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|script1=Runr
|script1=Runr
|script2=Latn
|script2=Latn
|script3=Brai
|script3=Cyrl
|script4=Brai
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]]
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|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Northern Mongolia]]</small>
|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Far western Mongolia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Altai prefecture|Altai prefecture]]</small>
|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
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}}
}}


[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]] <ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>
[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]], both from sound changes and semantic shift.<ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Name===
Jugsnorsk has had many names since it first split, the earliest being ''Plýggnorska'', a pejorative meaning "Fleer's Norse", this was used by the people of Novgorod for many decades, nearly a century. It next gained the common name still used for it, ''Jugranorska'' (modern: ''Ygranorska''), though this would fall to ''A(l)tænorska'', ''A(l)tæ'' (modern ''Átæ'') meaning "Altai mountains", coming from Northern Altai ''Алтай'', this name still persists, but is far less common than ''Ygranorska'', which has had a resurgence and overtook ''Átænorska''.
===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===
===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").
Line 544: Line 547:
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás|és}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás|æs}}
The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.
The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.




{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|najl|nejl}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|najl|najl}}
In ''najlj'', you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|pej=j|figg|fygg}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|pej=j|figg|fygg}}
Here in ''figgj'' you see how i-umlaut ''i'' becomes ''y'', instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.
Here in ''figgj'' you see how i-umlauted ''i'' becomes ''y'', instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.
======Feminine patterns======
======Feminine patterns======
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

Latest revision as of 21:30, 27 March 2026


Jugsnorsk
Ygranorska
Pronunciation[ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]
Created byMelinoë
DateFebruary 23rd, 2026
Native toAltai mountain region
EthnicityJugsnorsk
Native speakers(L1) 400,000 (2020)
(L2) 20,000
Early forms
Standard form
Varhúsnorsk
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byThe Húsnorsk Academy
Language codes
ISO 639-3jugs
Jugsnorsk is classified as vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Jugsnorsk (/jugz.norsk/; endonym: Ygranorska, [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum, so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with Nygadsnorsk, both from sound changes and semantic shift.[1]

History

Name

Jugsnorsk has had many names since it first split, the earliest being Plýggnorska, a pejorative meaning "Fleer's Norse", this was used by the people of Novgorod for many decades, nearly a century. It next gained the common name still used for it, Jugranorska (modern: Ygranorska), though this would fall to A(l)tænorska, A(l)tæ (modern Átæ) meaning "Altai mountains", coming from Northern Altai Алтай, this name still persists, but is far less common than Ygranorska, which has had a resurgence and overtook Átænorska.

Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)

In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the Russian plague, these fleeing families would move east, into Siberia (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian Yugra). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a pejorative, and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with ravkki for example, from ravnj and -ki.

Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)

Development

Jugsnorsk's phonological history is largely extremely well understood. The exact mechnism through which the laudative and pejorative forms developed is not understood well though.

The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Varhúsnorsk and Jugsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be italicized.

  • /iu, eu/ > /ju/
  • coda geminates shorten
  • The laudative and pejorative forms must have developed prior to diphthong flattening, while coda /l/ still existed as the allophone [u̯]
  • nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same, but always before ð (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )
  • Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/
    • Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" (Eastern "alʀ") becomes "œ" /œː/)
  • /r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
  • Original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s
  • /Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)
  • /ɣ/ to /g/
  • /w, v/ merge to /ʋ/ except word initially
  • Vowel shifts:
    • Overlong to plain long
    • Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals), /ɛ, ɛː/ to /a, ai̯/ though.
    • Unstressed shifts:
      • Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
      • Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/
    • Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/
    • Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts)
  • /Cf, Cs/ to /Cʰ/
  • /Vbl̩, Vdl̩, Vgl̩/ to /u̯l, l, i̯l/, [ʎ] ("lj") is still treated as /lj/, so "ablj" [a.bʎ̩] becomes [au̯ʎ]
  • initial jV-/wV- assimilation.
    • Not all speakers have wV- assimilation, those that don't finish the w/v merger.
  • /sC/ to /Cʰ/, likely through intermediate /ʰC/
  • (not all speakers) in some of the more common verbs, geminates are reduced to approximates/fricatives
    • "-pp-, -bb-" > "-v-"
    • "-tt-, -dd-" > "-ð-"
    • "-kk-, -gg-" > "-j-"

