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Antarctican: Difference between revisions

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Antarctican is the most widely spoken language on the continent of Antarctica in the far future, at a time when
Antarctican is the most widely spoken language on the continent of Antarctica in the far future, at a time when
runaway global warming has melted the icecaps and rendered most of the rest of
runaway global warming has melted the icecaps and rendered most of the rest of
the word uninhabitable. It has been influenced by a variety of modern-day
the word uninhabitable. It evolved from [[Proto-Antarctican]], which in turn evolved from a mixture of a wide variety of modern-day languages, among them English, Spanish, Japanese and many East Asian languages.
languages, among them English, Spanish, Japanese and many East Asian languages.


It has a
It has a
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real marking of plurality of nouns.
real marking of plurality of nouns.


In the verbal morphology, focus and transitivity are clearly marked. Verbs also
In the verbal morphology, transitivity is clearly marked. Verbs also
inflect for person and voice. Tense and aspect are much less important.
inflect for person and voice. Tense and aspect are much less important.


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The
The
pronunciation of each phoneme is listed in the tables below, followed by its
pronunciation of each phoneme is listed in the tables below, preceded by its
romanisation in brackets.
romanisation.


There are 11 monophthongs:
There are 11 monophthongs:
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And there are 17 diphthongs. 8 of these end in [j], and another 9 end in [w]:
And there are 16 diphthongs. 8 of these end in [j], and another 8 end in [w]:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
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tõn /tɔ?/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive
tõn /tɔɴ/ - change (as in coins, money), absolutive


yoewtõn /jɘutɔ?/ - our (including you) change, absolutive
yoewtõn /jɘutɔɴ/ - our (including you) change, absolutive




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! Tense voice !! Breathy voice !! !! Modal, normal !! Modal, before a voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel !! Modal, before a voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel
! Tense voice !! Breathy voice !! !! Modal, normal !! Modal, before a voiced consonant followed by another modal vowel !! Modal, before a voiceless consonant followed by another modal vowel
|-
|-
| éy || ùe || || i || i || ue
| éy /eiˤ/ || ùe /ɨʱ/ || || i /i/ || i /i/ || ue /ɨ/
|-
|-
| óey || ùey || || ii || ii || uue
| óey /ɘiˤ/ || ùey /ɨʱ/ || || ii /iː/ || ii /iː/ || uue /ɨː/
|-
|-
| áe / áae || òe / òoe || || e / ee || e / ee || oe / ooe
| áe ~ áae /ɛ(ː)ˤ/ || òe ~ òoe /ɘ(ː)ʱ/ || || e ~ ee /e(ː)/ || e ~ ee /e(ː)/ || oe ~ ooe /ɘ(ː)/
|-
|-
| á / áa || ào / àao || || a / aa || a / aa || ae / aae
| á ~ áa /a(ː)ˤ/ || ào ~ àao /ɜ(ː)ʱ/ || || a ~ aa /a(ː) || a ~ aa /a(ː)/ || ae ~ aae /ɛ(ː)/
|-
|-
| ów || ù || || u || o || u
| ów /ouˤ/ || ù /uʱ/ || || u /u/ || o /o/ || u /u/
|-
|-
| óew || ùew || || uu || ow || uu
| óew /ɘuˤ/ || ùew /ɨuʱ/ || || uu /uː/ || ow /ou/ || uu /uː/
|-
|-
| áo || ò || || õ || ã || õ
| áo /ɜˤ/ || ò /oʱ/ || || õ /ɔ/ || ã /ɒ/ || õ /ɔ/
|-
|-
| áey / áaey || òey / òoey || || ey / eey || ey / eey|| ey / eey
| áey ~ áaey /ɛ(ː)iˤ/ || òey ~ òoey /ɘ(ː)iʱ/ || || ey ~ eey /e(ː)i/ || ey ~ eey /e(ː)i/ || oey ~ ooey /ɘ(ː)i/
|-
|-
| áy / áay || àoy / àaoy || || ay / aay || ay / aay|| aey / aaey
| áy ~ áay /a(ː)iˤ/ || àoy ~ àaoy /ɜ(ː)iʱ/ || || ay ~ aay /a(ː)i/ || ay ~ aay /a(ː)i/ || aey ~ aaey /ɛ(ː)i/
|-
|-
| óy / óoy || ùy / ùuy || || uy / uuy || oy / ooy || uy / uuy
| óy ~ óoy /o(ː)iˤ/ || ùy ~ ùuy /u(ː)iˤ/ || || uy ~ uuy /u(ː)i/ || oy ~ ooy /o(ː)i/ || uy ~ uuy /u(ː)i/
|-
|-
| áew / áaew || òew / òoew || || ew / eew || ew / eew|| ew / eew
| áew ~ áaew /ɛ(ː)uˤ/ || òew ~ òoew /ɘ(ː)uʱ/ || || ew ~ eew /e(ː)u/ || ew ~ eew /e(ː)u/ || oew ~ ooew /ɘ(ː)u/
|-
|-
| áw / áaw || àow / àaow || || aw / aaw || aw / aaw|| aew / aaew
| áw ~ áaw /a(ː)uˤ/ || àow ~ àaow /ɜ(ː)uʱ/ || || aw ~ aaw /a(ː)u/ || aw ~ aaw /a(ː)u/ || aew ~ aaew /ɛ(ː)u/
|-
|-
| ôw / ôow || òw / òow || || ow / oow || õw/ õow|| ow / oow
| ôw ~ ôow /ɔ(ː)wˤ/ || òw ~ òow /o(ː)uʱ/ || || ow ~ oow /o(ː)u/ || õw ~ õow /ɔ(ː)u/ || ow ~ oow /o(ː)u/
|}
|}


