|
|
| (9 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 17: |
Line 17: |
| }} | | }} |
|
| |
|
| '''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lasūn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic". | | '''Ancient Knench''', also called "Punic" in Irta (natively ''*hal-lašůn hak-kana3nījō'' 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of [[Knench]], first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern [[Knench]]. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic". |
|
| |
|
| Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta. | | Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Mishnaic Hebrew and the Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta. |
| | |
| Ancient Knench speakers were mostly Azalic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. As such their religion differed markedly from ancient Hebrew polytheism (and seems to have adopted Semitic religious terms for concepts that were very different).
| |
| | |
| Surviving literature in Ancient Knench are attested in the Phoenician alphabet and in transcriptions into Greek or Latin. It includes a portion of the epic ''*Tabarē [?]'' (Tales of [?]) and some incantations.
| |
| | |
| (Grimm should happen during Old Knench stage)
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Todo== | | ==Todo== |
| Line 43: |
Line 37: |
| * /ɬ/ and /{{š}}/ into /s{{ret}}/ | | * /ɬ/ and /{{š}}/ into /s{{ret}}/ |
|
| |
|
| [m f b~>v p{{phar}}˭ n t{{den}}{{asp}} d{{den}}~>ð t{{den}}{{phar}}˭ t͡sʰ~>s d͡z~>z t͡s{{phar}}˭ s{{ret}} ʁ̃ χ k{{asp}} g~>ɣ k{{ret}}˭ l{{den}} w j r~ɹ ʔ~Ø ɦ~h~Ø] '''m f b π n t d ṭ s z ṣ ʕ ḥ k g q l w y r ʔ h''' | | [m f b~>v p{{phar}}˭~>p˭ n t{{den}}{{asp}} d{{den}}~>ð t{{den}}{{phar}}˭~>t{{den}}˭ t͡sʰ~>s d͡z~>z t͡s{{phar}}˭~>t͡s˭ s{{ret}} ʁ̃ χ k{{asp}} g~>ɣ k{{ret}}˭~>k˭ l{{den}} w j r~>ɹ ʔ~Ø ɦ~h~Ø] '''m f b π n t d ṭ s z ṣ š ʕ ḥ k g q l w y r ʔ h''' |
|
| |
|
| /pˁ/ '''π''' was a loan phoneme from Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Azalic. | | /pˁ/ '''π''' was a loan phoneme from Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Azalic. |
|
| |
|
| Emphatic stops were distinguished by being pharyngealized and unaspirated. Word-finally they could be released in one of three ways: | | Emphatic stops were distinguished by being pharyngealized and unaspirated; however, pharyngealization was slowly lost and the distinction became not being aspirated unlike '''t k s'''. Word-finally they could be released in one of three ways: |
| * ejective release: [p{{phar}}ʼ t{{den}}{{phar}}ʼ t͡s{{phar}}ʼ k{{ret}}ʼ] | | * ejective release: [p{{phar}}ʼ t{{den}}{{phar}}ʼ t͡s{{phar}}ʼ k{{ret}}ʼ] |
| * aspirated release: [p{{phar}}{{asp}} t{{den}}{{phar}}{{asp}} t͡s{{phar}}{{asp}} k{{ret}}{{asp}}] | | * aspirated release: [p{{phar}}{{asp}} t{{den}}{{phar}}{{asp}} t͡s{{phar}}{{asp}} k{{ret}}{{asp}}] |
| * voiced release (more common before inherently voiced obstruents '''b d z g'''): [b{{phar}} d{{den}}{{phar}} d͡z{{phar}} g{{ret}}] | | * voiced release: [b{{phar}} d{{den}}{{phar}} d͡z{{phar}} g{{ret}}] |
| | * Alternatively, '''π ṭ q''' could be unreleased word-finally: [p̚ˤ t̪̚ˤ k̠̚]. |
|
| |
|
| It is thought that Late Ancient Knench '''b d z g''' were in the process of fricativizing to /v ð z ɣ/. | | It is thought that Late Ancient Knench '''b d z g''' were in the process of fricativizing to /v ð z ɣ/. |
| Line 60: |
Line 55: |
| ====Stress==== | | ====Stress==== |
|
| |
|
| ==Morphophonology==
| |
| ==Morphology==
| |
| ===Pronouns===
| |
| ====Independent====
| |
| *1sg: ''hani, ni''
| |
| *2sg: ''hatta, ta'' (m); ''hatte, te'' (f)
| |
| *3sg: ''hū'' (m); ''hī'' (f)
| |
| *1pl: ''haħnu''
| |
| *2pl: ''hattemma, temma'' (m); ''hattenna, tenna'' (f)
| |
| *3pl: ''hemma'' (m), ''henna'' (f)
| |
|
| |
| ===Nouns===
| |
| ====Inflection====
| |
| The definite article was ''ʔaC-'' (~ Biblical Hebrew ''*haC-''). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ''ʔō-''.
