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==Phonology==
===Consonants===
*p b f v
*t d þ ð
*č dž š
*k g h
*s z
*m n l r j
*ь
===Vowels===
a ā e ē i ī o ō ö ȫ u ū ü ǖ ы io iu ə
In unstressed syllables: a ə i vs ia iə i
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
===Strong vocalic declensions===
===Strong vocalic declensions===
Note: Declensions are named according to their form in [[Proto-Germanic]].  Often intervening sound changes render the once transparent stem endings opaque, and the name may no longer make much sense [[Synchrony and diachrony|synchronic]]ally.


====The -a declension====
====The -a declension====
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | '''''dag; dagar ''<br> day m.
! colspan="4" | '''''dag; daga''<br> day m.
! colspan="4" | '''''wurd; wurda''<br> word n.
! colspan="4" | '''''čind; činda''<br> child n.
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
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|-
|-
! '''Nominative'''
! '''Nominative'''
|| dag || '''–''' || dagar || '''–ar'''
|| þer dag || '''–''' || þī daga || '''–a'''
|| wurd || '''–''' || wurda || '''–a'''
|| þet čind || '''–''' || þija činda || '''–a'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
|| þina dag || '''–''' || þīr dagar || '''–ar'''
|| þet čind || '''–''' || þija činda || '''–a'''
|-
|-
! '''Genitive'''
! '''Genitive'''
|| dagъs || '''–ъs''' || daga || '''–a'''
|| þes dages || '''–es''' || þiera daga || '''–a'''
|| wurdъs || '''–ъs''' || wurda || '''–a'''
|| þes čindes || '''–es''' || þiera činda || '''–a'''
|-
|-
! '''Dative'''
! '''Dative'''
|| dagy || '''–y''' || dagъm || '''–ъm'''
|| þimmy dagy || '''–y''' || þȳm dagym || '''–ym'''
|| wurdy || '''–y''' || wurdъm || '''–ъm'''
|| þimmy čindy || '''–y''' || þȳm čindym || '''–ym'''
|-
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
! '''Instrumental'''
|| daga || '''–a''' || --|| --
|| þina daga || '''–a''' || --|| --
|| daga || '''–a''' || -- || --
|| þina činda || '''–a''' || -- || --
|}
|}


Examples of masculine nouns declined like ''dag'' "day": ''berg'' "mountain", ''veg'' "way", ''gyst'' "spirit", ''kuning'' "king".
Examples of masculine nouns declined like ''dag'' "day": ''bierg'' "mountain", ''vieg'' "way", ''gȳst'' "spirit", ''kuning'' "king".
<!--
<!--
Notes:
Notes:
Line 51: Line 68:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="8" | '''''hirti; hirte / hirtā (-a)''<br> herdsman m.
! colspan="4" | '''''hirdь; hirdia ''<br> herdsman, shephard m.
! colspan="8" | '''''kunni; kunni''<br> race n.
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="4" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="2" | '''Plural'''
! colspan="4" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="4" | '''Plural'''
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Early'''
! colspan="2" | '''Late'''
! colspan="2" | '''Early'''
! colspan="2" | '''Late'''
! colspan="2" | '''Early'''
! colspan="2" | '''Late'''
! colspan="2" | '''Early'''
! colspan="2" | '''Late'''
|-
|-
! '''Nominative'''
! '''Nominative'''
|| hirti || '''–i''' || hirti || '''–i''' || hirte || '''–e''' || hirtā (-a) || '''–ā (–a)'''
|| þer hirdь || '''–ь''' || þī hirdia || '''–ia'''
|| kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i'''  
|-
|-
! '''Accusative'''
! '''Accusative'''
|| hirti || '''–i''' || hirti || '''–i''' || hirte || '''–e''' || hirtā (-a) || '''–ā (–a)'''
|| þina hirdь || '''–ь''' || þīr hirdiar || '''–iar'''
|| kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i''' || kunni || '''-i'''  
|-
|-
! '''Genitive'''
! '''Genitive'''
|| hirtes || '''–es''' || hirtes || '''–es''' || hirteo (-io) || '''–eo (–io)''' || hirto || '''–o'''
|| þes hirdis || '''–is''' || þiera hirdia || '''–ia'''
|| kunnes || '''–es''' || kunnes || '''–es''' || kunneo (-io) || '''–eo (–io)''' || kunno || '''–o'''
|-
|-
! '''Dative'''
! '''Dative'''
|| hirtie || '''–ie''' || hirte || '''–e''' || hirtum (-un, -on) || '''–um (–un, –on)''' || hirtim (-in) || '''–im (–in)'''
|| þimmy hirdi || '''–i''' || þȳm hirdim || '''–im'''
|| kunnie || '''–ie''' || kunne || '''–e''' || kunnum (-un, -on) || '''–um (–un, –on)''' || kunnim (-in) || '''–im (–in)'''
|-
|-
! '''Instrumental'''
! '''Instrumental'''
|| hirtiu || '''–iu''' || hirtu (-o) || '''–u (–o)''' || -- || -- || -- || --
|| hirdia || '''–ia''' || --|| --
|| kunniu || '''–iu''' || kunnu (-o) || '''–u (–o)''' || -- || -- || -- || --  
|}
|}
Note that the transition from early to late forms occurred during the ninth century.  Late-form '''ja-'''stems are conjugated identically to '''a-'''stems except for the added '''-i''' in the neuter nominative and accusative, and in the masculine nominative and accusative singular.  Compare the equivalent nouns in [[Old English]], e.g. '''rīce''' "kingdom" (neuter).
Sample nouns like '''hirti''': agent nouns in '''-āri (-ari, -eri)''', e.g. '''wahtāri (-ari, -eri)''' "watchman", '''lērāri''' "teacher", '''scrībāri''' "writer, scribe"; also, '''karkāri''' "prison", '''altāri''' "altar", '''rucki''' "back", '''phuzzi, puzzi''' "well", '''kāsi''' "cheese".


