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Ka'mpang: Difference between revisions

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There is a romanization representing only the phonemes, but it is rarely used. /m k ʔ a/ is ⟨m k ’ a⟩ (though /ʔʔ/ and /ʔʔʔ/ are written ⟨-⟩ and ⟨’-⟩, respectively).
==== Phonetic ====
==== Phonetic ====
The phonetic inventory is much more useful in understanding the pronunciation of the language.
The phonetic inventory is much more useful in understanding the pronunciation of the language.
===== Consonants =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Labial
! rowspan="2" |[[w:labial_consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" |(Pre-)alveolar
! colspan="2" |([[w:Dental_consonant|Pre]]-)[[w:Alveolar_consonant|alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Palatal_consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" |Velar
! colspan="2" |[[w:Velar_consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |Uvular
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Uvular_consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" |Glottal
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Glottal_consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
!Plain
!Plain
!Labial
![[w:Labial-alveolar_consonant|Labial]]
!Plain
!Plain
!Labial
![[w:Labial-velar_consonant|Labial]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! colspan="2" |[[w:Nasal_consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|[[w:IPA_m|m]]
|n
|[[w:IPA_n|n]]
|
|
|
|
|ŋ
|[[w:IPA_ŋ|ŋ]]
|
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|
|
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
! colspan="2" |[[w:Plosive_consonant|Plosive]]
|p
|[[w:IPA_p|p]]
|t d
|[[w:IPA_t|t]] [[w:IPA_d|d]]
|ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p
|[[w:voiceless_labial-alveolar_plosive|ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p]]
|
|
|k ɡ
|[[w:IPA_k|k]] [[w:IPA_g|ɡ]]
|ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p
|[[w:Voiceless_labial-velar_plosive|ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p]]
|
|
|ʔ
|[[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Glottalic
! colspan="2" |[[w:Glottalic_airstream|Glottalic]]
|ɓ
|[[Tłkaw|ɓ]]
|
|
|ɗ͡ɓ
|[[w:labial-alveolar_consonant|ɗ͡ɓ]]
|
|
|kʼ
|[[w:velar_ejective|kʼ]]
|ɠ͡ɓ
|[[w:Voiced_labial-velar_implosibe|ɠ͡ɓ]]
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Click
! rowspan="2" |[[w:Click_consonant|Click]]
!Tenuis
![[w:Labialized_consonant|Labialized]]
|ᵏʘ
|[[w:Tenuis_bilabial_click|k͡ʘʷ]]
|ᵏǀ
|[[w:Tenuis_dental_click|k͡ǀʷ]]
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!Glottalized
![[w:Glottalized_consonant|Glottalized]]
|ᵏʘˀ
|[[w:Glottalized_click|k͡ʘˀ]]
|ᵏǀˀ
|[[w:Glottalized_click|k͡ǀˀ]]
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
! colspan="2" |[[w:Fricative_consonant|Fricative]]
|v
|[[w:IPA_v|v]]
|s
|[[w:IPA_s|s]]
|
|
|ç
|[[w:voiceless_palatal_fricative|ç]]
|x
|[[w:IPA_x|x]]
|
|χ
|
|
|[[w:voiceless_uvular_fricative|χ]]
|[[w:IPA_h|h]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Glide
! colspan="2" |[[w:Glide_consonant|Glide]]
|
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|j
|[[w:IPA_j|j]]
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|w
|[[w:IPA_w|w]]
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|}
|}
A phonetic romanization is more common for Ka'mpang. The consonants are [m n ŋ p t d ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p k ɡ ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p ʔ ɓ ɗ͡ɓ kʼ ɠ͡ɓ ᵏʘ ᵏǀ ᵏʘˀ ᵏǀˀ v s ç x χ j w] ⟨m n ng p t d np k g ngp ’ b db f c f’ c’ v s ch x q y w⟩. Like in the phonemic romanization, /ʔʔ/ and /ʔʔʔ/ are written ⟨-⟩ and ⟨’-⟩, respectively.
 