Phonology

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b d g
Aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Fricative Unvoiced f θ s x
Voiced ð
Approximant ʋ r², l j
  1. /b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
  2. Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
  3. All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)


Stressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High i ɪi̯ iː y ʏy̯ yː u ʊu̯ uː
Mid e e̞i̯ eː ø ø̞y̯ øː o o̞u̯ oː
Low a ɐu̯ aː
Unstressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High ɪ i iː ʏ y yː ʊ u uː
Mid ɛ e eː œ ø øː ɔ o oː
Low ɐ a aː

Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.

/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").

The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó" (and "au" with "ó" as well), also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.

-j -v
i- — ju
í/ī- — ʏy̯
u- wi —
ú/ū- ʏy̯ —
e- ei̯, e̞i̯ eu̯, ɤ(u̯)
é/ē- eːi̯, e̞ːi̯ eːu̯, ɤː(u̯)
o- oi̯, ɤ(i̯) ou̯, o̞u̯
ó/ō- oːi̯, ɤː(i̯) oːu̯, o̞ːu̯
a- äi̯ ɑu̯, ɒu̯, o̞u̯
á/ā- äːi̯ ɑːu̯, ɒːu̯

Orthography

Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with graves standing for overlongs.

Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:

"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
Long s is still used
Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
Extensive use of ligatures
Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and, uniquely to Jugsnorsk, "ar". It is also occasionally used for "aj" when from older "aʀ".
Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")

Runic script

Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"

The runic and Latin spellings should be a 1-to-1 correspondence, so "akka" should be written "ak̥a", the ring acting for long consonants. Diacritic usage should also closely follow Latin Jugsnorsk. Lastly, the "ʀ" rune acts for /j/.

This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written up the page, not down)

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a kind of nonconcatenative morphology defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is not nearly as so in Húsnorsk, u-umlaut having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. mó and mó). i-umlaut, however, is largely preserved, even extended at times. An odd phenomena occurs wherein words where the stressed vowel is i, when undergoing i-umlaut, instead exhibit u-umlaut (eg. i > y), the cause for this is entirely unknown.

Modern vowel variations in Jugsnorsk come primarily from l-vocalization and Vj/Vv smoothing (eg. al- > ó-, alj > ǿ), these are decently pervasive in Jugsnorsk, but not nearly as common as umlaut was in Old Norse. You will largely notice the effects of l-vocalization in the laudative and pejorative forms of nouns, where the -s-/-g- suffixes cause it to happen in every form (eg. mál-, but mó- in the laudative and pejorative)

Nouns

As with most other Germanic languages, a distinction between gender is made, which Jugsnorsk, like many Nordic languages, underwent the masculine/feminine merger that created the modern common/neuter system, though it is far more progressed than many of the continental Nordic languages, having undergone the change in pronouns as well. These are divided into ending, which is typically determined by the form in Proto-Germanic, which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "common ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The strong/weak distinction is less important in the modern day, as the adjectival distinction this came from has since been lost in its entirety, so noun patterns are generally named for the gender and the stem type (eg. common a-stem).

In the 1950's, a shift occurred that led to the development of the Jugsnorsk neo-vocative through degrading je into the modern j', which, with the way it acts, is essentially a case prefix.

Strong nouns

Common patterns
Inflection of avlj (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avlj avljī avlé avléní
accusative avl avlī avla avlana
vocative j'avl j'avlī j'avla j'avlana
dative avli avlinū avlū avlunū
genitive avlis avlinūs avlūs avlunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avlsj avlsjī avlsé avlséní
accusative avls avlsī avlsa avlsana
vocative j'avls j'avlsī j'avlsa j'avlsana
dative avlsi avlsinū avlsū avlsunū
genitive avlsis avlsinūs avlsūs avlsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative avlgj avlgjī avlgé avlgéní
accusative avlg avlgī avlga avlgana
vocative j'avlg j'avlgī j'avlga j'avlgana
dative avlgi avlginū avlgū avlgunū
genitive avlgis avlginūs avlgūs avlgunūs
Inflection of új (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative új újī úvé úvéní
accusative ú úvī úva úvana
vocative j'ú j'úvī j'úva j'úvana
dative úvi úvinū úvū úvunū
genitive úvis úvinūs úvūs úvunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative úsj úsjī úsé úséní
accusative ús úsī úsa úsana
vocative j'ús j'úsī j'úsa j'úsana
dative úsi úsinū úsū úsunū
genitive úsis úsinūs úsūs úsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative úgj úgjī úgé úgéní
accusative úg úgī úga úgana
vocative j'úg j'úgī j'úga j'úgana
dative úgi úginū úgū úgunū
genitive úgis úginūs úgūs úgunūs