====Phonation Restrictions====
====Phonation Restrictions====
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed in detail here ([[Antarctican Phonation Restrictions]]):
However, not every vowel can have every kind of phonation e.g. tense voice cannot occur on high vowels /i/, /ɨ/, /u/, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. Similarly, breathy voice cannot occur on low vowels /a/, /ɒ/, nor on front vowels, nor on diphthongs beginning with these vowels. The permissible combinations of vowel quality and phonation are listed in detail here ([[Antarctican/Phonation restrictions]]):
 


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan="3"|Stops/Affricate
! rowspan="3"|Stops/Affricates


!<small>ejective</small>
!<small>ejective</small>
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|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="3"|Fricatives/Affricates
! rowspan="2"|Fricatives
!<small>ejective</small>


|
|
|'''tqs '''/ts' ~ s'/
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>voiceless</small>
!<small>voiceless</small>


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|'''fy '''/f&#690;/
|'''fy '''/f&#690;/


|'''s''' /s ~ ts/
|'''s''' /s/


|'''hl '''/&#620;/
|'''hl '''/&#620;/
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|
|
|-
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
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|
|


|'''z''' /z ~ dz/
|'''z''' /z/


|
|
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*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /s ~ ts/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [s] or [ts]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first.
*Consonants separated with a tilde (~) are not separate phonemes but are either allophones or in free variation e.g. /&#607; ~ d&#657;/ indicates that there is a single phoneme that can either be pronounced [&#607;] or [d&#657;]. The most common pronunciation is always listed first.
*The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere.
*The glottal stop is unmarked word initially (since all words must begin with consonants), and is marked by a hyphen elsewhere.
*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).  
*Prestopped nasals e.g. /tn/, /pm/ etc., pattern as voiceless and as nasals (and thus sonorants) in terms of the phonology. They are only found between syllables with modal vowel phonation (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).  
*The placeless nasal /&#628;/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc.
*The placeless nasal /&#628;/ is only found at the end of syllables. Before a glottal stop or at the end of a phrase, it nasalises the preceding vowel. Otherwise it assimilates to the same place of articulation as the following consonant e.g. it becomes [n] before /d/, [m] before /b/ etc.
*Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in three cases.
*Voiced obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) are only found in four cases.
:#Separating two syllables with modal voice (or a modal voice floating phonation if at the start of a word).
:#Separating two syllables with modal voice (or a modal voice floating phonation if at the start of a word).
:#After a syllable containing breathy phonation (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word) and before a syllable containing modal phonation.
:#After a syllable containing breathy phonation (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word) and before a syllable containing modal phonation.
:#Separating two syllables with breathy voice (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). In this case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages.
:#Separating two syllables with breathy voice (or a breathy voice floating phonation if at the start of a word). In this case they are pronounced with breathy voice, like the murmured/voiced aspirated consonants of many Indian languages.
*Non-alveolar fricatives are only found separating two syllables with modal voice (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word), or separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
:#/z/ can also be found before vowels with tense voice.
*Fricatives other than /s/ and /z/ (spirant / non-sibilant fricatives) are only found separating two syllables with modal voice (or modal voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word), or separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
*Ejectives are only ever found separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
*Ejectives are only ever found separating two syllables with tense voice (or tense voice floating phonation if at the beginning of a word).
*The velar nasals /k&#331;/ and /&#331;/ never occur at the beginning of words.
*The velar nasals /k&#331;/ and /&#331;/ never occur at the beginning of words.
*The alveolar stops /t/ and /d/, and the velar fricative /&#967;/ are never found before /i/ and /&#616;/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /e&#740;/ and /&#600;&#740;/, nor before diphthongs starting with these.
*The alveolar stops /t/ and /d/, and the velar fricative /&#967;/ are never found before /i/ and /&#616;/ (with any phonation), nor before tense voice /e&#740;/ and /&#600;&#740;/, nor before diphthongs starting with these.
*The phoneme /l/ is pronounced as a palatal lateral [&#654;] before a high vowel, [&#633;] before a vowel with tense voice (high vowels cannot have tense voice), and [l] elsewhere.
*The phoneme /l/ is pronounced as a palatal lateral [&#654;] before a high vowel, [&#633;] before a vowel with tense voice (high vowels cannot have tense voice), and [l] elsewhere.
*Unpalatalised labial consonants can be velarised or doubly-articulated consonants (e.g. /p/ can be pronounced as [p&#736;] or [kp]). This is especially the case with /w/ and before front vowels).




