub.nin u'ɫu.ɫic ˌpin.din tu'bak ||

'pid.nin ˌɫiɟ.nin i'ɫij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ɟa i'gub.ɫuh ba in'ɫuh.ti ||

'ɫac.ta in'gug.ma ||

ˌpin.din 'tup.kic 'ɫub.nis 'ɫu.ɟin ci'ɟaɫ | i'nuk.hic ku'ha.ɾud.ɟa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'ɫij.di ||

ˌkup.cin 'hid.nic in'dup ba 'ɫu.ɟin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||

'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.nu iʹɫu.ɟa ˌɫiɟ.nin ɫi'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin in'jic.kiz.ɾa ||

ˌkup.cin 'hid.nic ba ˌtup.ci.na in'bit.ci ||

'kuh.tic in'dup ba 'pid.nin in'ɟic.sa ||

'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌɫiɟ.nin ɫi'jat 'kub.ɫin in'ɫij.di ||

ˌkup.cin hi'dan i'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.ɫa | 'kuh.tic 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak]

'''iNukhin Litpa:'''

[ˌkup.ʧin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.tu ||

ˌkup.ʧin hi'dan ku'had.ɫa ˌmu.min in'bu.ɫa | 'ɫub.nin u'ɫu.ɫiʧ ˌpin.din tu'bak ||

'pid.nin ˌɫiʤ.nin i'ɫij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ʤa i'gub.ɫuh ba in'ɫuh.ti ||

'ɫaʧ.ta in'gug.ma ||

ˌpin.din 'tup.kiʧ 'ɫub.nis 'ɫu.ʤin ʧi'ʤaɫ | i'nuk.hiʧ ku'ha.ɾud.ʤa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'ɫij.di ||

ˌkup.ʧin 'hid.niʧ in'dup ba 'ɫu.ʤin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||

'kuh.ɾud.ʤa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.nu iʹɫu.ʤa ˌɫiʤ.nin ɫi'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin in'jiʧ.kiz.ɾa ||

ˌkup.ʧin 'hid.niʧ ba ˌtup.ʧi.na in'bit.ʧi ||

'kuh.tiʧ in'dup ba 'pid.nin in'ʤiʧ.sa ||

'kuh.ɾud.ʤa ˌɫiʤ.nin ɫi'jat 'kub.ɫin in'ɫij.di ||

ˌkup.ʧin hi'dan i'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.ɫa | 'kuh.tiʧ 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak]

'''Jijgin Litpa:'''

[ˌkup.ʃin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.tu ||

ˌkup.ʃin hi'dan ku'had.ɫa ˌmu.min in'bu.ɫa | 'ɫub.nin u'ɫu.ɫiʃ ˌpin.din tu'bak ʹhij.ba||

'pid.nin ˌɫiʒ.nin 'ɫij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ʒa 'gub.ɫuh ba in'ɫuh.ti ||

'ɫaʃ.ta in'gug.ma ||

ˌpin.din 'tup.kiʃ 'ɫub.nis 'ɫu.ʒin ʃi'ʒaɫ | 'nuk.hiʃ ku'ha.ɾud.ʒa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'ɫij.di ||

ˌkup.ʃin 'hid.niʃ in'dup ba 'ɫu.ʒin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||

'kuh.ɾud.ʒa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.nu-ɫiʹɫu.ʒa ˌɫiʒ.nin ɫi'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin in'jiʃ.kiz.ɾa ||

ˌkup.ʃin 'hid.niʃ ba tupˌʃi.na in'bit.ʃi ||

'kuh.tiʃ in'dup ba 'pid.nin in'ʒiʃ.sa ||

'kuh.ɾud.ʒa ˌɫiʒ.nin ɫi'jat 'kub.ɫin in'ɫij.di ||

ˌkup.ʃin hi'dan 'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.ɫa | 'kuh.tiʃ 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak ʹhij.ba]

'''Ciɟriskin Sitka:'''

[ˌkup.cin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.tu ||

ˌkup.cin hi'dan ku'had.la ˌmu.min im'bu.la | 'lub.nin u'lu.lic ˌpin.din tu'bak ||

'pid.nin ˌliɟ.nin i'lij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ɟa i'gub.luh ba in'luh.ti ||

'lac.ta iŋ'gug.ma ||

ˌpin.din 'tup.kic 'lub.nis 'lu.ɟin ci'ɟaɫ | i'nuk.hic ku'ha.ɾud.ɟa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'lij.di ||

ˌkup.cin 'hid.nic in'dup ba 'lu.ɟin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||

'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.nu iʹlu.ɟa ˌliɟ.nin li'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin iɲ'jic.kiz.ɾa ||

ˌkup.cin 'hid.nic ba ˌtup.ci.na im'bit.ci ||

'kuh.tic in'dup ba 'pid.nin iɲ'ɟic.sa ||

'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌliɟ.nin li'jat 'kub.lin in'lij.di ||

ˌkup.cin hi'dan i'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.la | 'kuh.tic 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak]

'''Suɟin Sugra:'''

[ʹkup.ʧin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.tu ||

ʹkup.ʧin hi'dan ku'had.wa ʹmum.in in'bu.wa | 'wub.nin u'wu.wiʧ ˌpin.din tu'bak ||