Inflection of ǿ (common i-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ǿ ójī alí alíní
accusative ó alī ali alina
vocative j'ó j'alī j'ali j'alina
dative ali alinū alū alunū
genitive alis alinūs alūs alunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ósj ósjī ósí ósíní
accusative ós ósī ósi ósina
vocative j'ós j'ósī j'ósi j'ósina
dative ósi ósinū ósū ósunū
genitive ósis ósinūs ósūs ósunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ógj ógjī ógí ógíní
accusative óg ógī ógi ógina
vocative j'óg j'ógī j'ógi j'ógina
dative ógi óginū ógū ógunū
genitive ógis óginūs ógūs ógunūs

As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

Inflection of ásj (common u-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ásj ásjī æsí æsíní
accusative ás ásī ási ásina
vocative j'ás j'ásī j'ási j'ásina
dative ási ásinū ásū ásunū
genitive ásis ásinūs ásūs ásunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ássj ássjī æssí æssíní
accusative áss ássī ássi ássina
vocative j'áss j'ássī j'ássi j'ássina
dative ássi ássinū ássū ássunū
genitive ássis ássinūs ássūs ássunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative áskj áskjī æskí æskíní
accusative ásk áskī áski áskina
vocative j'ásk j'áskī j'áski j'áskina
dative áski áskinū áskū áskunū
genitive áskis áskinūs áskūs áskunūs

The u-stem has largely become identical to the i-stem, the only difference being the i-umlaut in the nominative plural.


Inflection of najlj (common consonant-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlj najljī najl najliní
accusative najl najlī najl najlina
vocative j'najl j'najlī j'najl j'najlina
dative najli najlinū najlū najlunū
genitive najlis najlinūs najlūs najlunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlsj najlsjī najls najlsiní
accusative najls najlsī najls najlsina
vocative j'najls j'najlsī j'najls j'najlsina
dative najlsi najlsinū najlsū najlsunū
genitive najlsis najlsinūs najlsūs najlsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative najlgj najlgjī najlg najlginí
accusative najlg najlgī najlg najlgina
vocative j'najlg j'najlgī j'najlg j'najlgina
dative najlgi najlginū najlgū najlgunū
genitive najlgis najlginūs najlgūs najlgunūs

In najlj, you see how historic sound shifts occasionally flatten umlaut variations, such as here with the old /a/-/ɛ/ dynamic, where in Jugsnorsk /ɛ/ has merged with /a/. This should not be thought of as the removal of umlaut, but rather the loss of the distinction, as the umlaut variations can still be seen in other words, such as the following word:

Inflection of figgj (common consonant-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgj figgjī fygg fygginí
accusative figg figgī fygg fyggina
vocative j'figg j'figgī j'fygg j'fyggina
dative figgi figginū figgū figgunū
genitive figgis figginūs figgūs figgunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgsj figgsjī fyggs fyggsiní
accusative figgs figgsī fyggs fyggsina
vocative j'figgs j'figgsī j'fyggs j'fyggsina
dative figgsi figgsinū figgsū figgsunū
genitive figgsis figgsinūs figgsūs figgsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative figgj figgjjī fyggj fyggjiní
accusative figgj figgjī fyggj fyggjina
vocative j'figgj j'figgjī j'fyggj j'fyggjina
dative figgji figgjinū figgjū figgjunū
genitive figgjis figgjinūs figgjūs figgjunūs

Here in figgj you see how i-umlauted i becomes y, instead of the expected outcome of being unaffected.

