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[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a dialect of Húsnorsk, or possibly a distinct but closely related language.
[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]] <ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 8-9. ''([[A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse|digitized]] and updated in 2022)''</ref>


==History==
==History==
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/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").  
/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").  


The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs.
The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó" (and "au" with "ó" as well), also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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! í/ī-
! í/ī-
| —
| —
| jːu, i.ju
| ʏy̯
|-
|-
! u-
! u-
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|-
|-
! ú/ū-
! ú/ū-
| wːi, u.wi
| ʏy̯
| —
| —
|-
|-
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! a-
! a-
| äi̯
| äi̯
| ɑu̯, ɒu̯
| ɑu̯, ɒu̯, o̞u̯
|-
|-
! á/ā-
! á/ā-
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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Umlaut===
===Umlaut===
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel.
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel. It arises as a historic vowel change, a kind of regressive harmony through which the stressed vowel becomes more similar to the vowel(s) in the following syllable, as in OWN "ǫlkur" (nominative plural of "alka"), from Proto-Germanic *alkōniz (nominative plural of *alkǭ). Umlaut was a pervasive feature of Old Norse, especially Old West Norse, appearing in almost every aspect of the language, but it is noticeably absent from Húsnorsk, having been fully analogized out, this greatly simplifies the language's morphology, but leads to many mergers, largely between different forms of a word (see the neuter a-stem nom/acc singular and plural, eg. ''mó'' and ''mó'').


All noun patterns exhibit umlaut, but some vowels are unaffected by certain kinds. Some of these have been "corrected" through regularization in Húsnorsk, though a lot of these are a result of false correlation, not actual correction. As with Old Norse "ríkjum" (dative plural of "ríki") becoming "rýkjum" through the dative plural getting analogized to have u-umlaut in all nominal patterns.
Modern vowel variations in Jugsnorsk come primarily from l-vocalization and Vj/Vv smoothing (eg. ''al-'' > ''ó-'', ''alj'' > ''ǿ''), these are decently pervasive in Jugsnorsk, but not nearly as common as umlaut was in Old Norse. You will largely notice the effects of l-vocalization in the laudative and pejorative forms of nouns, where the -s-/-g- suffixes cause it to happen in every form (eg. ''mál-'', but ''mó-'' in the laudative and pejorative)


The general rules for Nordic umlaut are decently simple, going as follows:
:U-umlaut rounds unround vowels (/i, e, ɛ, a/ > /y, ø, ø, ɔ/) and raises round vowels (/o/ > /u/).
:I-umlaut raises unround vowels (/e, ɛ, a/ > /i, e, ɛ/) and fronts round vowels (/u, o/ > /y, ø/)
:A-umlaut lowers high vowels (/i, u/ > /e, o/)
Some words exhibit both u-umlaut ''and'' i-umlaut, as with Proto-Germanic *garwijaną > Old Norse ''gøra''.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).
Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The strong/weak distinction is less important in the modern day, as the adjectival distinction this came from has since been lost in its entirety, so noun patterns are generally named for the gender and the stem type (eg. ''common a-stem'').


Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)
Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages, though it is far more progressed than many of them, having undergone the change in pronouns as well.
 
Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.


====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
=====Common patterns=====
=====Common patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=avlj|avl|ovl|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|avl}}




{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|al|1l=ó|1lj=ǿ}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|pej=k|ás}}
notice here that the common u-stem has become identical to the i-stem




{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|najl}}


======Feminine patterns======
======Feminine patterns======
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feminine ō-stem:
feminine ō-stem:
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|pej=k|nas}}


feminine ōn-stem
feminine ōn-stem
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-ōn|lem=akka|akk|okk|1p=akkj|2p=okkj|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-ōn|pej=j|akk}}


=====Neuter patterns=====
=====Neuter patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|1l=mó|mál}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|ísladd|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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==Texts==
==Texts==
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.]]  
[[File:Jugs dmedin.jpg|thumb|right|The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings. This is a more conservative translation,  lacking the laudative and using "dýrá", "drǿmðu" is also malformed, using the -a from a 1st person conjugation in Old Norse.]]  
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
[[File:Húsrunes dmedin.jpg|thumb|The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.]]
'''Original (OEN)''':
'''Original (OEN)''':
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{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
!colspan=9|Leipzig-Jakarta List
!colspan=9|Leipzig-Jakarta List<ref>Ósafojlj & Abbi (2011). ''A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse''. pp. 50-52. ''(digitized and updated in 2022)''</ref>
|-
|-
! Rank
! Rank
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|}
|}


#Not cognate
#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#"feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
#"feskj" from Old Húsnorsk *feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
#"skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic
#"skīð" from Old Húsnorsk *skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic.
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
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