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== Sound changes of import ==
== Sound changes of import ==
From the Wikipedia page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic History of Proto-Slavic] are the following important developments (note pretty much everything here paraphrases the linked article sections):
* '''Changes in syllable structure'''
:* ''Tendency for rising sonority in a syllable''
:* ''Law of Open Syllables'' - examples given include *kun-je-mou > ku-nje-mou and *vuz-dā-tēi > vu-zdā-tēi (kъňemu and vъzdati).
::* Suggested allowable initial clusters: nj, zd, stv; Illegal intial clusters: nt, rd, pn)
::* Impossible to resyllabify, then final obstruents can be deleted (*supnos > sъnъ, sŭnŭ)
::* Includes nazalisation, metathesis, etc.
:* ''Syllable synharmony'' - includes palatalisation.
* '''Nasalization'''
:* Length distinction is lost before nasals and and nasal vowels start off elongated
:* from Wikipedia:
:: {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Late PIE !! Early Proto-Slavic !! Proto-Slavic !! Common Slavic
|-
| *am, *an, *ām, *ān || colspan=2|*ą̄ || *ǫ
|-
| *em, *en, *ēm, *ēn || colspan=2|ę̄ || *ę
|-
| *im, *in, *īm, *īn || į̄  || ę̄ || *ę
|-
| *um, *un, *ūm, *ūn  || colspan=2|*ų̄ || *y
|-
| *Jum, *Jun, *Jūm, *Jūn  || *Jų̄ || *Jį̄ || *Ję̇
|}
<!--::* *aN, *āN > ą̄ > '''ǫ''' (a/o are treated as "the back vowel")
::* *eN, iN, ēN, īN > ę̄ > '''ę'''
::* *uN, ūN > ų̄ > '''y'''
::* *JuN, JūN > Jį̄ > '''Ję̇''' (J = iotised)-->
::: Examples: *źambas > *zǫ̂bъ; *źénˀtas > *zę̀tъ; *deśimtas > *desętъ; *lúnˀka > *lỳko; *kanjun(s) > *koňę̇.
:* Nasalisation before nasal consonant is possible but often results in denasalisation, cf. *inmen > *jĭmę (expected *jęmę; presumably denasalised while iN > į̄ and hadn't merged with ę̄ yet).
* '''First regressive palatalization'''
:* All velars palatalise to postalveolar values before front vowels (i/ī/e/ē and j)
::* k > č; g > dž > ž; x > š; sk > šč; zg > ždž.
::: Example: PGmc *helmaz > šelmъ.
* '''Iotation'''
:* Pervasive from end of first palatalisation to end of common period.
:* Dentals are palatalised with *j
::* tj > ť; dj > ď; stj > šť (> šč); zdj > žď (> ždž); sj > š; zj > ž; lj > ľ; nj > ň; rj > ř.
::: ''On my keyboard all of these are typed with alt+v, the haček.''
:* Before existing first regressive palatals, the *j disappears into the consonant. čj > č.
:* East and South Slavic labial consonants have ľ appear after them; West (and East South) Slavic either reverses this or simply never has lateralisation except in some cases.
::* mj, bj, pj, vj > mľ, bľ, pľ, vľ
::: Examples: zemja > zemľa, zemьja; pľьvàti in West Slavic but Lith. spjáuti.
* '''Vowel fronting'''
:* *J fronts following vowel '''back''' component
::* Ja (Jo) > Je; Jā > Jē; Jū > Jī; Jai > Jei (> Jī); Jau > Jeu (> Jū); Jų̄ > Jį̄ (> Ję̇).
::* Towards end of common Slavic period, *Jē reverted to *Jā.
::* Vowel fronting blocked with the low-back nasal vowel ą/ǫ, thus znajǫ; ų still affected (see '''Nazalization''').
* '''Prothesis'''
:* Prothetic glides inserted before i, u, and e at the start of words, just for fun.
::* i, ī, e, ē > ji, jī (jь), je, jē
::* u, ū > vu (vъ), vȳ (via wu and wū/wȳ).
:* *a did not normally get prothetised, but *ā did get j- and to a lesser extent v- appended to it. There may have been two *ā's?
* '''Monophthongization and other vowel changes'''
:* *u loses labialisation, and *a gets some ambiguous rounding.
::* ū > ȳ > y (u loses rounding after prothesis, see above!)
::* au > ū (presumably ō (assuming that wasn't ā, in which case ō₂) > ū, mirroring Germanic?)
::* eu > (j)ū (see ''Iotation'')
::* ei > ī
::* ai > ē (but ī in the 2ndp. imperative, 2s athematic verbs, dative singular of clitic personal pronouns)
::* a > o
* '''Second regressive palatalization'''
:* New ē ([æ:?]) and ī vowels caused a new wave of palatalisation.
::* ḱ, ǵ, x́ > c, dz (> z), ś (> s/š) (see '''Progressive palatalization''' for info on East/West split there).
::: Example for "wolf": vьlkъ, vьlci, vьlcě, vьlcěxъ
* '''Progressive palatalization'''
:* Time unknown; happened when a preceding vowel, particularly i and ī (with or without n in between) was present.
:* ''Probably'' disallowed before consonants and high back vowels.
::* k > c; g > dz (> z in most dialects); x > ś > s/š. ''Very similar to second regressive palatalisation.''
::: Examples: *atikus > otьcь (father); PGmc *kuningaz > kъnędzь; *vixus (all) > vьšь (West), vьsь (E/S).
:* May have occurred before first regressive palatalisation, thus the ḱ/ǵ/x́ notation, allowing for *otьče to arise instead of *otьce (Pedersen 1905, Channon 1972, Lunt 1981 - see Wikipedia article).