Sample nouns like '''kunni''': '''enti''' "end", '''rīchi''' "kingdom", '''betti''' "bed", '''gizungi''' "language", '''finstarnessi''' "darkness", '''heri''' "army" (genitive singular '''heries''', dative singular '''herie, herige''').
Sample nouns like '''hirdь''': agent nouns in '''-arь (-aria)''', e.g. '''vahtarь (-aria)''' "watchman", '''lyrarь''' "teacher", '''andь''' "end", '''rīč''' "kingdom", '''badь''' "bed", '''getunž''' "language", '''þiūstarnys''' "darkness", '''herь''' "army" (genitive singular '''heries''', dative singular '''heri''').


====The -wa declension====
====The -wa declension====
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | '''''snēo, snē; snēwā (-a)''<br> snow m.
! colspan="4" | '''''snȳw, snȳ; snȳwa''<br> snow m.
! colspan="4" | '''''kneo; kneo''<br> knee n.
! colspan="4" | '''''kneo; kneo''<br> knee n.
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! '''Nominative'''
! '''Nominative'''
|| snēo, snē || '''–o, –''' || snēwā (-a) || '''–wā (–wa)'''
|| snȳw, snȳ || '''–''' || snȳwa || '''–wa'''
|| kneo || '''–o, –''' || kneo || '''–o, –'''
|-
! '''Accusative'''
|| snēo, snē || '''–o, –''' || snēwā (-a) || '''–wā (–wa)'''
|| kneo || '''–o, –''' || kneo || '''–o, –'''
|| kneo || '''–o, –''' || kneo || '''–o, –'''
|-
|-
! '''Genitive'''
! '''Genitive'''
|| snēwes || '''–wes''' || snēwo || '''–wo'''
|| snȳwys || '''–wys''' || snȳwa || '''–wa'''
|| knëwes || '''–wes''' || knëwo || '''–wo'''
|| knewys || '''–wys''' || knewa || '''–wa'''
|-
|-
! '''Dative'''
! '''Dative'''
|| snēwe || '''–e''' || snēwum (–un, –on) || '''–um (–un, –on)'''
|| snȳwy || '''–wy''' || snewym || '''–ym'''
|| knëwe || '''–e''' || knëwum (–un, –on) || '''–um (–un, –on)'''
|| knewy || '''–wy''' || knewym || '''–ym'''
|}
|}
Notes:
*'''-o''' in the nominative can be dropped following a long vowel.
*When a consonant precedes the '''-w''', an [[epenthetic]] vowel '''-a-''' (sometimes '''-o-''' or '''-e-''') appears in the oblique cases, e.g. neuter '''trëso''' "treasure", genitive '''trësawes'''.
Among the other nouns in this declension:
* Masculine '''lēo''' "grave", '''sēo''' "sea", '''scato''' (genitive '''scatawes''') "shadow", '''bū''' (genitive '''būwes''') "dwelling".
*Neuter '''rēo''' "corpse", '''zëso''' (genitive '''zësawes''') "right side", '''smëro''' (genitive '''smërawes''') "grease".