'pid.nin ʹwiʤ.nin i'wij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ʤa i'gub.wuh ba in'wuh.ti ||

'waʧ.ta in'gug.ma ||

ˌpin.din 'tup.kiʧ 'wub.nis 'wu.ʤin ʧi'ʤaw | i'nuk.hiʧ ku'ha.ɾud.ʤa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'wij.di ||

ʹkup.ʧin 'hid.niʧ in'dup ba 'wu.ʤin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||

'kuh.ɾud.ʤa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.nu iʹwu.ʤa ʹwiʤ.nin wi'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin in'jiʧ.kiz.ɾa ||

ʹkup.ʧin 'hid.niʧ ba ʹtup.ʧi.na in'bit.ʧi ||

'kuh.tiʧ in'dup ba 'pid.nin in'ʤiʧ.sa ||

'kuh.ɾud.ʤa ʹwiʤ.nin wi'jat 'kub.win in'wij.di ||

ʹkup.ʧin hi'dan i'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.wa | 'kuh.tiʧ 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak]

'''iNukhin Kina'''

[ˌkup.cin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.ty ||

ˌkup.cin hi'dan ku'had.wa ˌmum.in in'by.wa | 'wub.nin y'wy.wyc ˌpin.din tu'bak ||

'pid.nin ˌwyɟ.nin i'wij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ɟa i'gub.wuh ba in'wuh.ti ||

'wac.ta in'gug.ma ||

ˌpin.din 'tup.kyc 'wub.nis 'wy.ɟin ci'ɟaw | i'nuk.hyc ku'ha.ɾud.ɟa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'wij.di ||

ˌkup.cin 'hid.nyc in'dup ba 'wy.ɟin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||

'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.ny iʹwy.ɟa ˌwiɟ.nin wi'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin in'jic.kiz.ɾa ||

ˌkup.cin 'hid.nyc ba ˌtup.ci.na in'bit.ci ||

'kuh.tyc in'dup ba 'pid.nin in'ɟyc.sa ||

'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌwyɟ.nin wi'jat 'kub.win in'wij.di ||

ˌkup.cin hi'dan i'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.wa | 'kuh.tyc 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak]

==Other resources==

For an online dictionary see http://conworkshop.info/view_language.php?l=PML

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[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[Category:~~Conlangs~~]]

