Linguifex

Pre-Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Melinoë (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,510 edits
Melinoë (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,510 edits
 
(32 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name={{PAGENAME}}
|name={{PAGENAME}}
|nativename=*hōsanorzka
|nativename=*hūsanorzka
|image= [[File:phus runic "hūsanorzka".jpg|303x79px|class=skin-invert]]
|imagecaption=*hūsanorzka in early Húsnorsk runes, note the bound "ᛏᛋ" for "z", and the straightened shape of "k".
|pronunciation=*ˈxuː.sɑ.ˌnort͡s.kɑ
|states=Northern Kievan Rus
|states=Northern Kievan Rus
|era=Evolved from Proto-Norse in the 8th century, developed into [[Old Húsnorsk]] by the 12th century.
|fam1=Indo-European
|fam1=Indo-European
|fam2=Germanic
|fam2=Germanic
Line 17: Line 21:
}}
}}


{{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in ''all'' positions, even where lost in Old Norse, such as in ''*foglăʀ'', vs. Old Norse ''fogl''. (note that "ă" was historically written without the diacritic, and signifies a syllabic consonant. Also note that ''ʀ'' was historically written ''z'', though the sound is reconstructed as *[ʝ].)
{{PAGENAME}} was the North Germanic language ancestral to the Húsnorsk language(s), it is extremely notable for its archaic state, often noted as being "hyper-archaic", consistently preserving Proto-Germanic *z as distinct in ''all'' positions, even where lost in the other dialects of Old Norse, such as in ''*foglăʀ'', vs. Old Norse ''fogl''. As mentioned before, Pre-Húsnorsk is a dialect of Old Norse, though whether divergent or conservative is difficult to determine.
 
Húsnorsk split early on, in the 8th century, as the Rus' began migrating around, due to this historic speaker population, Pre-Húsnorsk is also called Rus' Norse. It is hard to determine when exactly Húsnorsk became a distinct dialect, though it was certainly so by the mid 10th century. The difficulty of dating is largely due to spelling issues in the Younger Futhark, mostly from the small character inventory but a large phoneme inventory. Some independent developments resolve a few of the issues, but many remained. (see the orthography section)


==History==
==History==
===Name===
===Name===
''"Húsnorsk"'' is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as ''*hōsanorzka'' (note the "hús" is from Old Norse, not Húsnorsk), a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 1000AD-1400AD, around the same period as Old Norwegian), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.
''"Húsnorsk"'' is believed to originate from Pre-Húsnorsk as ''*hūsanorþka'', a term for all the vernacular dialects spoken in the period (roughly 750AD-1100AD), eventually coming to refer to the vernacular dialect of the region specifically.


===Development===
===Development===
The development of Pre-Húsnorsk is poorly understood at best, it seems to follow Old Norse for the most part, but misses some of the vital shifts that define Old Norse.
The development of Pre-Húsnorsk is not entirely understood, and it's doubtful that it ever will be, as it seems several of the changes went unwritten, leaving linguists only to conjecture over possibilities. The major sound changes are listed below.
 
From Proto-Norse:
*ʀ begun assimilating with neighboring sonorants, but not with other consonants (*-inʀ > -inn)
*Nasals are definitively lost before /s/, nasalizing the preceding the vowel. This seems to also affect nasals before *z
*-Vn develops into a nasal vowel (eg. *habjan > *habją (Pre-Húsnorsk ''hæfą''))
*stressed e breaks into ja, unless following w or r
*j lost word initially, and w lost before round vowels
*I and U umlaut begin: (causes the loss of /i, u/, and the shortening of /iː, uː/)
**with i: /e, ɛ, a, u, o/ > /i, e, ɛ, y, ø/
**with u: /i, e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, ɔ, u/
**with i and u: /e, ɛ, a, o/ > /y, ø, œ, y/
**A unique feature of Húsnorsk is i-umlauted /i/ and u-umlauted /u/, these undergo breaking to /je/ and /wo/,
*Word final ē in Proto-Norse develops into ī in Pre-Húsnorsk, but remains as ē elsewhere. It also becomes ī before ʀ.
*/au/ and /øy/ merge to /øy/
*coda /l/ had likely developed into /ʟ/ by Old Húsnorsk
*At some point, /NC/ becomes /CC/ (eg. mp, mb, nt, nd, nk, ng > pp, bb, tt, dd, kk, gg)
*A notable feature is the seeming initial devoicing of approximants, thus losing the distinction between r/hr, l/hl, and w/hw. It's believed to be devoicing due to early descriptions by Swedish scholars. ("A people who cannot pronounce their initial Rs, Ls, and Ws without breath")