Feminine patterns

The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.

feminine ō-stem:

Inflection of nasj (common a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nasj nasjī nasé naséní
accusative nas nasī nasa nasana
vocative j'nas j'nasī j'nasa j'nasana
dative nasi nasinū nasū nasunū
genitive nasis nasinūs nasūs nasunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative nassj nassjī nassé nasséní
accusative nass nassī nassa nassana
vocative j'nass j'nassī j'nassa j'nassana
dative nassi nassinū nassū nassunū
genitive nassis nassinūs nassūs nassunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative naskj naskjī naské naskéní
accusative nask naskī naska naskana
vocative j'nask j'naskī j'naska j'naskana
dative naski naskinū naskū naskunū
genitive naskis naskinūs naskūs naskunūs

feminine ōn-stem

Inflection of akka (common ōn-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akka akkā akký akkýní
accusative akku akkū akký akkýna
vocative j'akku j'akkū j'akký j'akkýna
dative akki akkinū akkū akkunū
genitive akkis akkinūs akkūs akkunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akksa akksā akksý akksýní
accusative akksu akksū akksý akksýna
vocative j'akksu j'akksū j'akksý j'akksýna
dative akksi akksinū akksū akksunū
genitive akksis akksinūs akksūs akksunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative akkja akkjā akkjý akkjýní
accusative akkju akkjū akkjý akkjýna
vocative j'akkju j'akkjū j'akkjý j'akkjýna
dative akkji akkjinū akkjū akkjunū
genitive akkjis akkjinūs akkjūs akkjunūs
Neuter patterns
Inflection of mó (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mó málit mó málī
accusative mó málit mó málī
vocative j'mó j'málit j'mó j'málī
dative máli málinū málū málunū
genitive mális málinūs málūs málunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mós mósit mós mósī
accusative mós mósit mós mósī
vocative j'mós j'mósit j'mós j'mósī
dative mósi mósinū mósū mósunū
genitive mósis mósinūs mósūs mósunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative móg mógit móg mógī
accusative móg mógit móg mógī
vocative j'móg j'mógit j'móg j'mógī
dative mógi móginū mógū mógunū
genitive mógis móginūs mógūs mógunūs
Inflection of ísladd (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladd ísladdit ísladd ísladdī
accusative ísladd ísladdit ísladd ísladdī
vocative j'ísladd j'ísladdit j'ísladd j'ísladdī
dative ísladdi ísladdinū ísladdū ísladdunū
genitive ísladdis ísladdinūs ísladdūs ísladdunūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladds ísladdsit ísladds ísladdsī
accusative ísladds ísladdsit ísladds ísladdsī
vocative j'ísladds j'ísladdsit j'ísladds j'ísladdsī
dative ísladdsi ísladdsinū ísladdsū ísladdsunū
genitive ísladdsis ísladdsinūs ísladdsūs ísladdsunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ísladdg ísladdgit ísladdg ísladdgī
accusative ísladdg ísladdgit ísladdg ísladdgī
vocative j'ísladdg j'ísladdgit j'ísladdg j'ísladdgī
dative ísladdgi ísladdginū ísladdgū ísladdgunū
genitive ísladdgis ísladdginūs ísladdgūs ísladdgunūs

forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi

Adjectives

Positive inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sý sǿt sélí sǿ
accusative sélā sǿt séla sǿ
dative séli séli sélū sélū
genitive sélis sélis sélūs sélūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sǿjī sǿtit sélíní sélī
accusative sélī sǿtit sélana sélī
dative sélinū sélinū sélunū sélunū
genitive sélinūs sélinūs sélunūs sélunūs
Comparative inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélé sélat sélarí séla
accusative sélarā sélat sélara séla
dative sélari sélari sélū sélū
genitive sélaris sélaris sélūs sélūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélajī sélatit sélaríní sélarī
accusative sélarī sélatit sélarana sélarī
dative sélarinū sélarinū sélarunū sélarunū
genitive sélarinūs sélarinūs sélarunūs sélarunūs
Superlative inflection of sý
indefinite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélastj sélast sélastí sélast
accusative sélastā sélast sélasta sélast
dative sélasti sélasti sélustū sélustū
genitive sélastis sélastis sélustūs sélustūs
definite singular plural
common neuter common neuter
nominative sélastjī sélastit sélastíní sélastī
accusative sélastī sélastit sélastana sélastī
dative sélastinū sélastinū sélustunū sélustunū
genitive sélastinūs sélastinūs sélustunūs sélustunūs