[[Category:Languages]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{featured}}
 {{Infobox language
 |name = Mila
@@ Line 5: / Line 4: @@
 |pronunciation = [ˈmi.ɫɐ]
 |creator = Gary Taylor-Raebel
-|setting = Kukca Planet
+|setting = Kumla Planet
 |region = Sizmin Kuka Island.
 |speakers = c3000
@@ Line 15: / Line 14: @@
 }}
-Mila is the language spoken by colonisers on the planet Kukca. It is descended from, and mutually comprehensible with, the constructed language, Proto-Mila, as spoken on the home planet of Kumja. It has about 3000 speakers living in five settlements spread along the Siska River. There are slight dialectal differences between each settlement, though these too are all mutually comprehensible.
+Mila is the language spoken by colonists on the planet Kumla. It is descended from, and mutually comprehensible with the constructed language, Proto-Mila, as spoken on the home planet of Kumja. It has about 3000 speakers living in five settlements spread along the Siska River. There are slight dialectal differences between each settlement, though these too are all mutually comprehensible.
 <!--
@@ Line 28: / Line 27: @@
 ==Introduction==
-Mila is the language spoken by the lula on the planet Kukca. The lula come originally from a technologically advanced planet. The planet Kukca had been terraformed many million years previously and was deemed ripe for colonisation. The colonists were sent under the pretext that they would be repairing the on-planet communication system (in the form of a pyramid), but were not told that they would subsequently become colonists, (it has been discovered that finding willing volunteers is a far from easy task and the home planet necessarily resorted to tricks to send colonists). The colonists had been genetically altered to thrive on the planet, based on readings sent from the communication towers.
+Mila is the language spoken by the lula on the planet Kukca. The lula came originally from a technologically advanced home planet. The planet Kukca had been terraformed many million years previously and was deemed ripe for colonisation. The exact reason for the planet to have been colonised has become unclear with time and there are a number of theories, some more sinister than others. It seems the colonists were sent under the pretext that they would be repairing an on-planet communication system (in the form of a pyramid), but were not told that they would subsequently become colonists, (it has been discovered that finding willing volunteers is a far from easy task and the home planet necessarily resorted to tricks to send colonists). The colonists had been genetically altered from before birth to thrive on the planet, based on readings sent from the communication towers.
-Other planets which have been previously terraformed have become 'zoos' which may be occasionally visited (our own Earth is one such planet), holiday destinations or like this one colonies, and partly as an elaborate social experiment from the home planet to see how lula can cope. The colonists first arrived about 150 years previous to the language as described here is spoken. On colonisation the language was completely regular having been the constructed lingua franca of the home planet.
+Other planets which have been previously terraformed have become 'zoos' which may be occasionally visited (our own Earth is one such planet), holiday destinations or like this one colonies, and partly as an elaborate social experiment from the home planet to see how lula can cope. The colonists first arrived about 150 years previous to the language as described here is spoken. On colonisation the language was completely regular having been the main constructed lingua franca of the home planet.
 ===Goals===
-The original aim of Mila was not to create a whole language fitting into a constructed world, but rather a way to experiment with language change. I wanted to create a language with a simple phonological system and phonotactics which may be manipulated to explore how language can change and to test certain linguistic hypotheses, historical phonology being my main area of interest. I soon discovered though that it would be a good chance to improve my knowledge of other areas of linguistics and it has inevitably developed into a full language. I didn't want at an early stage to deal with loan words which is why I felt it necessary to have the language in complete isolation and a constructed world has thus also been created. With a constructed world and culture it brings with it all the problems of translations from Earth-based languages. How does one translate 'dog' for example? Mila does have a word for 'dog' but it should be understood as a dog-like creature, as opposed to an actual dog. As such the goals of the language have somewhat drifted, now focussing on a realistic setting for the language, though development of the language into separate daughter languages is also an ultimate goal.