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 56: Line 79:
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| rowspan=2 | f~v
| rowspan=2 | f~v ⟨f⟩
| rowspan=2 | θ~ð
| rowspan=2 | θ~ð ⟨þ⟩
| s
| s
| x
| x ⟨h⟩¹
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
|
| ʀ²
| ʀ¹
|  
|-
! rowspan=2 | Approximant
! Unvoiced
| ʍ²
|
| r̥, l̥
|
|-
|-
! Voiced
! colspan=2 | Approximant
| w
| w³
|
|
| r, l³
| r³, l³<sup>, </sup>⁴
| j
| j³
|-
|-
|}
|}


#probably [ʝ].
#Almost certainly velar [x], not glottal [h], the evidence for such comes from the descendants, which still pronounce it as such. It seems that original [ɣ] became [g] early on, then /x/ gained [ɣ] as an allophone, though due to the nature /x~h/ in Germanic languages, this is incredibly rare.
#exact value unknown.
#probably [ɹ̠˔].
#Devoiced word-initially, probably [ʍ, r̥, l̥, ç]
#likely [ʟ] in coda position.
#likely [ʟ] in coda position.


Line 104: Line 121:
|-
|-
! Mid-Low
! Mid-Low
| ɛ
| ɛ ⟨æ⟩
| œ¹
| œ¹
| ɔ
| ɔ ⟨ꜵ⟩
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
Line 115: Line 132:
|}
|}


#it's not clear if this exists or not, it may have merged with */ø/
#This sound was almost certainly distinct from /ø/ in Pre-Húsnorsk. (/ø/ was written "ꜷ", while /œ/ was written "œ", the consistency between the two seems to point towards a strong distinction)
 
Every vowel has a nasal counterpart, as well as a long form. It seems when nasal, there is no distinction between mid-high and mid-low, the qualities here were likely true mid ([ẽ̞, ø̞̃, õ̞]), or at least transitioning towards such, though they were most certainly not mid-high by the time of Old Húsnorsk.
 
==Orthography==
==Orthography==
{| class="wikitable"
The historic orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk is notoriously difficult to read, as it is with all historic texts in Old Norse. There are two main issues that contribute to this:
! colspan=21 | Latin orthography of Pre-Húsnorsk
*Letter forms often differ greatly from their modern counterparts, as well as the extensive use of ligatures, shorthand, and abbreviations.
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
*
! Phoneme
 
| /i/
Early Pre-Húsnorsk (Pre-10th century) was mainly written in a variant of the Elder Futhark. This alphabet had many of the same problems as Old Norse in the Younger Futhark, especially regarding vowels, though it did create a distinction between oral and nasal vowels. This distinction was achieved through "binding" (ligaturing) the n rune (ᚾ, which was often written with a horizontal branch rather than the diagonal one) to the appropriate vowel rune, as in "[[File:phus an rune.jpg|24x20px|class=skin-invert]]" (modern example handwritten on paper), the rune used for "ą".
| /iː/
 
