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| '''Venetian Hebrew''' (''ngiwrith'' /ˈɲiwriθ/) is a basilect of Hebrew spoken in Lõis's Northern Italy, Austria and Southern Germany. | | '''Knench''' /nɛnt͡ʃ/ (natively /ˈkʰnɔ{{tilde}}ːnɪð/) is a divergent descendent of Canaanite spoken in Lõis Great Britain. It does not lose Semitic triconsonantal morphology, but it loses older Semitic conjugated verb forms in favor of a construction using the infinitive construct. Knench is the second largest Lõis British minority language after Welsh, in fact its syntax is similar to Colloquial Welsh. |
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| Numbers:
| | The Knench were druids, kinda, before they converted to Christianity |
| 0-10: afs, édh (m)/áth (f), hnay (m)/stay (f), σusz, arbøng, homisz, szesz, szew, hmun, teszøng, ngaσør
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| 11-20: édh/áth ngaσør, hnay/stay ngaσør, σusz ngaσør, arbøng ngaσør, homisz ngaσør, szesz ngaσør, szew ngaσør, hmun ngaσør, teszøŋ ngaσør, ngaσre
| | l and r treated as in British English, Maghrebi-Arabic-like consonant clusters |
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| 40: stay ngaσre
| | Lots of nativized Latin loans, as in Welsh |
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| 60: σusz ngaσre
| | /ʏ/ (more central than front, as in Icelandic) <- unstressed Vw; /ʊ/ <- unstressed Vl; /ə/ <- unstressed Vr |
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| ...
| | samekh -> /tsʰ/, tsade -> /ts/, zayin -> /z/, sin/shin -> /s/ |
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| 120: merkø
| | definite suffix: /-əz/ singular; /-ʊ/, dialectally /-əl/ plural |
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| 14400: rúø
| | Heth and he merge |
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| <!--
| | pronouns: |
| | * 1sg /ɪ/, (after vowel) /nɪ/ |
| | * 2sg /tʰə/ |
| | * 3sg m /hʏ/ |
| | * 3sg f /hɪ/ |
| | * 1pl /nʏ/ |
| | * 2pl /tʰəm/ |
| | * 3pl /həm/, (after vowel) /‿m/ |
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| This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
| | Prepositions inflect Colloquial Welsh-style |
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| I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
| | /-əs/ becomes the default feminine suffix; e.g. /luːh/ 'god/God', /luːhəs/ 'goddess' |
| II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
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| III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
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| --> | | h-g-y 'to savor' |
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| ==Introduction==
| | ʔ-h-b 'love': /hyːb/ |ʔhyːb| 'dear, beloved' |
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| <!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
| | k-b-r 'big': /kʰəˈpiːə̯/ |kʰəbbiːr| 'big' |
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| <!-- Example categories/headings:
| | g-d-l which has merged with q-T-l means 'tyranny, violence, cruelty': /ktuː/ |gduːl| 'tyrant, tyrannical' |
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| Goals
| | ʔ-š-r (''ser'' 'sacred tree' -> 'soul') |
| Setting
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| Inspiration
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| --> | | One derivation I'm proud of is Knench młur ’daily life, waking life’ (hypothetical mâʕôr in Hebrew from biliteral ʕ-r 'awake') |
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| <!-- ***Phonology*** -->
| | == Phonology == |
| <!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
| | Knench phonology is complex, with underlying phonemes resulting in multiple phones depending on the phonetic environment (most importantly, stressed versus unstressed syllables; prevocalic or non-prevocalic for certain laryngeals) |
| <!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
| | === Vowels === |
| | === Consonants === |
| | ==== Phones ==== |
| | ==== Underlying consonants ==== |
| | * |ʔ| from Old Knench /ʔ/ |
| | * |b| from Old Knench /b/ |
| | * |g| from Old Knench /g/ and /q/ |
| | * |d| from Old Knench /d/ and /tˁ/ |
| | * |h| from Old Knench /h/ |
| | * |w| from Old Knench /w/ |
| | * |z| from Old Knench /z/ (from PSem *z and ð) |
| | * |ħ| from Old Knench /ħ/ (from PSem *x and *ħ) |
| | * |j| from Old Knench /j/ |
| | * |kʰ| from Old Knench /k/ |
| | * |l| from Old Knench /l/ |
| | * |m| from Old Knench /m/ |
| | * |n| from Old Knench /n/ |
| | * |tsʰ| from Old Knench /ts/ (from PSem *s) |
| | * |ʁ{{tilde}}| from Old Knench /ʕ/ (from PSem *ɣ and *ʕ) |
| | * |f| from Old Knench /p/ |
| | * |ts| from Old Knench /tsˁ/ (from PSem *s{{cdb}}, *ś{{cdb}}, and *θ{{cdb}}) |
| | * |r| from Old Knench /r/ |
| | * |s| from Old Knench /s/ (from PSem *š, *ś, and *θ) |
| | * |tʰ| from Old Knench /t/ |
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| Vowel inventory
| | ==== Vocalizables ==== |
| Consonant inventory
| | ''Vocalizables'' are underlying consonants that have vocalized forms when reduced or manifest as vowel lengthening or closing elements of diphthongs. These are: |ʔ|, |h|, |r|, |ʁ{{tilde}}|, |l|, and |w|. |
| Syllable structure
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| Stress
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| Intonation
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| -->
| | === Mutation === |
| ==Phonology== | |
| ===Orthography=== | |
| ===Consonants===
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| /m pʰ b f w n tʰ t˭ d θ ð ts s z ɬ ʂ j ŋ kʰ k˭ g x h l r/ {{angbr|''m p b f w n t tt d th dh ts s z σ sz y ng k kk g kh h l r''}}
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| Allophonic palatalization occurs before /ɛ/, /i/ or /j/. /ŋ kʰ k˭ g x/ palatalize to alveolopalatals /ɲ tɕʰ tɕ˭ dʑ ɕ/.