+The original aim of Mila was not to create a whole language fitting into a constructed world, but rather a way to experiment with language change. I wanted to create a language with a simple phonological system and phonotactics which may be manipulated to explore how language can change and to test certain linguistic hypotheses, historical phonology being my main area of interest. I soon discovered though that it would be a good chance to improve my knowledge of other areas of linguistics and it has inevitably developed into a full language. I didn't want at an early stage to deal with loan words which is why I felt it necessary to have the language in complete isolation and a constructed world has thus also been created. With a constructed world and culture it brings with it all the problems of translations from Earth-based languages. How does one translate 'dog', for example? Mila does have a word for 'dog' but it should be understood as a dog-like creature, as opposed to an actual dog. As such the goals of the language have somewhat drifted, now focussing on a realistic setting for the language, though development of the language into separate daughter languages is also an ultimate goal.
 ===Design===
@@ Line 39: / Line 38: @@
 ===History===
-The lula who first inhabited the planet were raised by scientists in isolation, a necessity as they had been genetically moderated to cope with the planets climate (which is much hotter than the home planet) and air (which is richer in oxygen than the home planet). The scientists, being from an international background, spoke the planet's lingua franca, which is itself a constructed language, based on many of the home planet's language families. The original Mila (meaning simply 'language') was therefore completely regular. In the 150 years since colonisation the original population of 56 has risen to a few thousand (they breed quickly) and the language is now the everyday mother-tongue of the speakers, a situation which has never occurred on the home planet, such that Mila on the home planet has changed little in years. As a mother-tongue, though, the language has undergone a number of changes and irregularities have crept in, most notably in the phonology, shortenings of pronouns and semantic shifts.
+The lula who first inhabited the planet were raised by scientists in isolation, a necessity as they had been genetically modified to cope with the planet's climate (which is much hotter than the home planet) and air (which is richer in oxygen than the home planet). The scientists, being from an international background, spoke the home planet's lingua franca, which is itself a constructed language, based on many of the home planet's language families. The original Mila (meaning simply 'language') was therefore completely regular. In the 150 years since colonisation the original population of 56 has risen to a few thousand (they breed quickly) and the language is now the everyday mother-tongue of the speakers, a situation which has never occurred on the home planet, such that Mila on the home planet has changed little in years having been constantly monitored by language purists. As a mother-tongue, though, the language has undergone a number of changes, and irregularities have crept in, most notably in the phonology, shortenings of pronouns and semantic shifts.
 <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
@@ Line 62: / Line 61: @@
 -->
 ==Phonology==
 The Mila phonological system consists of 11, 14 or 15 consonants and two or three vowels, depending on the analysis as shall be described below.
@@ Line 339: / Line 339: @@
 ====Intonation====
-Main sentence stress falls on the part of the sentence where agreement with the subject falls. This however is not the case if this word is a pronoun (which in non-formal speech are shortened). If there is a pronoun then the stress will fall on the verb, and if there is no verb, then the stress will fall on the subject. There is a rise in intonation before the main sentence stress and then the intonation falls from this main stress. There is no difference between statements and questions.
+Main sentence stress falls on the part of the sentence where agreement with the subject falls. This however is not the case if this word is a pronoun (which in non-formal speech are shortened). If there is a pronoun then the stress will fall on the verb, and if there is no verb, then the stress will fall on the subject. There is a rise in intonation before the main sentence stress and then the intonation falls from this main stress. There is often no difference between statements and questions, although the rise leading to the sentence stress may be greater in questions.
 ===Phonotactics===
@@ Line 394: / Line 394: @@
 ====Voicing====
-The first is that adjacent consonants must agree in the amount of voicing. If therefore a voiceless obstruent (apart from '''ι''' /h/) is adjacent to a voiced consonant then it will become voiced. The word for ''house'' is '''υɔυ''' before voicing considerations are taken we have the basic outline of /ʹluk.la/ (the asterisk indicates a wrong form). The /k/ needs to agree for voicing with the following /l/ which is voiced. The /l/ cannot devoice so the /k/ must become the voiced /g/. giving us [ʹlug.lɐ]. Similarly, the word for ''more'' is '''oωɾ''' which gives the basic outline /ʹpin.ta/ but the /t/ needs to agree for voicing with the preceding /n/ so will become /d/, giving us [ʹpin.dɐ].
+The first is that adjacent consonants must agree in the amount of voicing. If therefore a voiceless obstruent (apart from '''ι''' /h/) is adjacent to a voiced consonant then it will become voiced. The word for ''house'' is '''υɔυ''' and before voicing considerations are taken we have the basic outline of /ʹluk.la/. The /k/ needs to agree for voicing with the following /l/ which is voiced. The /l/ cannot devoice so the /k/ must become the voiced /g/, giving us [ʹlug.lɐ]. Similarly, the word for ''more'' is '''oωɾ''' which gives the basic outline /ʹpin.ta/ but the /t/ needs to agree for voicing with the preceding /n/ so will become /d/, giving us [ʹpin.dɐ].