===== Vowels =====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[w:front_vowel|Front]]
! colspan="3" |Center
! colspan="3" |[[w:central_vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Back
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[w:back_vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Unround
! colspan="2" |[[w:unrounded_vowel|Unround]]
! rowspan="2" |Round
! rowspan="2" |[[w:rounded_vowel|Round]]
|-
|-
!Oral
![[w:oral_vowel|Oral]]
!Nasal
![[w:nasalized_vowel|Nasal]]
!Oral
![[w:oral_vowel|Oral]]
!Nasal
![[w:nasalized_vowel|Nasal]]
!Oral
![[w:oral_vowel|Oral]]
!Nasal
![[w:nasalized_vowel|Nasal]]
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Close
! colspan="2" |[[w:close_vowel|Close]]
|i
|[[w:IPA_i|i]]
|
|
|ɨ
|[[w:close_central_unrounded_vowel|ɨ]]
|
|
|ʉ
|[[w:close_central_rounded_vowel|ʉ]]
|u
|[[w:close_back_rounded_vowel|u]]
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|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Mid
! rowspan="2" |[[w:mid_vowel|Mid]]
!Short
![[w:vowel_length|Short]]
|e
|[[w:IPA_e|e]]
|ẽ
|[[w:nasalized_vowel|ẽ]]
|ə
|[[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]]
|ə̃
|[[w:nasalized_vowel|ə̃]]
|ɵ
|[[w:close-mid_central_rounded_vowel|ɵ]]
|o
|[[w:IPA_o|o]]
|õ
|[[w:nasalized_vowel|õ]]
|-
|-
!Long
![[w:vowel_length|Long]]
|eː
|[[w:vowel_length|eː]]
|ẽː
|[[w:vowel_length|ẽː]]
|əː
|[[w:vowel_length|əː]]
|ə̃ː
|[[w:vowel_length|ə̃ː]]
|
|
|oː
|[[w:vowel_length|oː]]
|õː
|[[w:vowel_length|õː]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Open
! rowspan="2" |[[w:open_vowel|Open]]
!Short
![[w:vowel_length|Short]]
|
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|a
|[[w:IPA_a|a]]
|ã
|[[w:nasalized_vowel|ã]]
|
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|-
|-
!Long
![[w:vowel_length|Long]]
|
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|
|aː
|[[w:vowel_length|aː]]
|ãː
|[[w:vowel_length|ãː]]
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|}
|}
Nasalization is not written in the phonetic romanization since it can easily be predicted to occur before any nasal. The vowels are [i ɨ ʉ u e ə ɵ o eː əː oː a aː] ⟨i î û u e a ô o ē ā ō â á⟩.


