Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/)

*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/

**Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)

*''Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)''

*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/

*/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)

*/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl])

*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/

*''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.''

*/ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point)

*? /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals

*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)

*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout''

**''see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)''

*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/

*/-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)

===Nygadsnorsk===

*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (eg. /n:/ > /tn/)

*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout''

**''see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)''

**''Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems''

*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/

**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)

*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/

*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -~~sins.''~~

*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sís.''

*''Dative singular leveled to -i and -inum.''

*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only

*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)

*/ɣ/ to /g/

*/rː/ to /ʒ/

*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/

*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.

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*coda geminates shorten

*nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )

*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn(j)- throughout''

*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/

**''see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "onnú" and "mannj"''

*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, ~~øu, yu~~, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː~~, yː~~, yː, oː, uː/

**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)

*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/

*''~~Genitive singular leveled to -s~~, ~~words in~~ -s ~~now have a genitive in -ss''~~

*''Original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s''

*''Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"''

*/Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)

*/ɣ/ to /g/

*~~Devoicing of stops in contact with~~ /s/

*/w, v/ merge to /ʋ/

*Vowel shifts ~~(don't affect nasals)~~:

*Vowel shifts:

**Overlong to plain long

**Short ~~shifts~~: /i, e, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/

**Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals)

**Long ~~splitting~~: /iː, eː, ɛː, uː, oː~~, ɔː, yː, øː, œː~~, aː/ > /ɪi, ei, ɛi, ʊu, ou, ɔu, ~~ʏy, øy, œy, au~~/

**Unstressed shifts:

***mergers: /ei, ~~ɛi/~~, ~~/ou~~, ~~ɔu/~~, ~~/øy~~, œy/ > /~~e̞i̯~~, ~~o̞u̯~~, ~~ø̞y̯~~/

***Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/

*(~~co-occuring with~~ vowel shifts) ~~nasal vowels to long.~~

***Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/

**Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/

**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts)

*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated.

*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/

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|}

#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl/)

#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl, yːl/)

===Nygadsnorsk===

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! rowspan=2 | Fricative

! Unvoiced

| f²

| f

| s

| x³

| x²

|-

! Voiced

| ~~v², ⁴~~

| v³

| ʒ

|

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#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.

~~#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /b/ and /p/ respectively~~

#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.

##Proper names form a major exception to this.

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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! colspan=3 |

! colspan=2 |

! Labial

! Dental

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! Velar

|-

! colspan=3 | Nasal

! colspan=2 | Nasal

| m

|

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|

|-

! rowspan=4 | Stop

! rowspan=3 | Stop

~~! rowspan=2 | Unaspirated~~

! Unvoiced

| p

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| g

|-

! ~~rowspan=2 |~~ Aspirated

! Aspirated

~~! Unvoiced~~

| pʰ

|

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| kʰ

|-

~~! Voiced~~

! rowspan=2 | Fricative

~~| bʱ~~

|

~~| dʱ~~

~~| gʱ~~

|-

! rowspan~~=2 colspan~~=2 | Fricative

! Unvoiced

| f²

| f

| θ

| s

| x³

| x

|-

! Voiced

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|

|-

! colspan=3 | Approximant

! colspan=2 | Approximant

| ʋ⁴

| ʋ

|

| r⁵, l

| r², l

| j

|-

|}

#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.

#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.

~~#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.~~

#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).

~~#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n])~~.

#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ].

#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)

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| V v

| ʋ

|-

~~| W w~~

~~| w~~

|-

| Y y

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Nygadsnorsk's overlongs should be written by doubling the long vowel diacritic (like a double acute, "ű").

Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")

This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)

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As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.

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=====Feminine patterns=====

=====Neuter patterns=====

===Verbs===

====Strong verbs====

====Weak verbs====

====Suppletive verbs====

Húsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula, the first table presented here is Old Húsnorsk (or ''Proto-Húsnorsk''), it is presented here as it changes the forms significantly from Old Norse, to the point the Norse forms cannot be relied upon as an ancestor.

==Syntax==

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These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

:'''''~~mannvjǫldinn~~ vą 1.500 '''''—''The population was 1,500''

:'''''mānpjǫudīn wą 1.500 '''''—''The population was 1,500''

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "vą" ("was") in the second position.

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

:'''''árit 2000 vą ~~mannvjǫldinn~~ 1.500'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')

:'''''árit 2000 wą mānpjǫudīn 1.500'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')

The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:

:'''''Ari havi ~~sútin~~''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')

:'''''Ari havi soutīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')

and as a question:

:'''''Ari havi ~~sútin~~?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')

:'''''Ari havi soutīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

:'''''~~sútin~~ havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')

:'''''soutīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')

Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:

:'''''Ari er ~~sę́l~~''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)

:'''''Ari er sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)

:'''''Ari havi ~~sę́l~~''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)

:'''''Ari havi sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi ~~sę́l~~''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi ~~sę́ld~~''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́u''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ud''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

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:'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drøm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd

::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/

:'''Jugsnorsk''': drø̄́ða mik a ~~drǿm~~ í nát ū : sjuki ok dýrā fjud

:'''Jugsnorsk''': drø̄́ða mik a drø̄́ í nát ū : sjuki ok dýrā fjud

::[drøːː.ðɐ mik ɐ drøːː i nɐu̯t uː : sju.kɪ ɔ dʏy̯.raː fjud]

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'''Hússnorsk''':

:'''Varhúsnorsk''': ~~audmannj~~ er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. ~~męnnj~~ eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok ~~męnnj~~ skulu ~~gert~~ anna bróðurléki.