 ====Liquid Elision====
-If coda /l/ or /r/ occur after /u/ or /i/ respectively then the /l/ and /r/ will be elided. We thus have the example of the word ''language'' '''ɷʌυ''' which has the root MRL. Without elision the syllabification gives /ʹmir.la/, but the /r/ follows /a/ and is in coda position, so the pronunciation is [ʹmi.ɫɐ]. Similarly the word for ''four'' is '''oυɾ''' which will syllabify prior to elision as /ʹpul.da/ but with elision it surfaces as [ʹpu.dɐ].
+If coda /l/ or /r/ occur after /u/ or /i/ respectively then the /l/ and /r/ will be elided. We thus have the example of the word ''language'' '''ɷʌυ''' which has the root MRL. Without elision the syllabification gives /ʹmir.la/, but the /r/ follows /i/ and is in coda position, so the pronunciation is [ʹmi.ɫɐ]. Similarly the word for ''four'' is '''oυɾ''' which will syllabify prior to elision as /ʹpul.ta/ but with elision (and voicing of /t/) it surfaces as [ʹpu.dɐ].
 ====Degemination====
@@ Line 408: / Line 408: @@
 ====Grammatical /a/====
-A grammatical /a/ can be inserted (which will take the word stress). This is shown in the orthography by placing an acute accent above the consonant it precedes. ''I am hungry'' is for example '''ɷ́on'''. As the acute accent is above the '''ɷ''' we must insert /a/ before this sound. This gives us the modified root of aMPC. Starting from this /a/ we then syllabify /ʹam.bic/. ''You are hungry'' translates as '''ɷón''' will insert /a/ before the second syllable giving the modified root of MaPC which syllabifies as /ʹmap.ca/. And finally ''(s)he is hungry'' translates as '''ɷoń''' giving the modified root as MPaC. Again starting from the left we start with /mV/ The vowel will be /u/ because of the following non-coronal sound, but the /p/ will not complete the syllable, but rather forms the onset of the following consonant, giving the syllabification of /muʹbac/.
+A grammatical /a/ can be inserted (which will take the word stress). This is shown in the orthography by placing an acute accent above the consonant it precedes. ''I am hungry'' is for example '''ɷ́on'''. As the acute accent is above the '''ɷ''' we must insert /a/ before this sound. This gives us the modified root of aMPC. Starting from this /a/ we then syllabify /ʹam.pic/ surfacing as [ʹam.bic]. ''You are hungry'' translates as '''ɷón''' will insert /a/ before the second syllable giving the modified root of MaPC which syllabifies as /ʹmap.ca/. And finally ''(s)he is hungry'' translates as '''ɷoń''' giving the modified root as MPaC. Again starting from the left we start with /mV/ The vowel will be /u/ because of the following non-coronal sound, but the /p/ will not complete the syllable, but rather forms the onset of the following consonant, giving the syllabification of /muʹpac/ ([muʹbac]). Note that liquid elision does not occur following /a/ such that ''You are four'' is '''oύɾ''' which syllabifies as /ʹpal.ta/ and surfaces as [ʹpaɫ.dɐ] without elision of /l/.
 ====Irregularities====
@@ Line 422: / Line 422: @@
 ===Morphophonology===
-Mila has a series of affixes, either prefixes or suffixes. In the orthography these are shown separated from the root with the symbol ''':'''. Syllabification of suffixes is a continuation of the syllabification process of the root. Prefixes are syllabified in the form VC. A word such as ''closed''-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> is ʌ:cιɾ:ω which syllabifies prior to phonological processes as /irʹsuh.tin/ but will surface as [iʹzuh.tin]. Because of the syllabification rules any affix may have a number of allomorphs. The dubitative suffix is ''':o''' /-p/ which may surfaces as [-up] if following an onset consonant, [-pa] if following a voiceless coda and [-ba] if following a voiced coda.
+Mila has a series of affixes, either prefixes or suffixes. In the orthography these are shown separated from the root with the symbol ''':'''. Syllabification of suffixes is a continuation of the syllabification process of the root. Prefixes are syllabified in the form VC. A word such as ''closed''-<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">adj</span> is ʌ:cιɾ:ω which syllabifies prior to phonological processes as /irʹsuh.tin/ but will surface as [iʹzuh.tin]. Because of the syllabification rules any affix may have a number of allomorphs. The dubitative suffix is ''':o''' /-p/ which may surface as [-up] if following an onset consonant, [-pa] if following a voiceless coda and [-ba] if following a voiced coda.
 ==Morphology==
@@ Line 1,042: / Line 1,042: @@
 means ‘the eating pig’ (so a pig which is eating).
+===Numerals===
+The base ten numerals of Mila come in two forms, called long and short forms. The most commonly used form of counting would be a mixture of both forms, with the first five numbers most commonly given in their long forms and numbers beyond 5 given in their short form.
+====Long Form Numerals====
+The numbers 1-5 are as follows:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! Number
+! 1
+! 2
+! 3
+! 4
+! 5
+|-
+! Symbol
+| .ɛ.
+| .ɜ.
+| .ɤ.
+| .m.
+| .ɞ.
+|-
+! Written form