Pronouns

Jugsnorsk personal pronouns
singular 1st 2nd reflexive 3rd
common neuter
nominative ak, a(h)¹, k', a' þú, þ', u' — hán þat, þan²
accusative mik, mi(h)¹ þik, þi(h)¹ sik, si(h)¹
dative mí þí sí háni þati, þani¹, þwí³
genitive mínj þínj sínj hánj þatj, þanj¹
plural 1st 2nd reflexive 3rd
common neuter
nominative ví, ý í — þí þò
accusative os i, í sik, si(h)¹ þé, þí
dative osj í sí þè
genitive ork ivé sinj þéja

1: colloquial
2: analogized with hán
3: archaic

Verbs

Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using -at far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.

Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.

Class 1
Inflection of grípa (Positive, Strong class 1)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive grípa gripa grípask gripask
participle grípaddi gripðj grípaddisk griptsk
supine — gript — griptsk
indicative present past present past
singular grípu gripu grípusk gripusk
plural grípū gripū grípūsk gripūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular grípi gripi grípisk gripisk
plural grípī gripī grípīsk gripīsk
imperative present present
singular gríp grípsk
plural grípið grípitsk
Inflection of grípa (Negative, Strong class 1)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive grípat gripat grípaska gripaska
participle grípaddit gripðjat grípaddiska griptska
supine — griptat — griptska
indicative present past present past
singular gríput griput grípuska gripuska
plural grípūt gripūt grípūska gripūska
subjunctive present past present past
singular grípit gripit grípiska gripiska
plural grípīt gripīt grípīska gripīska
imperative present present
singular grípat grípska
plural grípiðat grípitska
Class 2
Inflection of lýga (Positive, Strong class 2)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive lýga luga lýgask lugask
participle lýgaddi lugðj lýgaddisk lugtsk
supine — lugt — lugtsk
indicative present past present past
singular lýgu lugu lýgusk lugusk
plural lýgū lugū lýgūsk lugūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular lýgi lugi lýgisk lugisk
plural lýgī lugī lýgīsk lugīsk
imperative present present
singular lýg lýgsk
plural lýgið lýgitsk
Inflection of lýga (Negative, Strong class 2)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive lýgat lugat lýgaska lugaska
participle lýgaddit lugðjat lýgaddiska lugtska
supine — lugtat — lugtska
indicative present past present past
singular lýgut lugut lýguska luguska
plural lýgūt lugūt lýgūska lugūska
subjunctive present past present past
singular lýgit lugit lýgiska lugiska
plural lýgīt lugīt lýgīska lugīska
imperative present present
singular lýgat lýgska
plural lýgiðat lýgitska
Class 3
Inflection of sykka (Positive, Strong class 3)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive sykka sukka sykkask sukkask
participle sykkaddi sukkðj sykkaddisk sukktsk
supine — sukkt — sukktsk
indicative present past present past
singular sykku sukku sykkusk sukkusk
plural sykkū sukkū sykkūsk sukkūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular sykki sukki sykkisk sukkisk
plural sykkī sukkī sykkīsk sukkīsk
imperative present present
singular sykk sykksk
plural sykkið sykkitsk
Inflection of sykka (Negative, Strong class 3)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive sykkat sukkat sykkaska sukkaska
participle sykkaddit sukkðjat sykkaddiska sukktska
supine — sukktat — sukktska
indicative present past present past
singular sykkut sukkut sykkuska sukkuska
plural sykkūt sukkūt sykkūska sukkūska
subjunctive present past present past
singular sykkit sukkit sykkiska sukkiska
plural sykkīt sukkīt sykkīska sukkīska
imperative present present
singular sykkat sykkska
plural sykkiðat sykkitska
Class 4
Class 5
Inflection of gata (Positive, Strong class 5)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive gata gáta gatask gátask
participle gataddi gáttj gataddisk gáttsk
supine — gátt — gáttsk
indicative present past present past
singular gatu gátu gatusk gátusk
plural gatū gátū gatūsk gátūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular gati gáti gatisk gátisk
plural gatī gátī gatīsk gátīsk
imperative present present
singular gat gatsk
plural gatið gatitsk
Inflection of gata (Negative, Strong class 5)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive gatat gátat gataska gátaska
participle gataddit gáttjat gataddiska gáttska
supine — gáttat — gáttska
indicative present past present past
singular gatut gátut gatuska gátuska
plural gatūt gátūt gatūska gátūska
subjunctive present past present past
singular gatit gátit gatiska gátiska
plural gatīt gátīt gatīska gátīska
imperative present present
singular gatat gatska
plural gatiðat gatitska
Class 6
Class 7
Inflection of gagga (Positive, Strong class 7)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive gagga gegga gaggask geggask
participle gaggaddi geggðj gaggaddisk geggtsk
supine — geggt — geggtsk
indicative present past present past
singular gaggu geggu gaggusk geggusk
plural gaggū geggū gaggūsk geggūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular gaggi geggi gaggisk geggisk
plural gaggī geggī gaggīsk geggīsk
imperative present present
singular gagg gaggsk
plural gaggið gaggitsk
Inflection of gagga (Negative, Strong class 7)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive gaggat geggat gaggaska geggaska
participle gaggaddit geggðjat gaggaddiska geggtska
supine — geggtat — geggtska
indicative present past present past
singular gaggut geggut gagguska gegguska
plural gaggūt geggūt gaggūska geggūska
subjunctive present past present past
singular gaggit geggit gaggiska geggiska
plural gaggīt geggīt gaggīska geggīska
imperative present present
singular gaggat gaggska
plural gaggiðat gaggitska