| | == Morphology == |
| | === Verbs === |
| | Citation form is the singular imperative (same as the bare infinitive construct) |
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| ====Mutations====
| | Knench verbs can be from inherited binyanim (fłul, iffłel, itfəłłel, fəłłel, afłel, istəfłel) or from noun patterns (Assumes speakers are aware of literal meanings of the syntactic constructions) |
| Words can undergo initial lenition, as in Irish and Tiberian Hebrew.
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| p- b- t- d- k- g- > f- w- th- dh- kh- Ø-
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| "Already lenited" consonants lenite as follows: f w th dh kh Ø > nf, nw, nth, ndh, nkh, n
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| ===Vowels===
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| /a ɛ i ɔ u ə a: ɛ: i: ɔ: u: ə:/ = {{angbr|a e i o u ø á é í ó ú ǿ}}
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| Word-final /i/ is silent and palatalizes the preceding consonant.
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| ===Prosody===
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| ====Stress====
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| Stress is always penultimate.
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| ====Intonation====
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| ===Phonotactics===
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| <!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
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| ===Morphophonology===
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| ==Morphology==
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| <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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| <!-- Here are some example subcategories:
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| Nouns
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| Adjectives
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| Verbs
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| Adverbs
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| Particles
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| Derivational morphology
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| -->
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| ===Nouns and adjectives===
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| Nouns are either masculine or feminine, and inflect for number. Adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number.
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| *The regular feminine singular suffix is -ø or -th.
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| *The regular masculine plural suffix is -i after consonants and -yø after vowels.
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| *The regular feminine plural is -uth.
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| ''køfor, køfori'' (m) = village, villages
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| ''bagbøg, bagbøgi'' (m) = bottle, bottles
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| ''i, iyø'' (m) = island, islands
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| ''kkiszø, kkiszøyø'' (m) = squash, squashes
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| ''gøfø, gøfuth'' (f) = corpse, corpses
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| ''tagrith, tagriyuth'' (f) = incident, incidents
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| ===Verbs===
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| Clauses take the form of ''inflected pronoun + preposition/aspect marker + verbal noun''.
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| ====Copula====
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
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| |+ Inflection of the copula (Present tense)
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| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Truth value
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.m
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg.f
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl.in
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
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| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
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| ! Affirmative
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| | ''ni''
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| | ''to''
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| | ''ad''
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| | ''u''
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| | ''i''
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| | ''nan''
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| | ''ti''
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| | ''em''
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| ! Interrogative
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| | ''ini''
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| | ''intø''
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| | ''int''
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| | ''imu''
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| | ''imi''
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| | ''inan''
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| | ''inti''
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| | ''iyum''
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| ! Negative
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| | ''eni''
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| | ''ekhø''
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| | ''ekh''
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| | ''enu''
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| | ''enø''
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| | ''enen''
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| | ''ekhi''
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| | ''enøm''
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| |}
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| ==Syntax==
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| ===Constituent order===
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| ===Noun phrase===
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| The definite article is a clitic:
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| *Singular: -az (after C) or -zø (after V)
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| *Plural: -il
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| Examples:
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| *''hadhør'' = a room
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| *''hadhraz'' = the room
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| *''hadhør godhul'' = a big room
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| *''hadhør godhulaz'' = the big room
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| *''boti godhuli'' = big houses
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| *''boti godhulil'' = the big houses
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| ===Verb phrase===
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| ===Sentence phrase===
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| ===Dependent clauses===
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| <!-- etc. etc. -->
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| ==Example texts==
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| ==Other resources==
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| <!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
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| <!-- Template area -->
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| [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
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| [[Category:Conlangs]]
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| [[Category:Lõis]]
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| [[Category:Semitic languages]]
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