Pre-Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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|name={{PAGENAME}} | |name={{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename=*hūsanorzka | |nativename=*hūsanorzka | ||
|image= [[File:phus runic "hūsanorzka".jpg|303x79px|class=skin-invert]] | |||
|imagecaption=*hūsanorzka in early Húsnorsk runes, note the bound "ᛏᛋ" for "z", and the straightened shape of "k". | |||
|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnort͡s.kɑ | |pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnort͡s.kɑ | ||
|states=Northern Kievan Rus | |states=Northern Kievan Rus | ||
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| rowspan=2 | θ~ð ⟨þ⟩ | | rowspan=2 | θ~ð ⟨þ⟩ | ||
| s | | s | ||
| x | | x ⟨h⟩¹ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced | ! Voiced | ||
| | | ʀ² | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Approximant | ! colspan=2 | Approximant | ||
| | | w³ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | r³, l³<sup>, </sup>⁴ | ||
| | | j³ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
#Almost certainly velar [x], not glottal [h], the evidence for such comes from the descendants, which still pronounce it as such. It seems that original [ɣ] became [g] early on, then /x/ gained [ɣ] as an allophone, though due to the nature /x~h/ in Germanic languages, this is incredibly rare. | |||
#probably [ɹ̠˔]. | #probably [ɹ̠˔]. | ||
#Devoiced word-initially, probably [ʍ, r̥, l̥, ç] | #Devoiced word-initially, probably [ʍ, r̥, l̥, ç] | ||
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Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg|24x20px|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą". | Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg|24x20px|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą". | ||
Many methods to better represent the language's vowels post-umlaut were made, though none of them ever caught on. The most common solution we do see is binding the e or o rune onto a or o. The same way the Latin script uses "æ, œ, ꜵ", so do early Húsnorsk runes. (images will come later) | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red). | These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red). | ||
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d"> | :'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">maþpjælþăʀin</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500'' | ||
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position. | In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position. | ||
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position. | In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position. | ||
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">ārit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d"> | :'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">ārit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">maþpjælþăʀin</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'') | ||
The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''ārit''. | The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''ārit''. | ||
V2 order seemingly | V2 order seemingly had no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking: | ||
:'''''Ari | :'''''Ari wæsiʀ soltinăʀ''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari is hungry'') | ||
and as a question: | and as a question: | ||
:'''''Ari | :'''''Ari wæsiʀ soltinăʀ?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari is hungry?'') | ||
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing). | Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing). | ||
Another method is SO inversion, as in: | Another method is SO inversion, as in: | ||
:''''' | :'''''soltinăʀ wæsiʀ Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry is Ari?'') | ||
==Lexical comparison== | ==Lexical comparison== | ||