the -gg- of gagga acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.

Weak verbs

weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, bǿgja, is a j-weak.

Inflection of bǿgja (Positive, weak)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive bǿ(g)ja bǿgða bǿ(g)jask bǿgðask
participle bǿ(g)jaddi bǿgðj bǿ(g)jaddisk bǿgtsk
supine — bǿgt — bǿgtsk
indicative present past present past
singular bǿ(g)ju bǿgðu bǿ(g)jusk bǿgðusk
plural bǿ(g)jū bǿgðū bǿ(g)jūsk bǿgðūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular bǿgi bǿgði bǿgisk bǿgðisk
plural bǿgī bǿgðī bǿgīsk bǿgðīsk
imperative present present
singular bǿg bǿgsk
plural bǿgið bǿgitsk
Inflection of bǿgja (Negative, weak)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive bǿ(g)jat bǿgðat bǿ(g)jaska bǿgðaska
participle bǿ(g)jaddit bǿgðjat bǿ(g)jaddiska bǿgtska
supine — bǿgtat — bǿgtska
indicative present past present past
singular bǿ(g)jut bǿgðut bǿ(g)juska bǿgðuska
plural bǿ(g)jūt bǿgðūt bǿ(g)jūska bǿgðūska
subjunctive present past present past
singular bǿgit bǿgðit bǿgiska bǿgðiska
plural bǿgīt bǿgðīt bǿgīska bǿgðīska
imperative present present
singular bǿgat bǿgska
plural bǿgiðat bǿgitska


This next verb, hava, is a plain weak.

Inflection of hava (Positive, weak)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive hava havða havask havðask
participle havaddi havðj havaddisk havtsk
supine — havt — havtsk
indicative present past present past
singular havu havðu havusk havðusk
plural havū havðū havūsk havðūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular havi havði havisk havðisk
plural havī havðī havīsk havðīsk
imperative present present
singular hav havsk
plural havið havitsk
Inflection of hava (Negative, weak)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive havat havðat havaska havðaska
participle havaddit havðjat havaddiska havtska
supine — havtat — havtska
indicative present past present past
singular havut havðut havuska havðuska
plural havūt havðūt havūska havðūska
subjunctive present past present past
singular havit havðit haviska havðiska
plural havīt havðīt havīska havðīska
imperative present present
singular havat havska
plural haviðat havitska