====The -ō declension====
====The -ō declension====
This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns. The nominative, which should have had the ending -u, has been merged with the accusative in -a.
This declension counterparts the first declension (a) of Latin, and the alpha declension (a/as) of Greek. It contains feminine nouns.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | '''''gëba; gëbā''<br> gift f.
! colspan="4" | '''''džāva; džāvar''<br> gift f.
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
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|-
|-
! '''Nominative'''
! '''Nominative'''
|| gëba || '''–a''' || gëbā || '''–ā'''
|| þī džāva || '''–a''' || þijar džāvar || '''–ar'''
|-
|-
! '''Accusative'''
! '''Accusative'''
|| gëba || '''–a''' || gëbā || '''–ā'''
|| þija džāva || '''–a''' || þijar džāvar || '''–ar'''
|-
|-
! '''Genitive'''
! '''Genitive'''
|| gëba (-u, -o) || '''–a (–u, –o)''' || gëbōnō || '''–ōnō'''
|| þierar džāvar || '''–ar''' || þiera džāva || '''–a'''
|-
|-
! '''Dative'''
! '''Dative'''
|| gëbu (-o) || '''–u (–o)''' || gëbōm (-ōn, -on) || '''–ōm (–ōn, –on)'''
|| þieraj džāvaj || '''–aj''' || þȳm džāvam || '''–am'''
|}
|}


Sample nouns of this declension: '''gëba''' "gift", '''ërda''' "earth", '''ēra''' "honor", '''zala''' "number", '''triuwa''' "fidelity", '''corunga''' "temptation", '''hertida''' "hardness", '''miltida''' "compassion", '''gi-nāda''' "favor", '''lōsunga''' "deliverance", '''stunta''' "time".
Sample nouns of this declension: '''džāva''' "gift", '''jerþa''' "earth", '''ȳra''' "honor", '''tala''' "number", '''triwa''' "fidelity", '''korunga''' "temptation", '''hardiþa''' "hardness", '''mildiþa''' "compassion", '''ganāþa''' "favor", '''losiunga''' "deliverance", '''stunda''' "time".
 
<!--
====The -jō declension====
====The -jō declension====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="12" | '''''sunta; sunte, -eā (-iā) / suntā''<br> sin f.
! colspan="12" | '''''sunta; sunte, -eā (-iā) / suntā''<br> sin f.
! colspan="4" | '''''kuningin; kuninginnā''<br> queen f.
! colspan="4" | '''''kuningьnia; kuningьniar''<br> queen f.
|-
|-
! colspan="6" | '''Singular'''
! colspan="6" | '''Singular'''
Line 191: Line 177:
|}
|}


Sample nouns like '''sunta''': '''hella''' "hell", '''sibba, sippa''' "peace", '''minna''' "love", '''krippa''' "manger".
Sample nouns like '''kuningьnia''': '''fursagьnia''' "prophetess", '''friondьnia''' "friend"
 
Sample nouns like '''kuningin''': '''forasagin''' "prophetess", '''friuntin''' "friend", '''burdin''' "burden".