| /e/
Many methods to better represent the language's vowels post-umlaut were made, though none of them ever caught on. The most common solution we do see is binding the e or o rune onto a or o. The same way the Latin script uses "æ, œ, ꜵ", so do early Húsnorsk runes. (images will come later)
| /eː/
| /ɛ/
| /ɛː/
| /y/
| /yː/
| /ø/
| /øː/
| /u/
| /uː/
| /o/
| /oː/
| /ɔ/
| /ɔː/
| /a/
| /aː/
| /øy/
| /ɛi/
|-
! Letter
| i
| ī
| e
| ē
| æ
| ǣ
| y
| ȳ
| ø
| ø̄
| u
| ū
| o
| ō
| ǫ
| ǭ
| a
| ā
| øy
| æi
|- style="background:#f2f2f2"
! Phoneme
| /p/
| /b/
| /m/
| /f/
| /θ/
| /t/
| /d/
| /n/
| /l/
| /s/
| /r/
| /ʝ/
| /j/
| /w/
| /k/
| /ɡ/
| /x/
| [ts]
| /Cː/
|-
! Letter
| p
| b
| m
| f
| þ
| t
| d
| n
| l
| s
| r
| ʀ
| j
| w
| k
| g
| h
| z
| CC
|-
|}


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
Line 219: Line 156:
The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.
The strong/weak distinction for nouns is largely unused in Húsnorsk linguistics.


====Common patterns====
Near the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk, the vocative begins appearing, this is one of the first major cracks in the phonemic spelling system to show up (the retention of root spellings in verbs is considered inconsequential)
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|avl}}
====Masculine patterns====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|úv|1l=ú}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-a|abl|1u=ꜵbl}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-a|ulf|1a=olf|1u=wolf}}




{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|al|1l=ó|1lj=ǿ}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns m-i|æl|1u=ꜵl|}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás|æs}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás|æs}}
Line 238: Line 175:


====Feminine patterns====
====Feminine patterns====
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.
By the end of the Pre-Húsnorsk era, the masculine/feminine distinction had collapsed, leading to a common gender instead.


feminine ō-stem:
feminine ō-stem:
Line 247: Line 184:


====Neuter patterns====
====Neuter patterns====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|1l=mó|mál}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns n-a|māl|1u=mꜵ̄l|1i=mǣl}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|ísladd|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk nouns n-a|īsladd|1u=īslꜵdd|1i=islædd}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Line 257: Line 194:


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs. ''-at'' appears as ''-t'' after vowels.
(Most of these need updating, I gotta finish evolving them all from Proto-Norse)
 
Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, though typically appearing as ''-t''.


The plural imperative is usually ''-ið'', but it's occasionally seen as ''-að'', the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.
The plural imperative is usually ''-ið'', but it's occasionally seen as ''-að'', the origin of this new suffix is unknown, but likely comes from differentiating it from the subjunctive.
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. The different classes exist as each has a different characteristic ablaut pattern.
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs. The different classes exist as each has a different characteristic ablaut pattern.
Line 265: Line 205:


=====Class 1=====
=====Class 1=====
Class 1 is characterized by ''-ē-'' in the present and ''-i-'' in the past.
Class 1 is characterized by ''-ī-'' in the present and ''-i-'' in the past.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=grēpa|type=1|grēp|grip}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=grīpą|type=1|grīp|grip}}


=====Class 2=====
=====Class 2=====
Class 2 is characterized by ''-jō-'' in the present and ''-u-'' in the past.
Class 2 is characterized by ''-jō-'' in the present and ''-u-'' in the past.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=ljōga|type=2|ljōg|lug}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=ljūgą|type=2|ljūg|lug}}
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 3=====
Class is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have ''-u-'' in the indicative past and ''-y-'' in the subjunctive past.
Class 3 is split into several sub-classes, as there's multiple patterns contained in it. All patterns have ''-u-'' in the indicative past and ''-y-'' in the subjunctive past.
======Class 3-e======
======Class 3-i======
Characterized by ''-e-'' in the present. This ''-e-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-i-'', the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.
Characterized by ''-i-'' in the present. This ''-e-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-i-'', the value is likely through a-umlaut, though this is debated.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=wedda|type=3-e|wedd|udd|ydd}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=widdą|type=3-i|widd|udd|ydd}}
======Class 3-æ======
 
Characterized by ''-æ-'' in the present.
 
