Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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*coda geminates shorten | *coda geminates shorten | ||
*nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ ) | *nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ ) | ||
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, | *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/ | ||
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/) | **Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/) | ||
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | */r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | ||
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*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal) | */Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal) | ||
*/ɣ/ to /g/ | */ɣ/ to /g/ | ||
*/w, v/ merge to /ʋ/ | |||
*Vowel shifts: | *Vowel shifts: | ||
**Overlong to plain long | **Overlong to plain long | ||
**Short | **Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals) | ||
**Long | **Unstressed shifts: | ||
** | ***Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/ | ||
** | ***Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ | ||
**Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/ | |||
**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts) | |||
*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. | *Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. | ||
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/ | *The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl/) | #All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl, yːl/) | ||
===Nygadsnorsk=== | ===Nygadsnorsk=== | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Fricative | ! rowspan=2 | Fricative | ||
! Unvoiced | ! Unvoiced | ||
| | | f | ||
| s | | s | ||
| | | x² | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced | ! Voiced | ||
| | | v³ | ||
| ʒ | | ʒ | ||
| | | | ||
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#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants. | #/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants. | ||
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so. | #It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so. | ||
##Proper names form a major exception to this. | ##Proper names form a major exception to this. | ||
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! rowspan=2 | Fricative | ! rowspan=2 | Fricative | ||
! Unvoiced | ! Unvoiced | ||
| | | f | ||
| θ | | θ | ||
| s | | s | ||
| | | x | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced | ! Voiced | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! colspan=2 | Approximant | ! colspan=2 | Approximant | ||
| | | ʋ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | r², l | ||
| j | | j | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes / | #/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants. | ||
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]). | |||
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ]. | |||
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/) | #All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/) | ||
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| V v | | V v | ||
| ʋ | | ʋ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Y y | | Y y | ||
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Nygadsnorsk's overlongs should be written by doubling the long vowel diacritic (like a double acute, "ű"). | Nygadsnorsk's overlongs should be written by doubling the long vowel diacritic (like a double acute, "ű"). | ||
Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb") | |||
This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down) | This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down) | ||
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=====Neuter patterns===== | =====Neuter patterns===== | ||
{{Varhúsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mǫ́u-|máu-|m= - "Language"}} | |||
{{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}} | {{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mó-|mól-||m= - "Language"}} | {{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mó-|mól-||m= - "Language"}} | ||
===Verbs=== | |||
====Strong verbs==== | |||
====Weak verbs==== | |||
{{Jugsnorsk weak 1|pa=y|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-}} | |||
====Suppletive verbs==== | |||
Húsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms. | |||
This first verb is the main copula, the first table presented here is Old Húsnorsk (or ''Proto-Húsnorsk''), it is presented here as it changes the forms significantly from Old Norse, to the point the Norse forms cannot be relied upon as an ancestor. | |||
{{Old Húsnorsk weʀa|m=|węʀ-|waʀ-|wæʀ-|wǫ́ʀ-|ęʀ-}} | |||
{{Varhúsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-}} | |||
{{Húsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-|wé-|wę́-|wē-|é-}} | |||
{{Jugsnorsk veja|m=|vej-|vaj-|véj-|vój-|ej-|vé-|é-}} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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'''Hússnorsk''': | '''Hússnorsk''': | ||
:'''Varhúsnorsk''': | :'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmaðj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męðj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki. | ||
::/au̯d. | ::/au̯d.maðj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti mɛðj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox mɛðj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/ | ||
:'''Nygadsnorsk''': | :'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmadj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. mędj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok mędj skulu gørt anna bródurléki. | ||
::/ɔːd. | ::/ɔːd.madj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti medj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o mɛdj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/ | ||
:'''Jugsnorsk''': | :'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmaðj er prjósporīn ok jaun onnū virðiggi ok rétti. meðj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki. | ||
::[o̞u̯d. | ::[o̞u̯d.maðj er prjo̞u̯s.po.riːn ɔ jɔu̯n on.nuː ʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ meðj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ meðj skʊ.lɐ ɡørt an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ] | ||
'''Literal translation''': | '''Literal translation''': | ||
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood. | :Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood. | ||
==Lexical comparison== | ==Lexical comparison== | ||