TolsienO

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial		Labio-dental		Dental		Alveolar		Post-alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Glottal
Nasal		m				n						ɲ		ŋ
Plosive		p b				t̚ tʰ t d								k g
Fricative		ɸ β		f v		θ ð		s z		ʃ ʒ ɧ̙ʷ						χ ʁ		h
Approximant												j		w
Flap								(ɾ)
Lateral approx.						l
Prenasalized occlusive														(ᵑg)

Vowels

		Front		Central		Back
Close		i y				u
Close-mid		e (ø)				o
Open-mid		(ɛ) (œ) ɛ̃				ɔ ɔ̃
Open				ä		ɑ̃

Notes :

It is very likely that some phonemes or graphemes that do not appear explicitly in the associated documentation were nonetheless meant to be included. These would be :
The phoneme /ɛ/, which is not mentioned explicitly but is probably the reason the grapheme <Ê ê> appears in the alphabet.
The phoneme /ø/ or /œ/ is also not mentioned explicitly, and there is no grapheme either, but the presence of a ";" shows that it was probably meant to be included. However, this is only very indirect evidence.
In a similar way, there is reason to believe that the phoneme /ɲ/ is included, and corresponds to the explicitly mentioned grapheme <Ñ ñ> ; meanwhile, the phoneme /ᵑg/ is only evidenced by a ";".
The flap /ɾ/ is indirectly mentioned by its inclusion in the syllable /bɾa/ corresponding to the grapheme <Ƃ ƃ>.
Some IPA symbols used in the original description are most likely to be erroneous :
The phoneme /χ/ is probably what was meant by /ħ/ ;
The notation /ɧ̙ʷ/ is the most recent agreed upon description of a phoneme that probably corresponds to what was described as /h̪/ in the original documentation.

Orthography

Alphabet

Y y /jo/ or /ɔj/
Æ æ /aj/ ; Æ̊ æ̊ /ja/
A a /a/
B b /b/
Q q /ʃ/
D d /d/
E e /e/ ; Ê ê /ɛ/ (E, e ; Ê, ê ;)
G g /g/ ; Ñ ñ /ɲ/ (G, g ; ; Ñ, ñ)
H h /h/
I i /i/
Ƶ ƶ /ð/ ; Ƶ̆ ƶ̆ /ʒ/
K k /k/
L l /l/
M m /m/
N n /n/
O o /o/ or /ɔ/ ; Œ œ /o/
P p /p/ ; Ƥ ƥ /ɸ/
R r /ʁ/
C c /s/ ; S s /θ/
T t /t/ ; Ŧ ŧ /t̚/ or /tʰ/ or /t/
U u /y/
V v /v/ ; F f /f/
Ƿ ƿ /wi/
Z z /z/
Ɯ ɯ /ɑ̃/ ; Ɯ̂ ɯ̂ /ɛ̃/ ; Ɯ̌ ɯ̌ /ɔ̃/
W w /u/
X x (or Ħ ħ) /χ/
Ƃ ƃ /bɾa/
Ŋ ŋ /ŋ/
Ɋ ɋ /ɧ̙ʷ/
Ƀ ƀ /β/

Spelling rules

The so-called "link" is a diacritic that is used with either <i> and another vowel, in order to denote the approximant /j/, or <w> (or more rarely, <o>) and another vowel to denote the approximant /w/. A breve accent is also sometimes used in addition to the link, where it would otherwise be ambiguous. Here are a few examples :

i͠e /je/
o͠a /wa/
ê͠w /ɛw/

i͠i /ji/
i͠ĭ /ij/
w͠w /wu/
w͠w̆ /uw/
w͠o ou o͠o /wo/
o͠w̆ ou o͠ŏ /ɔw/

Morphology

Nouns

Gender

There are two genders : masculine and feminine. Canonically, a neuter gender also existed, but has been absorbed by the masculine and the feminine. Gender is usually indicated with so-called thematic vowels, in the ending of a noun : the masculine has the thematic vowels -o- and -e-, although the latter is mostly found in adjectives (which agree in number and gender with the noun they qualify) ; the feminine has the thematic vowel -a-.

Number

There are two numbers : singular and plural. The plural of a noun is usally built by adding the suffix -c, pronounced /s/ after a vowel but with no phonetic realization after a consonant.

Adjectives

Adjectives agree in number and gender with the noun they qualify. However, most adjectives also have a plural neuter form with thematic vowel -i- when qualifying several nouns of different genders.

Verbs

There are three verbal groups in TolsienO : group A includes verbs whose stem form ends in a consonant, group B those whose stem ends in a vowel, and group C verbs that are inherited from Latin. Verbs from groups A and B have an infinitive in -ƃ, while the infinitive of verbs from the group C is usually in -ar or -ir. Verbs are conjugated for mood, tense, and person. There are seven persons : first, second and third person, in both the singular and the plural, as well as a second person of politeness. There are four moods : indicative, absolute (gnomic), conditional and subjunctive.

Indicative Mood

The indicative mood has four tenses : present, imperfect past, perfect past and future.

Present

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-a	-	-a
2SG	-ac	-c	-ac
3SG	-at	-t	-at
1PL	-amw	-m	-mwc
2PL	-atc	-tc	-tic
3PL	-an	-n	-na
2POL	-e	-e	-e

Imperfect past

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-ta	-t	-ta
2SG	-tac	-tc	-tac
3SG	-tat	-ŧ	-tat
1PL	-tamw	-tm	-tamo
2PL	-tatc	-ŧc	-tati
3PL	-tan	-tn	-tana
2POL	-te	-te	-te

Perfect past

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-fa	-f	-fa
2SG	-fac	-fc	-fac
3SG	-fat	-ft	-fat
1PL	-famw	-fmw	-famo
2PL	-fatc	-ftc	-fati
3PL	-fan	-fn	-fana
2POL	-fe	-fe	-fe

Future

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-ra	-r	-ra
2SG	-rac	-rc	-rac
3SG	-rat	-rt	-rat
1PL	-ramw	-rm	-ramo
2PL	-ratc	-rtc	-rati
3PL	-ran	-rn	-rana
2POL	-re	-re	-re

Absolute (gnomic)

Absolute

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-yh	-yh	-y
2SG	-ys	-ys	-yc
3SG	-yŧ	-yŧ	-yt
1PL	-yƥ	-yƥ	-yf
2PL	-yƶ̆1	-yƶ̆1	-yz
3PL	-yƿ	-yƿ	-yn
2POL	-yƶ	-yƶ	-yœ

Conditional

Present

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-o	-o	-o
2SG	-oc	-oc	-oc
3SG	-ot	-ot	-ot
1PL	-omw	-omwc	-omwc
2PL	-otc	-otic	-otic
3PL	-on	-ona	-ona
2POL	-o͠e	-o͠e	-o͠e

Subjunctive

Present

Person	Group A	Group B	Group C
1SG	-ko	-ko	-ko
2SG	-koc	-kc	-koc
3SG	-kot	-kt	-kot
1PL	-komw	-km	-komwc
2PL	-kotc	-ktc	-kotic
3PL	-kon	-kn	-kona
2POL	-ke	-ke	-ke