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|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
|pronunciation=ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ
|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
|ethnicity=Jugsnorsk
|states=[[w:Novgorod republic|Húsnorsk republic]]</br>[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
|states=[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
Line 18: Line 18:
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|ancestor4={{PAGENAME}}
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
|creator=[[User:Melinoë|Melinoë]]
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|created=February 23rd, 2026
|setting=
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
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|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers=(L1) 400,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|speakers2=(L2) 20,000
|date=2018
|date=2020
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|iso3=jugs
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy
|map=File:Lang Status 80-VU.svg
|mapcaption=Jugsnorsk is classified as [[w:Vulnerable language|vulnerable]] by the UNESCO ''[[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a dialect of Húsnorsk, or possibly a distinct but closely related language.
[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]] <ref>{{cite book|first=|last=|year=1990|title=A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)===
===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").


===Common Húsnorsk (1600AD~1770AD)===
Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term|ravkki}} for example, from {{term|ravnj}} and {{term|-ki}}.
In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the [[w:1770-1772 Russian plague|Russian plague]], these fleeing families would move east, into [[w:Siberia|Siberia]] (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian [[w:Yugra|Yugra]]). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a [[w:pejorative|pejorative]], and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").


===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
===Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)===
Starting around 1880, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively, these suffixes were used so often that they developed into new forms of the noun.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.
Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.


/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources.
/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").
 
The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
! -j
! -v
|-
! i-
| —
| ju
|-
! í/ī-
| —
| jːu, i.ju
|-
! u-
| wi
| —
|-
! ú/ū-
| wːi, u.wi
| —
|-
! e-
| ei̯, e̞i̯
| eu̯, ɤ(u̯)
|-
! é/ē-
| eːi̯, e̞ːi̯
| eːu̯, ɤː(u̯)
|-
! o-
| oi̯, ɤ(i̯)
| ou̯, o̞u̯
|-
! ó/ō-
| oːi̯, ɤː(i̯)
| oːu̯, o̞ːu̯
|-
! a-
| äi̯
| ɑu̯, ɒu̯
|-
! á/ā-
| äːi̯
| ɑːu̯, ɒːu̯
|-
|}


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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====Strong nouns====
====Strong nouns====
=====Common patterns=====
=====Common patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=aulj|aul|oul|mean=hearth}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=avlj|avl|ovl|mean=}}




{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=awl}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=}}


As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.


{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=(pagan) god}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=}}
 
 
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=}}
 
======Feminine patterns======
The feminines have long since merged with the masculines to form the commons, this section will cover how each feminine pattern merged into the masculines. some of the feminine patterns have remained distinct in form, but still became common in treatment.


feminine ō-stem:
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=}}


{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=nail}}
feminine ōn-stem
{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-ōn|lem=akka|akk|okk|1p=akkj|2p=okkj|mean=}}


=====Neuter patterns=====
=====Neuter patterns=====
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=language}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=language}}
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}
 
===Adjectives===
{{Jugsnorsk adj|lem=sý|sél|1l=sǿ|1lj=sý}}
 
===Pronouns===
{{Jugsnorsk pronouns}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Since Old Norse, Húsnorsk has begun using {{term|-at}} far more often, generalizing it into the negative affix for all verbs, as such, all verbs here will show two tables, one positive, one negative.
====Strong verbs====
====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.
Strong verbs are characterized by ablaut in the past tense forms, rather than the dental suffix of the weak verbs.


Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.
Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.
An example of this is the verb "lýga".
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=lýga|lýg-}}


=====Class 1=====
=====Class 1=====
 
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=grípa|type=1|gríp|grip}}
=====Class 2=====
=====Class 2=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=lýga|type=2|lýg|lug}}
=====Class 3=====
=====Class 3=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=sykka|type=3|sykk|sukk}}
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 4=====
=====Class 5=====
=====Class 5=====
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=geta|pastpart=gát-tj|type=5|get-|1s=gez-|gát-|2t=gáz-|2s=gáz-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 6=====
=====Class 7=====
=====Class 7=====
 
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
 
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gagga|type=7|gagg|gegg}}
the -gg- of ''gagga'' acts as a good example for the -gg- > -j- change exhibited by many younger speakers in common verbs.


====Weak verbs====
====Weak verbs====
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
weak verbs have largely been leveled to one or two patterns, now called weak and j-weak. This first verb, ''bǿgja'', is a j-weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|j=y|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}


This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|m= - "to have"|hav-}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|hav}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=hava|j=n|hav}}
''hava'' rarely appears in its full form anymore, instead more often appearing as'' 'va''
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem='va|j=n|'v}}
{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem='va|j=n|'v}}


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.
Jugsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.


This first verb is the main copula.
This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.
{|
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}
| {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=véja|m=|véj-|éj-|vé-|é-}}
| {{Jugsnorsk veja|lem=ǿja|m=|ǿj-|éj-|ǿ-|é-}}
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).


:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdīn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.


In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdīn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.


Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see the different methods for question marking:
:'''''Ari havi sútīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
:'''''Ari havi sútī''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
and as a question:
and as a question:
:'''''Ari havi sútīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
:'''''Ari havi sútī?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).


Another method is SO inversion, as in:
Another method is SO inversion, as in:
:'''''sútīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
:'''''sútī havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')


Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
:'''''Ari véji sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari vaji sélā''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
:'''''Ari havi sǿ''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
:'''''Ari havi sélā''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sǿ''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿd''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vaja". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sélā''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿð''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".


This hava vs véja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
This hava vs vaja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.


==Texts==
==Texts==
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'''Jugsnorsk''':
'''Jugsnorsk''':
:ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
:ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]


Line 540: Line 612:
| bein
| bein
| bēn
| bēn
| bḗ
| bén
| bein
| bein
| ben
| ben
Line 583: Line 655:
|-
|-
|15||name
|15||name
|
| nafn
|  
| nafn (naβn?)
|
| navn
|
| nafn
| namn
|-
|-
|16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
|16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
Line 707: Line 780:
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| han(n) (m)</br>hōn (f)</br>þæt? (n)
| hán (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þet (n)
| hán (c)</br></br>þat (n)
|
| hann (m)</br>hún (f)</br>það (n)
|
| han (m)</br>hon (f)</br>det (n)
|-
|-
|36||to hit/beat
|36||to hit/beat
Line 737: Line 810:
|-
|-
|40||fish
|40||fish
|
| fiskr
|  
| fiskʀ
|
| feskj²
|
| fiskur
| fisk
|-
|-
|41||yesterday
|41||yesterday
Line 836: Line 910:
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi, ekki
| eigi, ekki</br>
| ej, icke
| ej, icke</br>
|-
|-
|57||good
|57||good
Line 907: Line 981:
|68||skin/hide
|68||skin/hide
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>hūþ
| feldʀ (animal)</br> skin(n) (general)</br>hūþ
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīn (general)</br>húðj (human)
| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīð³ (general)</br>húðj (human)
| skinn</br>húð
| </br>skinn</br>húð
| skinn (general)</br>hud
| </br>skinn (general)</br>hud
|-
|-
|69||to suck
|69||to suck
Line 1,109: Line 1,183:


#Not cognate
#Not cognate
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
#"feskj" from hypothetical **feskʀ, a form with introduced a-umlaut.
#"skīð" from hypothetical **skinþ, a continuation of -nþ- from Proto-Germanic
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Jugsnorsk"