+| ωɔι
+| υnɾ
+| ωoɷ
+| oυɾ
+| υɾɾ
+|-
+! Pronunciation
+| ['nukhɐ]
+| ['lictɐ]
+| ['nubmɐ]
+| ['pudɐ]
+| ['litɐ]
+|}
+Although these numerals behave like adjectives they do not take the adjectival ending ''':ω''' [-in] when modifying nouns, so we would say, for example, '''.ɤ.-υɔɔ''' [pudɐ 'lukɐ] for ''4 chairs''. Note that the numeral in this position does not take stress. If placed in the predicate position then it inflects as with other predicates. If the numeral modifies the subject then predicate agreement for the numerals 1-5 will be in the singular.
+The numerals 6-10 are, rather confusingly, identical in pronunciation to the numbers 1-5 respectively, the difference between the two is that they have different symbols and a predicate will be in the plural for the numbers 6-10. The symbols in Mila are 6 '''.c.''', 7 '''ɔ''', 8 '''ɾ''', 9 '''n''', 10 '''o'''. We therefore have the sentences '''.ɤ.-υɔɔ:n-ʌɾń''' [nubmɐ 'lukic ri'dac] ''three chairs are broken'' which does not have the plural indicator on the predicate so [nubma] indicates ''3'', whereas '''.ɾ.-υɔɔ:n-ʌɾń:ɾ''' [nubmɐ 'lukic ri'dactɐ] ''eight chairs are broken''. Long form numbers are restricted to the numbers from one to ten.
+====Short Form Numerals====
+Although there are long forms for the numbers from one to ten, because of the correspondence between the numerals one to five and those from six to ten, in practice these are often not used for the numbers from six to ten. Each of these numbers also has a short form which are as follows:
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! Number
+| 1
+| 2
+| 3
+| 4
+| 5
+| 6
+| 7
+| 8
+| 9
+| 10
+|-
+! Short form
+| [nu]
+| [ic]
+| [ub]
+| [pu]
+| [li]
+| [kuh]
+| [cit]
+| [pum]
+| [lit]
+| [tit]
+|}
+In usual speech the long forms are used for the numbers from 1 to 5, whereas the short forms are used for the numbers beyond 6. Using the long form for 6-10 is now considered old fashioned. The short forms will also be used for the numbers 1-5 when describing mathematical processes. Again when these are used with the subject the predicate will be singular for the numbers 1-5 and plural for the numbers 6-10.
 ===Verbs===
@@ Line 1,111: / Line 1,187: @@
 ==Dialectal Differences==
+There are five settlements in the lula world four are spread along the Siska River, from the West to East are the main town of iNukhin Litpa (given in the following description as IL), on the opposite bank is Ciɟriskin Sitka (CS), a harbour town further upstream Suɟin Sugra (SS) and the university town in the foothills iNukhin Kina (IK). These are joined by the mining town Jijgin Litpa (JL) to the north of iNukhin Litpa. Each of these have distinctive dialectal features which will be outlined below.
+===Differences in Pronunciation===
+====Pronunciation of '''n''' [c ~ ɟ]====
+There is a trend, stigmatised in IL, although it can also be found there to pronounce /c/ as [ʧ] and /ɟ/ as [ʤ]. This is absent from the South Bank dialects in IK and IL but can be found in those on the North Bank. The dialect of JL goes further and these are pronounced [ʃ] and [ʒ] respectively.
+====Pronunciation of Preconsonantal Vowels====
+Although preconsonantal vowels are described as either /i/ or /u/ depending on whether they are coronal or not respectively and when not grammatical /a/ the accent of IK pronounces pre-[c ~ ɟ] and pre-[l] (whether this has disappeared or not) with lip rounding as [y]. This accent maintains a difference between such words as, for example, '''ɔυι''' [ʹkyhɐ] ''door'' and '''ɔιι''' [ʹkuhɐ] ''road'' which have merged to [ʹkuhɐ] in the other varieties.
+====Pronunciation of Coda Nasals====
+Although coda /m/ and /n/ are pronounced as such in most dialects, they have merged in CS to become [n] when not followed by another consonant and they assimilate for place with the following consonant if one is present in the same word (this assimilation does not take place across word boundaries). Thus '''cɷo''' [ʹsumbɐ] ''syrup'' is pronounced [ʹsumbɐ] whereas '''cωo''' [ʹsinbɐ] ''still water'' is pronounced [ʹsimbɐ], the preconsonantal vowel being the indication of the former consonant /n/.
+====Stress====
+In compound words in the standard language the main stress is usually given to the second element and the first element receives secondary stress. This is not the case in SS where both elements receive equal stress. In JL, if the first element has three syllables then the secondary stress of the compound shifts to the penultimate syllable. So a compound such as '''ɔʌι:ʌ:ω-vnʌ''' ''sloth'' which is pronounced [ˌkihinɐ ʹjiɟɾɐ] in the standard is pronounced [ʹkihinɐ ʹjiɟɾɐ] in SS and [kiˌhinɐ ʹjiʒɾɐ] in JL.
+====Syllable Structure====
+In most accents words such as '''ιʌω''' ''to woo'' and '''ιωω''' ''density'' have merged to [ʹhinɐ]. The syllable structure differs however in SS and IK from the other accents. Elsewhere the syllable structures are identically arranged as [ʹhi.nɐ], however in SS and IK the structure is [ʹhi.nɐ] if a /r/ or /l/ has been elided, whereas it is [ʹhin.ɐ] if a sound has been degeminated. At the surface level this does not have much difference, but the two are stored differently and for speakers the syllable structure is a relevant feature. In the later history of the language this also becomes relevant. We can speak of a near-merger here for these two varieties.
+====Epenthetic Liquids====