=== Romanization ===
There is a romanization representing only the phonemes, but it is rarely used. /m k ʔ a/ is ⟨m k ' a⟩.
A phonetic romanization is more common for Ka'mpang. Nasalization is not written in the phonetic romanization since it can easily be predicted to occur before any nasal.
{| class="wikitable"
!Allophone
!Romanization
!Allophone
!Romanization
|-
![[w:IPA_m|m]]
|''m''
![[w:IPA_i|i]]
|''i''
|-
![[w:IPA_p|p]]
|''p''
![[w:IPA_e|e]]
| rowspan="2" |''e''
|-
![[Tłkaw|ɓ]]
|''b''
![[w:nasalized_vowel|ẽ]]
|-
![[w:Tenuis_bilabial_click|k͡ʘʷ]]
|''fw''
![[w:vowel_length|eː]]
| rowspan="2" |''ē''
|-
![[w:Glottalized_click|k͡ʘˀ]]
|''f''
![[w:vowel_length|ẽː]]
|-
![[w:IPA_v|v]]
|''v''
![[w:close_central_unrounded_vowel|ɨ]]
|''î''
|-
![[w:IPA_n|n]]
|''n''
![[w:mid_central_vowel|ə]]
| rowspan="2" |''a''
|-
![[w:IPA_t|t]]
|''t''
![[w:nasalized_vowel|ə̃]]
|-
![[w:IPA_d|d]]
|''d''
![[w:vowel_length|əː]]
| rowspan="2" |''ā''
|-
![[w:Tenuis_dental_click|k͡ǀʷ]]
|''cw''
![[w:vowel_length|ə̃ː]]
|-
![[w:Glottalized_click|k͡ǀˀ]]
|''c''
![[w:IPA_a|a]]
| rowspan="2" |''â''
|-
![[w:IPA_s|s]]
|''s''
![[w:nasalized_vowel|ã]]
|-
![[w:voiceless_labial-alveolar_plosive|ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p]]
|''np''
![[w:vowel_length|aː]]
| rowspan="2" |''á''
|-
![[w:labial-alveolar_consonant|ɗ͡ɓ]]
|''db''
![[w:vowel_length|ãː]]
|-
![[w:voiceless_palatal_fricative|ç]]
|''ch''
![[w:close_central_rounded_vowel|ʉ]]
|''û''
|-
![[w:IPA_j|j]]
|''y''
![[w:close-mid_central_rounded_vowel|ɵ]]
|''ô''
|-
![[w:IPA_ŋ|ŋ]]
|''ng''
![[w:close_back_rounded_vowel|u]]
|''u''
|-
![[w:IPA_k|k]]
|''k''
![[w:IPA_o|o]]
| rowspan="2" |''o''
|-
![[w:IPA_g|ɡ]]
|''g''
![[w:nasalized_vowel|õ]]
|-
![[w:velar_ejective|kʼ]]
|''k'''
![[w:vowel_length|oː]]
| rowspan="2" |''ō''
|-
![[w:IPA_x|x]]
|''x''
![[w:vowel_length|õː]]
|-
![[w:Voiceless_labial-velar_plosive|ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p]]
|''kp''
! colspan="2" rowspan="6" |
|-
![[w:Voiced_labial-velar_implosibe|ɠ͡ɓ]]
|''gb''
|-
![[w:IPA_w|w]]
|''w''
|-
![[w:voiceless_uvular_fricative|χ]]
|''q''
|-
![[w:glottal_stop|ʔ]]
|''<nowiki/>'''
|-
![[w:IPA_h|h]]
|''h''
|}
=== Allophony ===
=== Allophony ===
The allophony rules phonemes must go through to produce the phonetic pronunciation are as follows:
The allophony rules phonemes must go through to produce the phonetic pronunciation are as follows:


T: [n t tʼ d ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p ɗ͡ɓ ᵏǀ ᵏǀˀ]
T: [n t tʼ d ⁿ͡ᵐt͡p ɗ͡ɓ k͡ǀ k͡ǀˀ]


K: [ŋ k kʼ ɡ ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p ɠ͡ɓ ᵏʘ ᵏʘˀ]
K: [ŋ k kʼ ɡ ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p ɠ͡ɓ k͡ʘ k͡ʘˀ]


# ka ma → kə mo
# ka ma → kə mo
Line 196: Line 322:
# a ə o → ə ɨ u / _{k, ɡ, k’}
# a ə o → ə ɨ u / _{k, ɡ, k’}
# m → ŋ / ã_{V,#}
# m → ŋ / ã_{V,#}
# kw k kʼ ɓ v → ᵏʘw ᵏʘ ᵏʘˀ b w / m_
# kw kʼ ɓ v → k͡ʘʷ k͡ʘˀ b w / m_
# ə ə̃ → e ẽ / w_
# kmp kɓ → ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p ɠ͡ɓ
# kmp kɓ → ᵑ͡ᵐk͡p ɠ͡ɓ
# m → N[+POA1] / _C[+POA1 -glottal -palatal]
# m → N[+POA1] / _C[+POA1 -glottal -palatal]
# K → T / %_(C)V(V)KV(V)(%)_
# K → T / %_(C)V(V)K(C)V(V)(%)_
# K → T / %_(C)V(V)K%
# K → T / %_(C)V(V)K%
# ɡ → j / C_
# ɡ → j / C_
# ɨ ə → i e / {T[-click], j}_[±any]
# ɨ ə → i e / {T[-click], j}_[±any]
# Va Vã → Vː Ṽː
# Va Vã → Vː Ṽː
# t k → s x / _#
# t k → s x / _% !_{t,k}
# x → ç / {i, e}[±any]_
# x → ç / {i, e}[±any]_
# x → χ / {u, o}[±any]_
# x → χ / {u, o}[±any]_
# ʔː ʔːː > h ʔh


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
The syllable structure of the phonemes is (C)(C)V(C).
The syllable structure of the phonemes is (C)(C)V(C).
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Ka%27mpang"