hava rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as 'va

Inflection of 'va (Positive, weak)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive 'va 'vða 'vask 'vðask
participle 'vaddi 'vðj 'vaddisk 'vtsk
supine — 'vt — 'vtsk
indicative present past present past
singular 'vu 'vðu 'vusk 'vðusk
plural 'vū 'vðū 'vūsk 'vðūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular 'vi 'vði 'visk 'vðisk
plural 'vī 'vðī 'vīsk 'vðīsk
imperative present present
singular 'v 'vsk
plural 'við 'vitsk
Inflection of 'va (Negative, weak)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive 'vat 'vðat 'vaska 'vðaska
participle 'vaddit 'vðjat 'vaddiska 'vtska
supine — 'vtat — 'vtska
indicative present past present past
singular 'vut 'vðut 'vuska 'vðuska
plural 'vūt 'vðūt 'vūska 'vðūska
subjunctive present past present past
singular 'vit 'vðit 'viska 'vðiska
plural 'vīt 'vðīt 'vīska 'vðīska
imperative present present
singular 'vat 'vska
plural 'viðat 'vitska


Suppletive verbs

Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

Inflection of vaja (Positive, Strong class 5)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive vaja vája vajask vájask
participle vajaddi véðj vajaddisk vétsk
supine — vét — vétsk
indicative present past present past
singular vaju váju vajusk vájusk
plural vajū vájū vajūsk vájūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular vaji váji vajisk vájisk
plural vajī vájī vajīsk vájīsk
imperative present present
singular vé vésk
plural vajið vajitsk
Inflection of vaja (Negative, Strong class 5)
non-finites active mediopassive
present past present past
infinitive vajat vájat vajaska vájaska
participle vajaddit véðjat vajaddiska vétska
supine — vétat — vétska
indicative present past present past
singular vajut vájut vajuska vájuska
plural vajūt vájūt vajūska vájūska
subjunctive present past present past
singular vajit vájit vajiska vájiska
plural vajīt vájīt vajīska vájīska
imperative present present
singular vajat véska
plural vajiðat vajitska


Syntax

Jugsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

mānpǿdī vé 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

árit 2000 vé mānpǿdī 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than árit.

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see the different methods for question marking:

Ari havi sútī — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari havi sútī? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

sútī havi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:

Ari vaji sélā — Ari is happy (Ari is always happy)
Ari havi sélā — Ari is happy (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vaja". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying Ari havi sélā is "Ari is happy", but saying Ari havi sǿð means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs vaja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

Texts

Drømde mik en drøm i nat

The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings. This is a more conservative translation, lacking the laudative and using "dýrá", "drǿmðu" is also malformed, using the -a from a 1st person conjugation in Old Norse.
The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.

Original (OEN):

Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl

Jugsnorsk:

"Proper": ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýksi ok fýds
[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
Informal: ę'drǿmðu mi(h) drǿms í náð ū : sýksi o fýds
[ˌɛ.ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmi ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯ð uː : ˈsʏy̯.kʰɪ ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
  1. "a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.

English:

I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur

UDHR Article 1

Original (English):

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Jugsnorsk:

ódmaðj er prǿsporīn ok ęun onnū virðiggi¹ ok rétti. meðj eru haft irki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
[ˈo̞u̯d.ˌmaðj ˈer ˈprø̞y̯.ˌpʰo.riːn ɔ ɛu̯n ˌon.nuː ˈʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ¹ ɔ ˈre̞i̯t.tɪ ˈmeðj ˈe.rʊ xɐtʰ ˈir.kɪ ɔ ˈsu.ʋɛs.tɪ ɔ ˈmeðj kʰʊ.lɐ ˈɡørt ˈan.nɐ ˈbro̞u̯.ðʊr.ˌle̞i̯.kɪ]
  1. "virðiggi" also appears as "yrðiggi" [ˈyr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ]

Literal translation:

Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.

Lexical comparison

  1. "spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
  2. "feskj" from Old Húsnorsk *feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
  3. "skīð" from Old Húsnorsk *skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.


A large majority of the terms in the bloðhýski and kǿsthýski tables are rare. The terms with the side specified (móð- and fað-; kø,- and kar-) are largely only used for half-siblings (siblings who only share one parent) and half-children (children you yourself did not help conceive), so the middle section should be treated as the primary

References

  1. ^ Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse. pp. 8-9. (digitized and updated in 2022)
  2. ^ Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse. pp. 50-52. (digitized and updated in 2022)
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