:* Old Novgorod dialect ignores half of this anyway coz #yolo.
* '''Accent''' (I'm not touching that yet!)
==Later changes for daughter languages==
From [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Slavic_languages here]:
* '''Palatalisation'''
:* Some dialects allow palatalisation across *v, thus *gvězda > Ru. звезда, Pl. gwiazda, Cz. hvězda, Ma. ѕвезда.
:: ''I will have to decide whether Latin qu/gu survives this far...''
:* Iotation outcomes table stolen from article:
::: {| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Proto-Slavic
! OCS
! Bulg.
! Mac.
! S-C
! Slvn.
! Czech
! Slvk.
! Pol.
! Bel.
! Ukr.
! Russ.
|-
| Written || *ť || št || št || ḱ || ć || č || c || c || c || č || č || č
|-
| IPA || *{{IPA|c(ː)}} || {{IPA|ʃt}} || {{IPA|ʃt}} || {{IPA|c}} ||{{IPA|t͡ɕ}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|t͡s}} || {{IPA|t͡s}} || {{IPA|t͡s}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
|-
| Written || *ď || žd || žd || ǵ || đ || j || z || dz || dz || (d)ž || (d)ž || ž
|-
| IPA || *{{IPA|ɟ(ː)}} || {{IPA|ʒd}} || {{IPA|ʒd}} || {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʑ}} || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|d͡z}} || {{IPA|d͡z}} || {{IPA|(d)ʒ}} || {{IPA|(d)ʒ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}}
|}
:* Varying levels of depalatalisation and generalised palatalisation. Cf. Russian 4-way palatalisation using ь and *J, and Czech lack of palatalisation despite ř. Polish split consonants based on palatalisation.
:* Palatalisation leads to *y and *i merging in common Slavic (e.g. i/y = same; ji/jy = same).
* '''The yers ь and ъ'''
:* Quoting the article: ''This change is known as Havlík's law. A yer at the end of a word, or preceding a strong yer or non-yer vowel was weak, and a yer followed by a weak yer became strong. The pattern created sequences of alternating strong and weak yers within each word: every odd yer encountered was weak, every even yer was strong.''.
:* Example given: sъmolьnьskъ (NOM SING), sъmolьnьska (GEN SING) (Smolensk).
:* Yer realisations from article, see article for more examples:
::: {| class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Slavic
! OCS
! Bulg.
! Mac.
! S-C
! Slvn.
! Czech
! Slvk.
! Pol.
! USorb
! LSorb
! Bel.
! Russ.
! Ukr.
|-
| strong *ь || ь || e, ă || e || a || ǝ,a || e || e (a,á,o) || 'e || e || e || 'e || 'e || e
|-
| strong *ъ || ъ || ă || o || a || ǝ,a || e || o (e,a,á) || e || e || e || o || o || o
|}
:* Vowel deletion results in a whole new set of problems where sonorant clusters appear. Russian and Polish just live with the resulting clusters, Serbo-Croatian strengthens yers, sonorants are made syllabic in Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, and a prothetic vowel is used in Belorussian dialects (example given: ''lënu ~ l'nu ~ il'nú "flax (gen. sg.)" (Common Slavic *lьnu)'').
:* If a cluster still needs breaking, strong yer is inserted.
:* See article for info on tense yers with Russian.
* '''Liquid diphthongs'''
:* East slavic use VLV instead of LV metathesis; ele merges with olo but ere != oro. ьr, ъr, ьl, ъl become er, or, ol, ol in East Slavic.
* '''The nasal vowels ę and ǫ'''
:: {| class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Slavic
! OCS
! Bulg.
! Mac.
! S-C
! Slvn.
! Czech
! Slvk.
! Pol.
! Bel.
! Russ.
! Ukr.
|-
| *ę || ę || rowspan=2|e || rowspan=2|e || e || rowspan=2|ẹ̄ || a, ě || a, ä || ię || rowspan=2|ja || rowspan=2|ja || rowspan=2|ja
|-
| *ę̄ || ę̄ || ē || á, í || ia || ią
|-
| *ǫ || ǫ || rowspan=2|ǎ || rowspan=2|a || u || rowspan=2|ọ̄ || u || u || ę || rowspan=2|u || rowspan=2|u || rowspan=2|u
|-
| *ǭ || ǭ || ū || ou || ú || ą
|}
:* Length comes from accent, therefore accent needs to be considered at some point.
:* Czech outcomes depend on palatalisation.
:* Slovak outcomes depend on labials (bä).
* '''The yat vowel ě'''
:* Presumably long ē that survived, lowered and even diphthongised to [iæ].
:: Later raised in most contexts outside Bulg. and Pol., then promptly diphthongised or simplified to [e] or [i].
::* Russian simplified it to [e] but *e > [E]; [e] > e, and [E] > jo before non-palatalised consonants (getting Gaelic here!). Ignored by Church loans (e.g. remained [E]), then surviving [E] and [e] merged.
:* Table of outcomes:
::: {| class="wikitable"
|-
! Proto-Slavic
! OCS
! Bulg.
! Mac.
! S-C
! Slvn.
! Czech
! Slvk.
! Pol.
! Bel.
! Russ.
! Ukr.
|-
| *ě || ě || ja/e || e || (i)je, e, i || е || ě || (i)e || ie, ia || e || e || i
|}
* '''More accent shenanigans which will bite me in the arse later'''
== Wordlist ==
* egō > ega
* mē > mľě/mňě
* nōs > na(s)
* nōbīs > nabľi
* vōs > va(s)
* vōbīs > vabľi
* longus > lǫgъ (лог)
* prōvincia > prāvęčьja > prāvęčja (vęčja, вячя)
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