| |
|
| |
| Unstressed ''-ō'' corresponds to the Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā''. ''-t'' was a much less common ending than in Biblical Hebrew. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īn'' and unstressed ''-ūt'', ~ Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''.
| |
|
| |
| Often ''-ō'' is found where Hebrew has ''-t''.
| |
|
| |
| The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
| |
|
| |
| ====Other inflections====
| |
| The directive he reflects as ''-a''.
| |
|
| |
| ===Adjectives===
| |
| Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ''ħṓli hṓbō'' 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (''ħṓli'' is the construct of ''ħṓlē'' 'sick').
| |
|
| |
| A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the clitic ''rū-'' (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic ''*ɸro-''; cognate to Irish ''ró-'', Welsh ''rhy'', both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns to indicate numerousness or intensity (influenced by רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).
| |
|
| |
| ===Verbs===
| |
| todo: get rid of 3fp forms
| |
|
| |
| Ancient Knench used all 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל ''polėl'' and ''polal'') remained fully productive in Ancient Knench.
| |
|
| |
| Verbs inherited the following forms from pre-Biblical Hebrew:
| |
| *preterite independent (~ BH waw-consecutive preterite)
| |
| *present independent (~ BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
| |
| *preterite dependent (~ BH perfect)
| |
| *present dependent (~ BH imperfect)
| |
| *imperative
| |
| *cohortative ''-a''
| |
| *infinitive construct
| |
| *participles
| |
|
| |
| The following verb forms lost their productivity:
| |
| *emphatic m.sg. imperative ''-a''
| |
| *jussive (only survives in ''hajō'' 'to be')
| |
| *infinitive absolute
| |
|
| |
| The waw-consecutive came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as ''lū'' 'not', ''him'' 'if; definitely not', ''ha-'' 'question particle', ''kī'' 'when', ''(wa)hinni'' 'but; but then'). This is similar to Old Irish verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
| |
|
| |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ Independent vs. dependent forms: example
| |
| ! || independent || dependent
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite
| |
| | waw-preterite: ''wayyūγal''<br/>'he ate' || perfect: ''lū haγal''<br/>'he did not eat'
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present
| |
| | waw-stative: ''wōhaγal''<br/>'he eats' || imperfect: ''lū yūγal''<br/>'he does not eat'
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Binyan ''faȝal'' (paʕal)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''samar'' 'he kept'
| |
| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|preterite
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wêsmur''
| |
| | ''waθθesmur''
| |
| | ''waθθesmurī''
| |
| | ''wajjesmur''
| |
| | ''waθθesmur''
| |
| | ''wannesmur''
| |
| | ''waθθesmurū''
| |
| | ''waθθesmurna''
| |
| | ''wajjesmurū''
| |
| | ''waθθesmurna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''samarθi''
| |
| | ''samarθa''
| |
| | ''samarθe''
| |
| | ''samar''
| |
| | ''samarō''
| |
| | ''samarnu''
| |
| | ''samarθem''
| |
| | ''samarθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''samarū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|present
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wassamarθi''
| |
| | ''wassamarθa''
| |
| | ''wassamarθe''
| |
| | ''wassamar''
| |
| | ''wassamarō''
| |
| | ''wassamarnu''
| |
| | ''wassamarθem''
| |
| | ''wassamarθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wassamarū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''hesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmurī''
| |
| | ''jesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmur''
| |
| | ''nesmur''
| |
| | ''θesmurū''
| |
| | ''θesmurna''
| |
| | ''jesmurū''
| |
| | ''θesmurna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''simur!''
