Jugsnorsk: Difference between revisions

|states=[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]

|creator=[[User:Melinoë|Melinoë]]

|date=2020

|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy

[[Jugsnorsk]] (/jugz.norsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ''Ygranorska'', [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a group of several closely related dialects of the Húsnorsk language, though many linguists would now class it as a distinct language. Being a group of dialects, Jugsnorsk forms the ''Eastern Húsnorsk dialect continuum'', so-called such as it is entirely mutually unintelligible with [[Nygadsnorsk]] <ref>{{cite book|first=|last=|year=1990|title=A concise comparison of Novgorodian Norse and Yugric Norse}}</ref>

===Early Jugsnorsk (1770AD~1850AD)===

Starting around 1790, Jugsnorsk developed its defining laudative and pejorative forms through -isti and -ki respectively. These suffixes, originally augmentative and diminutive, were used so often as laudative and pejorative that they reduced down to -(i)s- and -g(i)-/-k(i)- and became new noun forms as they lost their original patterns and took on the patterns of the noun they were attached to. The original suffixes, -isti and -ki, are still used with their original meanings and patterns, as with {{term|ravkki}} for example, from {{term|ravnj}} and {{term|-ki}}.

/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "ęvn").

 

The following is a table of the modern diphthongs, notice how some speakers merge "ej, ou" with "é, ó", also note how "eu, oj" can be realized as [ɤ]. Lastly, note how "ij, uv" don't exist, while they did exist at one point, they've since merged with the longs. You will occasionally still see "uv" as a result of "havt" contraction, this is always pronounced as ū.

| wːi, u.wi

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=avlj|avl|ovl|mean=}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-i|lem=ǿ|v=y|al|ol|ó|ǿ|ó|mean=}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-u|lem=ósj|ós|és|mean=}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-c|lem=najlj|najl|nejl|nojl|mean=}}

 

======Feminine patterns======

 

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-a|lem=nasj|pej=k|nas|nos|mean=}}

 

{{Jugsnorsk nouns c-ōn|lem=akka|akk|okk|1p=akkj|2p=okkj|mean=}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=mó|1l=mó|mál|mó|mól|mean=}}

{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|lem=ísladd|ísladd|íslodd|mean=|notes=forms where -g isn't followed by a vowel are occasionally seen as -gi}}

 

 

{{Jugsnorsk pronouns}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|neg=y|lem=gata|pastpart=tj|type=5|gat|gát}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem=bǿgja|bǿg|1j=bǿ(g)j}}

 

This next verb, ''hava'', is a plain weak.

{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|lem=hava|j=n|hav}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs w|neg=y|lem='va|j=n|'v}}

This first verb is the main copula. Though the tables presented here are fully regular as a strong 5 verb, forms exist which aren't, the Contionary page should be seen for these.

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}

{{Jugsnorsk verbs s|type=5|neg=y|lem=vaja|vaj|váj|1js=vé|2js=vé}}

Jugsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Jugsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''

:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vé</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpǿdī</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see the different methods for question marking:

:'''''Ari havi sútī''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')

:'''''Ari havi sútī?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')

:'''''sútī havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')

:'''''Ari vaji sélā''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)

:'''''Ari havi sélā''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vaja". When both an adjective and a noun can be taken, there is a semantic difference between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sélā''''' is "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sǿð''''' means she is possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs vaja copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

'''Jugsnorsk''':

:ęk drǿmðu mik a drǿms í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds

:[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]

#"a" is a filler syllable to make it flow better, it has no semantic meaning.

'''Jugsnorsk''':

:ódmaðj er prǿsporīn ok ęun onnū virðiggi¹ ok rétti. meðj eru haft irki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.

:[ˈo̞u̯d.ˌmaðj ˈer ˈprø̞y̯.ˌpʰo.riːn ɔ ɛu̯n ˌon.nuː ˈʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ¹ ɔ ˈre̞i̯t.tɪ ˈmeðj ˈe.rʊ xɐtʰ ˈir.kɪ ɔ ˈsu.ʋɛs.tɪ ɔ ˈmeðj kʰʊ.lɐ ˈɡørt ˈan.nɐ ˈbro̞u̯.ðʊr.ˌle̞i̯.kɪ]

#"virðiggi" also appears as "yrðiggi" [ˈyr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ]

| bén

| nafn

| nafn (naβn?)

| navn

| nafn

| hán (c)</br></br>þat (n)

| hann (m)</br>hún (f)</br>það (n)

| han (m)</br>hon (f)</br>det (n)

| fiskr

| fiskʀ

| feskj²

| fiskur

| eigi, ekki</br>

| ej, icke</br>

| feldʀ (animal)</br> skin(n) (general)</br>hūþ

| fǿdj (animal)</br> skīð³ (general)</br>húðj (human)

| </br>skinn</br>húð

| </br>skinn (general)</br>hud

#:"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".