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=wænna|type=3-æ|wænn|unn|ynn}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=winną|type=3-i|winn|unn|ynn}}
 
======Class 3-ja======
Characterized by ''-ja-'' in the present.


Old Norse ''-ja-'' is also under 3-æ, such as ''bærga'' (Old Norse ''bjarga'')
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=bjargą|type=3-ja|bjarg|burg|byrg}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=bærga|type=3-æ|bærg|burg|byrg}}


======Class 3-ø======
======Class 3-y======
Characterized by ''-ø-'' in the present. ''-ø-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-ø-'' and ''-y-''.
Characterized by ''-ȳ-'' in the present. ''-ȳ-'' is cognate to Old Norse ''-ø-'' and ''-y-''.


This first verb is cognate to Old Norse ''þryngva''.
This first verb is cognate to Old Norse ''þryngva''.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=þrøgga|type=3-ø|þrøgg|þrugg|þrygg}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=þrȳggą|type=3-y|þrȳgg|þrugg|þrygg}}


This next verb is cognate with Old Norse ''søkkva''.
This next verb is cognate with Old Norse ''søkkva''. The expected form is ''sykka'', but the present was analogized to ''-ȳ-'' to help distinguish the past subjunctive.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=søkka|type=3-ø|søkk|sukk|sykk}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=sȳkką|type=3-y|sȳkk|sukk|sykk}}


=====Class 4=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gæta|paspar=t|type=5|gæt|gāt}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gjatą|paspar=t|type=5|gjat|gāt}}
Variously appears as ''gjata''~''gæta''
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====
=====Class 7=====
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gægg|1i=gægg}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs s|lem=gaggą|type=7|gagg|gjagg|1i=gjagg}}


====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
Line 303: Line 246:


weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bøygja'', is a j-weak.
weak verbs have largely been leveled to two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bøygja'', is a j-weak.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=bøygja|bøyg|bøygþ|1j=bøygj|2s=bøygts}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=bøygą|bøyg|bøygþ|2s=bøygz|2t=bøygt}}


This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak.
This next verb, ''hafa'', is a plain weak.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=hafa|haf|hafþ}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk verbs w|lem=hæfą|haf|hafþ|1i=hæf|2i=hæfþ|2u=hꜵfþ|2t=hafz}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
Line 313: Line 256:
This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
{{Pre-Húsnorsk wæʀa}}
{{Pre-Húsnorsk wæʀa}}
The regularized ''wæs-'' root was generally rare till late Pre-Húsnorsk, where it starts becoming the dominant forms (with ''wāʀ-'' retained for the past)


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
Line 399: Line 341:
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Pre-Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).


:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">maðpjoldin</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">maþpjælþăʀin</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.


In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">ārit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">maðpjoldin</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">ārit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wāʀ</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">maþpjælþăʀin</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''ārit''.
The prepositional phrase "ārit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''ārit''.


V2 order seemingly has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:
V2 order seemingly had no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following examples, you'll see the different methods that were used for question marking:
:'''''Ari wæsi soltin''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
:'''''Ari wæsiʀ soltinăʀ''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari is hungry'')
and as a question:
and as a question:
:'''''Ari wæsi soltin?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
:'''''Ari wæsiʀ soltinăʀ?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari is hungry?'')
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).


Another method is SO inversion, as in:
Another method is SO inversion, as in:
:'''''soltin wæsi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
:'''''soltinăʀ wæsiʀ Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry is Ari?'')


==Lexical comparison==
==Lexical comparison==
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Pre-Húsnorsk"