| |
| | ''simurī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''simurū!''
| |
| | ''simurna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|active participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''sūmḗr''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|passive participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''samȳ́r''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''simṓr''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''nixθab'' 'it was written'
| |
| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|preterite
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wêxxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibī''
| |
| | ''wajjixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδib''
| |
| | ''wannixxaδib''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibna''
| |
| | ''wajjixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''waθθixxaδibna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''nixθabθi''
| |
| | ''nixθabθa''
| |
| | ''nixθabθe''
| |
| | ''nixθab''
| |
| | ''nixθabō''
| |
| | ''nixθabnu''
| |
| | ''nixθabθem''
| |
| | ''nixθabθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''nixθabū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! rowspan=2|present
| |
| ! <small>indep.</small>
| |
| | ''wannixθabθi''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθa''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθe''
| |
| | ''wannixθab''
| |
| | ''wannixθabō''
| |
| | ''wannixθabnu''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθem''
| |
| | ''wannixθabθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wannixθabū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! <small>dep.</small>
| |
| | ''hixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibī''
| |
| | ''jixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδib''
| |
| | ''nixxaδib''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibna''
| |
| | ''jixxaδibū''
| |
| | ''θixxaδibna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hixxaδib!''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibū!''
| |
| | ''hixxaδibna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''nixθōb''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2|infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''hixxaδib''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''kittil'' 'he grew (sth)'
| |
| ! style="width: 1505px; " colspan=2| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| preterite
| |
| !|indep.
| |
| | ''wôgattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattilī''
| |
| | ''wajjagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattil''
| |
| | ''wannagattil''
| |
| | ''waθθagattilū''
| |
| | ''waθθagattelna''
| |
| | ''wajjagattilū''
| |
| | ''waθθagattelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|dep.
| |
| | ''kittelθi''
| |
| | ''kittelθa''
| |
| | ''kittelθe''
| |
| | ''kittil''
| |
| | ''kittilō''
| |
| | ''kittelnu''
| |
| | ''kittelθem''
| |
| | ''kittelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''kittilū''
| |
| |-
| |
| !rowspan=2| present
| |
| !|indep.
| |
| | ''wakkittelθi''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθa''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθe''
| |
| | ''wakkittil''
| |
| | ''wakkittilō''
| |
| | ''wakkittelnu''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθem''
| |
| | ''wakkittelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2| ''wakkittilū''
| |
| |-
| |
| !|dep.
| |
| | ''hagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattilī''
| |
| | ''jagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattil''
| |
| | ''nagattil''
| |
| | ''θagattilū''
| |
| | ''θagattelna''
| |
| | ''jagattilū''
| |
| | ''θagattelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''kattil!''
| |
| | ''kattilī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''kattilū!''
| |
| | ''kattelna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''mugattil''
| |
| |-
| |
| !colspan=2| infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''kattil''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)====
| |
| ====Binyan ''hivȝil'' (hifʕil)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''hibdil'' 'he separated'
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite indep.
| |
| | ''wôbdil''
| |
| | ''waθθabdil''
| |
| | ''waθθabdilī''
| |
| | ''wajjabdil''
| |
| | ''waθθabdil''
| |
| | ''wannabdil''
| |
| | ''waθθabdilū''
| |
| | ''waθθabdelna''
| |
| | ''wajjabdilū''
| |
| | ''waθθabdelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite dep.
| |
| | ''hibdelθi''
| |
| | ''hibdelθa''
| |
| | ''hibdelθe''
| |
| | ''hibdil''
| |
| | ''hibdilō''
| |
| | ''hibdelnu''
| |
| | ''hibdelθem''
| |
| | ''hibdelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''hibdilū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present indep.