+In all the dialects coda /r/ and /l/ have been elided when preceded by /i/ and /u/ respectively, such that a word such as '''ιυι:ʌ''' ''to wake up'' has become [ʹhuhi] with no final /r/ and '''ιυι:υ''' ''also to sleep'' is [ʹhuhu] with no final /l/. This coda sound is completely lost in all positions everywhere apart from in JL where it reappears epenthetically when followed by a vowel. This is also extended intrusively to positions where it did not occur historically. ''I slept and dreamt'' is '''óoo-ω:ιυι-óoo-ω:ιωɷ:υ''' which is commonly pronounced [ɐp inʹhuhu ɐp inʹhinmu], but in JL it becomes [ɐp inʹhuhu'''ɫ''' ɐp inʹhinmu] where there was no historical /l/ present. This feature is open to ridicule by non-JL speakers and as such is often avoided when in conversation with outsiders. Older speakers are more likely to epenthesise the liquids based on historical position, whereas epenthesis intrusively is becoming more common amongst younger speakers.
+====The Pronunciation of '''υ''' /l/====
+In SS and IK this sound has become [w]. In CS the velarisation is lost in onset position and is only [ɫ] in coda position. In the other towns it is [ɫ] in all positions.
+===Morphological Differences===
+====Predicate Plurals====
+Although in the standard language the plurality of the predicate is not shown, or if necessary is shown with constructions such as ''some ...'', ''all of ...'', ''three ...'' etc., in SS, IK and CS it is possible to show the plural of the predicate (and also the subject, though this is rarer) by making the object to be adjectival and adding '''υυυ''' [ɫuɫɐ] ''person'', '''vvv''' [jijɐ] ''animal'', '''ɾɾɾ''' [titɐ] ''thing nearby'', '''nnn''' [cicɐ] ''thing in sight'' or '''ooo''' [pupɐ] ''thing out of sight''. Abstract nouns also use '''ooo'''. The stress in these constructions falls on the adjective (so the object) and not the ''plural'' noun.
+====Present Tense====
+The present tense marker on verbal forms is shown as '''ʌ:''' [i(ɾ)-]. There is some variation in its usage. In IL and CS this is usually omitted when it is followed by another prefix, so the present tense of '''ɔ:ɷvo''' [ug'mijbɐ] ''to overeat'' is written as '''ʌ:ɔ:ɷɔo''', so with the present tense marker, but it is pronounced without this marker as [ug'mijbɐ], whereas in SS and IK it is pronounced [irug'mijbɐ]. The accent of JL has gone further and the verbal prefix '''ʌ:''' is never pronounced, so '''ʌ:ɷvo''' to eat is just pronounced ['mijbɐ] and not [i'mijbɐ] as in the other towns, this is also often extended to the locative usage of this prefix in very common phrases. If the initial root sound has become a voiced sound because of the prefix, this voicing is often extended here even when the prefix is lost, so '''ʌ:cυc''' [iʹzuza] <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">pres</span>-swim will be pronounced [ʹzuzɐ].
+===Semantic Differences===
+===='''ιvo''' [hijbɐ] to happen====
+'''ιvo''' [hijbɐ] to happen may be used colloquially to describe the usual action of a noun. So for a sentence such as ''the sun shines'' we may colloquially replace ''shines'' with ''happens'' in Mila. This is very commonly used colloquially for weather conditions in all towns, so ''rain falls'', ''snow falls'', ''wind blows'' etc. may replace the verb with ''happens'', '''ʌ:ιvo''' [ihijbɐ]. It may dialectally have more uses, though. In the Eastern and Southern towns of SS, IK and CS it is also used with animals to describe the noise they make, so ''a dog happens'' would mean ''a dog barks'' for example. This verb is not generally used this way in the remaining two towns. In JL the verb is often used instead of predicate forms. A sentence such as '''υʌɾ:n-oιń''' [ʹɫidic puʹhac] ''the boy is happy'' will commonly be produced in JL as '''υʌɾ:n-oιń-ʌ:ιvo''' [ʹɫidiʃ puʹhaʃ ʹhijba].
+====Numerals====
+The numerals up to ten are shown as having two forms which are described as long and short in the main dialect of IL, with the long forms being the usual ones for the numbers 1-5 and the short forms limited to mathematical descriptions. In the University of Inukhin Kina, however, where the sciences and mathematics are studied the short forms are the ones used as they can unambiguously show the numbers used. Here then, and also within the town, the short numbers are more commonly used in all settings and the long numbers are considered unrefined.
+===Dialect Comparison Text===
+Dialect examples from the different villages compared to the standard.
+The North Wind and the Sun
+'''ɔon:ω-ιɾω-ɔιɾ:υ ɔon:ω-ιɾώ-ɔιɾ́:υ-ɷɷɷ:ω-ω:oυυ-υoω:ω-υ:υυυ:n-oωɾ:ω-ɾoɔ́ oɾω:ω-υnω:ω-ʌ:υvɾ:ω-ɔιʌ:υɾ:n-ʌ:ɔoυ:ι-ooó-ω:υιɾ:ʌ υυń:ɾ-ω:ɔɔω oωɾ:ω-ɾoɔ:n-υoω:c-υυn:ω-nnύ-ʌ:.ɛ.:n-ɔιʌ́:υɾ:n-ωɔʌ-ooó-υvɾ:ʌ ɔon:ω-ιɾω:n-ω:ɾo-ooó-υυn:ω-ɾoɔ:ω-ɔιc:ω-ω:ιɾω ɔιʌ:υɾ:n-ɾʌω-oωɾ:ω-ιɾω:υ-ʌ:υυn-υnω:ω-υvɾ́-oωɾ:ω-ιωc:ω-ω:vnɔ:cʌ ɔon:ω-ιɾω:n-ooó-ɾno:ʌ:ω-ω:oɾn:ʌ ɔιɾ:n-ω:ɾo-ooó-oɾω:ω-ω:nnc ɔιʌ:υɾ:n-υnω:ω-υvɾ́-ɔoυ:ω-ω:υvɾ:ʌ ɔon:ω-ιɾώ-ω:ωɔʌ-ooó-ʌ:ɷʌυ-ɔιɾ:n-υoω:c-oωɾ:ω-ɾoɔ́'''
+'''Standard:'''
+[ˌkup.cin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.tu ||
+ˌkup.cin hi'dan ku'had.ɫa ˌmu.min in'bu.ɫa | 'ɫub.nin u'ɫu.ɫic ˌpin.din tu'bak ||
+'pid.nin ˌɫiɟ.nin i'ɫij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ɟa i'gub.ɫuh ba in'ɫuh.ti ||
+'ɫac.ta in'gug.ma ||
+ˌpin.din 'tup.kic 'ɫub.nis 'ɫu.ɟin ci'ɟaɫ | i'nuk.hic ku'ha.ɾud.ɟa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'ɫij.di ||