====The -i declension====
====The -i declension====
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|}
|}
Examples of other members of this class: '''scōnī''' "beauty", '''suoẓẓī''' "sweetness", '''snëllī''' "quickness", '''tiufī''' "depth", '''menigī, managī''' "multitude", '''irstantanī''' "resurrection", '''toufī''' "a dipping", '''welī''' "choice", '''leitī''' "a leading", '''riudī''' "mange".
Examples of other members of this class: '''scōnī''' "beauty", '''suoẓẓī''' "sweetness", '''snëllī''' "quickness", '''tiufī''' "depth", '''menigī, managī''' "multitude", '''irstantanī''' "resurrection", '''toufī''' "a dipping", '''welī''' "choice", '''leitī''' "a leading", '''riudī''' "mange".
-->
==Adjectives==
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Declension of attributive adjectives'''
! case || singular || plural
|-
! nom.
| ''þar mōr'''a''' bierg''<br/>''þī mōr'''a''' džāva'' || ''þī mōr'''an''' bierga'' <br/>''þijar mōr'''an''' džāvar''
|-
! acc.
| ''þana mōr'''an''' bierg''<br/>''þija mōr'''an''' džāva'' || ''þīr mōr'''an''' biergar'' <br/>''þijar mōr'''an''' džāvar''
|-
! dat.
| ''þammy mōr'''inь''' biergy''<br/>''þieraj mōr'''anь''' džāvaj'' || ''þym mōr'''am''' biergym'' <br/>''þȳm mōr'''am''' džāvam''
|-
! gen.
| ''þas mōr'''inь''' bierges''<br/>''þierar mōr'''anь''' džāvar'' || ''þiera mōr'''an''' bierga''  <br/>''þiera mōr'''an''' džāva''
|-
|}
==Verbs==
===Class 1 weak verbs===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''hȳlian'' 'to heal''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
|-
! present indicative
| ''hȳlia'' || ''hȳlir'' || ''hȳliþь'' || ''hȳlim'' || ''hȳliþ'' || ''hȳlindь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''hȳlia'' || ''hȳlis'' || ''hȳli'' ||  ''hȳlim'' || ''hȳliþ'' || ''hȳlin''
|-
! past indicative
| ''hȳlida'' || ''hȳlider'' || ''hȳlide'' || ''hȳlidem'' || ''hȳlided'' || ''hȳliden''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''hȳlidi'' || ''hȳlidir'' || ''hȳlidi'' || ''hȳlidim'' || ''hȳlidid'' || ''hȳlidin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''hȳli!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''hȳliþ!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''hȳlind''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''hȳlid''
|}
===Class 2 weak verbs===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''liovan'' 'to love''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
|-
! present indicative
| ''liova'' || ''liovar'' || ''liovaþь'' || ''liovam'' || ''liovaþ'' || ''liovandь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''liova'' || ''liovas'' || ''liova'' ||  ''liovam'' || ''liovaþ'' || ''liovan''
|-
! past indicative
| ''liovada'' || ''liovader'' || ''liovade'' || ''liovadem'' || ''liovaded'' || ''liovaden''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''liovadi'' || ''liovadir'' || ''liovadi'' || ''liovadim'' || ''liovadid'' || ''liovadin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''liova!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''liovaþ!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''liovand''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''liovad''
|}
===Class 3 weak verbs===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''sparin'' 'to spare''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''er/sī/et'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''sia''
|-
! present indicative
| ''havia'' ||  || ''hȳliþь'' || ''hȳlim'' || ''hȳliþ'' || ''hȳlindь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''hȳlia'' || ''hȳlis'' || ''hȳli'' ||  ''hȳlim'' || ''hȳliþ'' || ''hȳlin''
|-
! past indicative
| ''hȳlida'' || ''hȳlider'' || ''hȳlide'' || ''hȳlidem'' || ''hȳlided'' || ''hȳliden''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''hȳlidi'' || ''hȳlidir'' || ''hȳlidi'' || ''hȳlidim'' || ''hȳlidid'' || ''hȳlidin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''hȳli!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''hȳliþ!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''hȳlind''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''hȳlid''
|}
===Strong verbs===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''wrītyn'' 'to write''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''ija''
|-
! present indicative
| ''wrīta'' || ''wrītirь'' || ''wrītidь'' || ''wrītym'' || ''wrītid'' || ''wrītyndь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''wrīta'' || ''wrītyr'' || ''wrīty'' ||  ''wrītym'' || ''wrītyd'' || ''wrītyn''
|-
! past indicative
| ''wrȳt'' || ''wrȳst'' || ''wrȳt'' || ''writym'' || ''writyd'' || ''writyn''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''writi'' || ''writir'' || ''writi'' || ''writim'' || ''writid'' || ''writin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''wrīt!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''wrītyd!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''wrītynd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''writyn''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''čeusyn'' 'to choose''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''ija''
|-
! present indicative
| ''čeusa'' || ''čiusir'' || ''čiusiþь'' || ''čeusym'' || ''čiusid'' || ''čeusyndь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''čeusa'' || ''čeusyr'' || ''čeusy'' ||  ''čeusym'' || ''čeusyd'' || ''čeusyn''
|-
! past
| ''kaus'' || ''kaust'' || ''kaus'' || ''kurym'' || ''kuryd'' || ''kuryn''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''kuri'' || ''kurir'' || ''kuri'' || ''kurim'' || ''kurid'' || ''kurin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''čiusь!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''čiusid!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''čeusynd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''kuryn''
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bindyn'' 'to bind''''
! tense || ''ik'' || ''þū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''ija''
|-
! present indicative
| ''binda'' || ''bindirь'' || ''bindiþь'' || ''bindym'' || ''bindid'' || ''bindyndь''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''binda'' || ''bindyr'' || ''bindy'' ||  ''bindym'' || ''bindyd'' || ''bindyn''
|-
! past
| ''band'' || ''banst'' || ''band'' || ''bundym'' || ''bundyd'' || ''bundyn''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''bundi'' || ''bundir'' || ''bundi'' || ''bundim'' || ''bundid'' || ''bundin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bind!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bindid!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bindynd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''bundyn''
|}


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Þiúdьsk]][[Category:Þiúdic languages]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Lõis]]
==Syntax==
Unlike Modern Thedish, Middle Thedish syntax was almost exactly like German: V2 in independent clauses, verb-final in dependent clauses.
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]][[Category:Þiúsьk]][[Category:Þiúdic languages]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Lõis]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Glommish/Middle"