| |
| | ''wêbdelθi''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθa''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθe''
| |
| | ''wêbdel''
| |
| | ''wêbdelō''
| |
| | ''wêbdelnu''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθem''
| |
| | ''wêbdelθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''wêbdelū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present dep.
| |
| | ''habdil''
| |
| | ''θabdil''
| |
| | ''θabdilī''
| |
| | ''jabdil''
| |
| | ''θabdil''
| |
| | ''nabdil''
| |
| | ''θabdilū''
| |
| | ''θabdelna''
| |
| | ''jabdilū''
| |
| | ''θabdelna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''habdel!''
| |
| | ''habdelī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''habdelū!''
| |
| | ''habdelna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''mabdil''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''habdil''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)====
| |
| ====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)====
| |
| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
| |
| |+ ''hiθnaᴋᴋim'' 'he resented'
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1s
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3ms
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fs
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 1p
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 2fp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3mp
| |
| ! style="width: 75px; " | 3fp
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite indep.
| |
| | ''wôθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| |
| | ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''wanniθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| | ''wajjiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''waθθiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! preterite dep.
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimō''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemnu''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemθen''
| |
| |colspan=2|''hiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present indep.
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθi''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθa''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθe''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋimō''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| | ''wêθnaᴋᴋemθem''
| |
| |colspan=2|''wêθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! present dep.
| |
| | ''haθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimī''
| |
| | ''jiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''niθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋimū''
| |
| | ''θiθnaᴋᴋemna''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! imperative
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋim!''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimī!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋimū!''
| |
| | ''hiθnaᴋᴋemna!''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| | ''-''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! participle
| |
| |colspan=10| ''muθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! infinitive
| |
| |colspan=10| ''hiθnaᴋᴋim''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| ====Object suffixes====
| |
| *1sg: -ni
| |
| *2sg: -γa (m); -γe (f)
| |
| *3sg: -w (after most V), -vu (after u or ȳ), -ū (after C) (m); -ô, -hô (f)
| |
| *1pl: -nu
| |
| *2pl: -γem (m); -γen (f)
| |
| *3pl: -hem, -m, -im, -mu, -imu (m); -hen, -n, -in (f)
| |
|
| |
| ====Gzarot====
| |
| :''Main article: [[Ancient Knench/Gzarot]]''
| |
|
| |
| ===Prepositions===
| |
| *jūt = direct object marker
| |
| *li- = to, for, of
| |
| *bi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
| |
| *dum la- = like, as
| |
| *miC- = from
| |
| *ȝim, hit = with (comit.)
| |
| *wēn = without
| |
| *jaȝn = because of
| |
| *ȝalē = on
| |
|
| |
| ===Conjunctions===
| |
| *ka- = and ('like' > 'and')
| |
| *ja3n = because
| |
|
| |
| ==Syntax==
| |
| Ancient Knench syntax is similar to Bibical Hebrew but appears more streamlined from an IE perspective. Basic word order was retained as VSO (unlike in spoken Biblical Hebrew).
| |
|
| |
| ===Tense constructions===
| |
| Ancient Knench preserved Biblical Hebrew-like verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Canaanite wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
| |
| *Pluperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' + perfect
| |
| *Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
| |
| *Past imperfect: ''hajō'' or ''wajjê'' ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
| |
| *Present: imperfect or waw-stative
| |
| **Jussive uses the present dependent
| |
| *Future imperfective: ''jî'' or ''wājō'' + imperfect
| |
| *Future perfective: ''wājō'' + perfect (~ BH ''*wahajō'', waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
| |
| *As in Hebrew, positive imperatives use the imperative but negative imperatives use ''hal'' + 2nd person present dependent.
| |
|
| |
| ===Uses of the infinitive construct===
| |
| Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:
| |
| #la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
| |
| #there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
| |
| #ba- or xa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
| |
| #more generally clauses with IC serve to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB": ''lū jūʕil hiwwasifū lat-tessuᴋō'' = 'It is not worth it for him to join the fight'
| |
|
| |
| ===Narratives===
| |
| As in Biblical Hebrew, narratives tend to use the waw-preterite. A narrative is commonly introduced by ''wayyê'' 'it was' (often to give background info).