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For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''am''' /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g.
For example, the antipassive voice is formed by an infix that comes after the first consonant of a word. For words that begin with a hard consonant, the infix is '''am''' /am/ (which contains a hard consonant) e.g.


*zuutlòeji /zu&#720;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), verb-focus
*zuutlòeji /zu&#720;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), indirect
*zamuutlòeji /zamu&#720;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), verb-focus, antipassive
*zamuutlòeji /zamu&#720;t&#620;&#600;&#689;&#607;i/ - to know (a person), indirect, antipassive


However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''emy''' /em&#690;/ e.g.
However, if the word begins with a soft consonant, the infix is '''emy''' /em&#690;/ e.g.


*pyi-uu /p&#690;i&#660;u&#720;/ - to purify, verb-focus
*pyi-uu /p&#690;i&#660;u&#720;/ - to purify, indirect
*pyemyi-uu /p&#690;em&#690;i&#660;u&#720;/ - to purify, verb-focus, antipassive
*pyemyi-uu /p&#690;em&#690;i&#660;u&#720;/ - to purify, indirect, antipassive
*hli-õ /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform, verb-focus
*hli-õ /&#620;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform, indirect
*hlemyi-õ /&#620;em&#690;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform, verb-focus, antipassive (not *(hlemi-õ) /&#620;mi&#660;&#596;/)
*hlemyi-õ /&#620;em&#690;i&#660;&#596;/ - to perform, indirect, antipassive (not *(hlemi-õ) /&#620;mi&#660;&#596;/)


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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==Distribution and Dialects==
==Distribution and Dialects==
Antarctican is spoken across a large continent, by a diversity of cultures. As would be expected, there is significant dialectical variation within the language. The differences are most pronounced in the vocabulary, less in the morphology, and even less in the syntax and phonology.
Antarctican is spoken across a large continent, by a diversity of cultures. As would be expected, there is significant dialectical variation within the language. The differences are most pronounced in the vocabulary, less in the morphology, and even less in the syntax and phonology.


 
Most speakers of Antarctican will also be bilingual in a second language that is only spoken in their local region. Typically, Antarctican will be used in more formal situations, and the local language used with family and friends. However, it is very common for regional varieties of Antarctican to borrow words from other local languages (which will typically have many similar features to Antarctican due to the [[Antarctican Sprachbund]]).
Most speakers of Antarctican will also be bilingual in a second language that is only spoken in their local region. Typically, Antarctican will be used in more formal situations, and the local language used with family and friends. However, it is very common for regional varieties of Antarctican to borrow words from other local languages (which will typically have many similar features to Antarctican due to the [[Antarctican Sprachbund]].
 


==Noun Morphology==
==Noun Morphology==
 
{{Main|Antarctican Nouns}}
[[Antarctican Nouns]] inflect for case (via suffixation or changing the final vowel of the word), and possession (via prefixes).
Nouns inflect for case either through suffixation or a change of the final vowel, and possession (via prefixes). Unlike many European languages nouns do not inflect for either gender or number.
 
==Verb / Adjective Morphology==
<h2>Verb / Adjective Morphology</h2>
{{Main|Antarctican Verbs}}
 
There is no distinction between adjectives and verbs in Antarctican. Instead of attributive adjectives like “good”, “bad”, “strong”,
There is no distinction between adjectives
“weak”, there are descriptive verbs meaning “to be good”, “to be bad” and so on.
and verbs in Antarctican. Instead of adjectives like “good”, “bad”, “strong”,
“weak”, there are verbs meaning “to be good”, “to be bad” etc. See this page for more detail ([[Antarctican Verbs]]).
 


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Antarctican]]
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