+ˌkup.cin 'hid.nic in'dup ba 'ɫu.ɟin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.nu iʹɫu.ɟa ˌɫiɟ.nin ɫi'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin in'jic.kiz.ɾa ||
+ˌkup.cin 'hid.nic ba ˌtup.ci.na in'bit.ci ||
+'kuh.tic in'dup ba 'pid.nin in'ɟic.sa ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌɫiɟ.nin ɫi'jat 'kub.ɫin in'ɫij.di ||
+ˌkup.cin hi'dan i'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.ɫa | 'kuh.tic 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak]
+'''iNukhin Litpa:'''
+[ˌkup.ʧin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.tu ||
+ˌkup.ʧin hi'dan ku'had.ɫa ˌmu.min in'bu.ɫa | 'ɫub.nin u'ɫu.ɫiʧ ˌpin.din tu'bak ||
+'pid.nin ˌɫiʤ.nin i'ɫij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ʤa i'gub.ɫuh ba in'ɫuh.ti ||
+'ɫaʧ.ta in'gug.ma ||
+ˌpin.din 'tup.kiʧ 'ɫub.nis 'ɫu.ʤin ʧi'ʤaɫ | i'nuk.hiʧ ku'ha.ɾud.ʤa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'ɫij.di ||
+ˌkup.ʧin 'hid.niʧ in'dup ba 'ɫu.ʤin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ʤa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.nu iʹɫu.ʤa ˌɫiʤ.nin ɫi'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin in'jiʧ.kiz.ɾa ||
+ˌkup.ʧin 'hid.niʧ ba ˌtup.ʧi.na in'bit.ʧi ||
+'kuh.tiʧ in'dup ba 'pid.nin in'ʤiʧ.sa ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ʤa ˌɫiʤ.nin ɫi'jat 'kub.ɫin in'ɫij.di ||
+ˌkup.ʧin hi'dan i'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.ɫa | 'kuh.tiʧ 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak]
+'''Jijgin Litpa:'''
+[ˌkup.ʃin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.tu ||
+ˌkup.ʃin hi'dan ku'had.ɫa ˌmu.min in'bu.ɫa | 'ɫub.nin u'ɫu.ɫiʃ ˌpin.din tu'bak ʹhij.ba||
+'pid.nin ˌɫiʒ.nin 'ɫij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ʒa 'gub.ɫuh ba in'ɫuh.ti ||
+'ɫaʃ.ta in'gug.ma ||
+ˌpin.din 'tup.kiʃ 'ɫub.nis 'ɫu.ʒin ʃi'ʒaɫ | 'nuk.hiʃ ku'ha.ɾud.ʒa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'ɫij.di ||
+ˌkup.ʃin 'hid.niʃ in'dup ba 'ɫu.ʒin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ʒa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.nu-ɫiʹɫu.ʒa ˌɫiʒ.nin ɫi'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin in'jiʃ.kiz.ɾa ||
+ˌkup.ʃin 'hid.niʃ ba tupˌʃi.na in'bit.ʃi ||
+'kuh.tiʃ in'dup ba 'pid.nin in'ʒiʃ.sa ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ʒa ˌɫiʒ.nin ɫi'jat 'kub.ɫin in'ɫij.di ||
+ˌkup.ʃin hi'dan 'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.ɫa | 'kuh.tiʃ 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak ʹhij.ba]
+'''Ciɟriskin Sitka:'''
+[ˌkup.cin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.tu ||
+ˌkup.cin hi'dan ku'had.la ˌmu.min im'bu.la | 'lub.nin u'lu.lic ˌpin.din tu'bak ||
+'pid.nin ˌliɟ.nin i'lij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ɟa i'gub.luh ba in'luh.ti ||
+'lac.ta iŋ'gug.ma ||
+ˌpin.din 'tup.kic 'lub.nis 'lu.ɟin ci'ɟaɫ | i'nuk.hic ku'ha.ɾud.ɟa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'lij.di ||
+ˌkup.cin 'hid.nic in'dup ba 'lu.ɟin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.nu iʹlu.ɟa ˌliɟ.nin li'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin iɲ'jic.kiz.ɾa ||
+ˌkup.cin 'hid.nic ba ˌtup.ci.na im'bit.ci ||
+'kuh.tic in'dup ba 'pid.nin iɲ'ɟic.sa ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌliɟ.nin li'jat 'kub.lin in'lij.di ||
+ˌkup.cin hi'dan i'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.la | 'kuh.tic 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak]
+'''Suɟin Sugra:'''
+[ʹkup.ʧin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.tu ||
+ʹkup.ʧin hi'dan ku'had.wa ʹmum.in in'bu.wa | 'wub.nin u'wu.wiʧ ˌpin.din tu'bak ||
+'pid.nin ʹwiʤ.nin i'wij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ʤa i'gub.wuh ba in'wuh.ti ||
+'waʧ.ta in'gug.ma ||
+ˌpin.din 'tup.kiʧ 'wub.nis 'wu.ʤin ʧi'ʤaw | i'nuk.hiʧ ku'ha.ɾud.ʤa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'wij.di ||
+ʹkup.ʧin 'hid.niʧ in'dup ba 'wu.ʤin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ʤa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.nu iʹwu.ʤa ʹwiʤ.nin wi'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin in'jiʧ.kiz.ɾa ||
+ʹkup.ʧin 'hid.niʧ ba ʹtup.ʧi.na in'bit.ʧi ||
+'kuh.tiʧ in'dup ba 'pid.nin in'ʤiʧ.sa ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ʤa ʹwiʤ.nin wi'jat 'kub.win in'wij.di ||
+ʹkup.ʧin hi'dan i'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.wa | 'kuh.tiʧ 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak]
+'''iNukhin Kina'''
+[ˌkup.cin ʹhid.na ʹkuh.ty ||
+ˌkup.cin hi'dan ku'had.wa ˌmum.in in'by.wa | 'wub.nin y'wy.wyc ˌpin.din tu'bak ||
+'pid.nin ˌwyɟ.nin i'wij.din 'kuh.ɾud.ɟa i'gub.wuh ba in'wuh.ti ||
+'wac.ta in'gug.ma ||
+ˌpin.din 'tup.kyc 'wub.nis 'wy.ɟin ci'ɟaw | i'nuk.hyc ku'ha.ɾud.ɟa 'nug.ɾa | ba 'wij.di ||
+ˌkup.cin 'hid.nyc in'dup ba 'wy.ɟin 'tup.kin 'kuh.sin in'hid.na ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌti.na ˌpin.din 'hid.ny iʹwy.ɟa ˌwiɟ.nin wi'jat ˌpin.din 'hin.zin in'jic.kiz.ɾa ||
+ˌkup.cin 'hid.nyc ba ˌtup.ci.na in'bit.ci ||
+'kuh.tyc in'dup ba 'pid.nin in'ɟyc.sa ||
+'kuh.ɾud.ɟa ˌwyɟ.nin wi'jat 'kub.win in'wij.di ||
+ˌkup.cin hi'dan i'nug.ɾa | ba 'mi.wa | 'kuh.tyc 'hid.nis ˌpin.din tu'bak]
 ==Other resources==
 For an online dictionary see http://conworkshop.info/view_language.php?l=PML
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 [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
-[[Category:Conlangs]]
+[[Category:Languages]]