| |
|
| |
| Hypothetical example:
| |
| :'''''wajjê faȝm wattê lāħamō, būdīkō smô. wattê ȝazzat tessuᴋō, hinni hajōt rū-ħūljat hābō.'''''
| |
| :''Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.''
| |
|
| |
| ===Wishes===
| |
| Wishes and prayers use a form of ''ħajj'' 'alive' + subject + ''wa'' + verb in present dependent (from the jussive). This is an evolution of an oath formula ''ħayy X...'' 'I swear by X'.
| |
| :'''''ħajjūt hō-hasirūt wa jagallū niᴛafūt ham-mumallihūt bō-harc kullô wa bat-tūruκō bô.'''''
| |
| :''May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.''
| |
|
| |
| A somewhat less common option is to use ''mī jeθθin wa'' + present dependent (lit. who will give that...).
| |
|
| |
| One can also simply use the present dependent.
| |
|
| |
| ==Vocabulary==
| |
| Ancient Knench vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with many Azalic loans and a few Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
| |
| ===Derivation===
| |
| ====Mishkalim====
| |
| *ᴋaᴛōl, ᴋaᴛēl, ᴋaᴛūl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
| |
| *ᴋaᴛīl = adjective pattern
| |
| *ᴋaᴛīlō = noun pattern
| |
| *masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl, pl. ᴋVᴛalīn (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
| |
| *feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlō, ᴋiᴛlō, ᴋuᴛlō, pl. ᴋVᴛalūδ
| |
| *ᴋaᴛalō (''paraγō'' 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
| |
| *ᴋaᴛilō
| |
| *ᴋaᴛulō (''kadulō'' 'magnificence', ''zaruħō'' 'radiance')
| |
| *ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ō) = diminutive
| |
| *meᴋᴛal(ō) = often place
| |
| *maᴋᴛel(ō) = instrument
| |
| *meᴋᴛūl
| |
| *meᴋᴛul(ō)
| |
| *θaᴋᴛilō, θeᴋᴛulō
| |
| *ᴋaᴛlūn
| |
| *ᴋiᴛᴛalūn
| |
| *ᴋaᴛᴛal(ō) = agentive
| |
| *ᴋaᴛᴛelō = disease
| |
| *ᴋaᴛᴛulō
| |
| *θaᴋᴛelō
| |
| *θeᴋᴛulō = system of, art of, study of
| |
|
| |
| ====Affixes====
| |
| *''-î'' (feminine ''-īyō''): adjective-forming affix
| |
| *''-ȳδ'': abstract noun suffix
| |
| *''hī-'': un-, non-
| |
|
| |
| ===Examples of Celtic vocabulary===
| |
|
| |
| ==Sample texts==
| |
| ===An incantation===
| |
| The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Knench poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):
| |
|
| |
| [...]
| |
|
| |
| ===A ritual===
| |
| ===An excerpt===
| |
| === Ha'azinu ===
| |
| TODO: weight sensitive stress after stress shift to penultimate and final vowel loss; verbs have earlier stress than nouns
| |
|
| |
| <poem>
| |
| hāzī́nū, has-samḗm, bi-dábbirī; súmȝī, hā-harc, jūt millū́lē fî.
| |
| tésᴛuf líᴋħī dum lam-maᴛár, tézzal hímratī dum laᴛ-ᴛal,
| |
| dum la-natz ȝálē dās, ka dum la-rubb-neᴛī́fō ȝálē ȝiśb.
| |
| </poem>
| |
|
| |
| ==Lexicon==
| |
| ===h===
| |
| *''hōbō'' = love
| |
| *''hilû'' (pl. ''hiūhīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami''
| |
| *''hasírō'' = the spirit of a tree
| |
| *''hinni'' = but
| |
|
| |
| ===b===
| |
| *''bēt'' = house
| |
|
| |
| ===g===
| |
| ===d===
| |
| ===w===
| |
| ===z===
| |
| *''zadō'' = injustice, wrong (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
| |
| *''zaruħō'' = radiance
| |
|
| |
| ===ħ===
| |
| *''ħabab'' = to love (stative)
| |
| *''ħabaᴋ'' = to hug, to embrace
| |
| *''ħawō'' = to live
| |
| ** ''ħawe!'' = hail! (u > a after a guttural first consonant) (Source of Latin ''ave'' in Irta)
| |
|
| |
| ===ᴛ===
| |
| ===j===
| |
| ===k===
| |
| *k-b-d
| |
| **''kabed'' 'liver'
| |
| **''kabid'' 'heavy'
| |
| **''kabūd'' 'honor'
| |
| **''kibbid'' 'to honor'
| |
| **''kabudō'' 'esteemed position'
| |
| ***''hak-kabudō'' 'sir, ma'am'
| |
| **''makped'' 'scale, balance'
| |
| *''kin, ka-'' 'and'
| |
|
| |
| ===l===
| |
| ===m===
| |
| ===n===
| |
| *n-ᴛ-f
| |
| **''níᴛfō'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
| |
| ===s===
| |
| ===ȝ===
| |
| *''ȝarábō'' = willow
| |
| ===p===
| |
| *''párrō'' = cow
| |
|
| |
| ===c===
| |
| ===ᴋ===
| |
| ===r===
| |
| *''rimmūn'' = pomegranate
| |
|
| |
|
| ===t===
| |
| [[Category:Semitic languages]] | | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
| [[Category:Languages]] | | [[Category:Languages]] |
| [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] | | [[Category:Stem-Hebrew]] |
Ancient Knench, also called "Punic" in Irta (natively *hal-lašůn hak-kana3nījō 'the Canaanite language') is the earliest attested stage of Knench, first attested in the era of Biblical Hebrew. Post-Christianity it underwent drastic changes in mere centuries, thus ushering in the era of modern Knench. Ancient Knench was spoken in Iberia. Its premise is "Phoenician or Punic but a bit more Proto-Germanic".
Ancient Knench developed in isolation from Hebrew and was influenced by Azalic languages and Latin. It is a separate lineage from the dialect of Canaanite that eventually gave rise to Mishnaic Hebrew and the Jewish Hebrew reading traditions in Irta.
Todo
- When should matres lectionis be used?
- some a-priori roots
- Vowel reduction:
- final originally unstressed long > short
Phonology
Orthography
Ancient Knench was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Vowels are attested in Latin and Greek transcriptions.
Consonants
Out of the 25 consonants of Proto-Canaanite, Ancient Knench merged:
- /x/ with /ħ/ into /χ/
- /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ʁ̃/
- /ɬ/ and /ʃ/ into /s̠/
[m f b~>v pˁ˭~>p˭ n t̪ʰ d̪~>ð t̪ˁ˭~>t̪˭ t͡sʰ~>s d͡z~>z t͡sˁ˭~>t͡s˭ s̠ ʁ̃ χ kʰ g~>ɣ k̠˭~>k˭ l̪ w j r~>ɹ ʔ~Ø ɦ~h~Ø] m f b π n t d ṭ s z ṣ š ʕ ḥ k g q l w y r ʔ h
/pˁ/ π was a loan phoneme from Indo-European languages such as Latin, Greek, and Azalic.
Emphatic stops were distinguished by being pharyngealized and unaspirated; however, pharyngealization was slowly lost and the distinction became not being aspirated unlike t k s. Word-finally they could be released in one of three ways:
- ejective release: [pˁʼ t̪ˁʼ t͡sˁʼ k̠ʼ]
- aspirated release: [pˁʰ t̪ˁʰ t͡sˁʰ k̠ʰ]
- voiced release: [bˁ d̪ˁ d͡zˁ g̠]
- Alternatively, π ṭ q could be unreleased word-finally: [p̚ˤ t̪̚ˤ k̠̚].
It is thought that Late Ancient Knench b d z g were in the process of fricativizing to /v ð z ɣ/.
Vowels
Ancient Knench retained Proto-Canaanite vowel length and developed overlong vowels. It had the chain shift ā > ō > ů, similar to our timeline's Punic, and developed a new ā from compensatory lengthening.
Prosody
Stress