:'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmaðj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męðj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.

::/au̯d.~~manːj~~ er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti ~~menːj~~ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox ~~menːj~~ sku.lu ~~ɡert~~ an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/

::/au̯d.maðj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti mɛðj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox mɛðj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/

:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ~~ǫ́dmannj~~ er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. ~~męnnj~~ eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok ~~męnnj~~ skulu ~~gert~~ anna bródurléki.

:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmadj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. mędj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok mędj skulu gørt anna bródurléki.

::/ɔːd.~~matnj~~ er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti ~~metnj~~ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o ~~metnj~~ sku.lu ~~ɡert~~ an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/

::/ɔːd.madj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti medj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o mɛdj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/

:'''Jugsnorsk''': ~~ódmannj~~ er ~~prjósporín~~ ok jaun ~~onnú wirðiggi~~ ok rétti. ~~mennj~~ eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok ~~mennj~~ skulu ~~gert~~ anna bróðurléki.

:'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmaðj er prjósporīn ok jaun onnū virðiggi ok rétti. meðj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.

::[o̞u̯d.~~manj~~ er prjo̞u̯s.po.~~rin~~ ɔ jɔu̯n on.~~nu wir~~.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ ~~menj~~ e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ ~~menj~~ skʊ.~~lʊ ɡert~~ an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]

::[o̞u̯d.maðj er prjo̞u̯s.po.riːn ɔ jɔu̯n on.nuː ʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ meðj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ meðj skʊ.lɐ ɡørt an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]

'''Literal translation''':

:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.

~~===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"===~~

~~(outdated)~~

~~'''Original (Jugsnorsk)''':~~

:"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok '''þú''' skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at '''þér''' Guð er segir '''þik''' góðkjorinu, bethtum os."

::/ɪi̯ e̞n.nɐ.nʊm e̞r prɪ.ðɐ lo̞u̯.nɪ.nɐ θe̞i̯m es ko̞u̯s θɐt ɪi̯ lɪi̯.ʋɪ o̞k sko̞u̯t kʊn.nɐ bɐtʰ ɐt do̞u̯ð.rɪn sjo̞u̯ʋ knɐu̯ ʋe̞.rɐ o̞u̯.dʰɐu̯.nɐ.ðɐ lɪi̯.tɐ ɐt θe̞i̯r ɡʊð e̞r se̞.ɡɪr θɪk ɡo̞u̯ð.kjo̞.rɪ.nʊ be̞tʰ.tʊm o̞s/

~~'''English (literal)''':~~

:"In the end is peace (a) reward to them, who chose it in life, and you should know best, that the dead even can be all-scorned. I trust, that your God will ever-guide you to the right choice, to the best to us."

~~'''English''':~~

:"In the end, peace is a reward to those who chose it in life, and '''you''' should know best that even the dead can be ever-scorned. I trust '''your''' God will guide '''you''' towards the right choice, for the best of us both."

==Lexical comparison==

@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 */Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/)
 */mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/
-**Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)
+*''Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)''
 */rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
 */v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
 */l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl])
 */fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
+*''Dative leveled to -i/-inū/-ū/-unū.''
 */ð, ɣ/ lost between two sonorants (/r, l, n, m, j, w/, but for some reason not OEN ʀ, which had merged with /j/ at this point)
 *<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
 *final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna)
+*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout''
+**''see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)''
+*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
 */-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/)
 ===Nygadsnorsk===
 *coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (eg. /n:/ > /tn/)
-*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout''
-**''see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)''
-**''Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems''
 *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
 **Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
 */θ, ð/ to /t, d/
-*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins.''
+*''Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sís.''
-*''Dative singular leveled to -i and -inum.''
 */sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
 *Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)
 */ɣ/ to /g/
 */rː/ to /ʒ/
-*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
 *splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.
@@ Line 109: / Line 108: @@
 *coda geminates shorten
 *nasals to nasalization before fricatives, seemingly only when place of articulation is the same (/mun.ðʀ/ > /mũðj/, but /bloːm.stʀ/ > /bloːmsj/ )
-*''-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn(j)- throughout''
+*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øy, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, oː, uː/
-**''see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "onnú" and "mannj"''
-*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
 **Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/)
 */r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
-*''Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss''
+*''Original genitives are lost, and get reformed as dative + -s''
-*''Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"''
 */Cj/ > /Cʲ/ (/k, g, x, n, l/ to palatal)
 */ɣ/ to /g/
-*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
+*/w, v/ merge to /ʋ/
-*Vowel shifts (don't affect nasals):
+*Vowel shifts:
 **Overlong to plain long
-**Short shifts: /i, e, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
+**Mid-highs and mid-lows merge (affects nasals)
-**Long splitting: /iː, eː, ɛː, uː, oː, ɔː, yː, øː, œː, aː/ > /ɪi, ei, ɛi, ʊu, ou, ɔu, ʏy, øy, œy, au/
+**Unstressed shifts:
-***mergers: /ei, ɛi/, /ou, ɔu/, /øy, œy/ > /e̞i̯, o̞u̯, ø̞y̯/
+***Short: /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
-*(co-occuring with vowel shifts) nasal vowels to long.
+***Long: /iː, eː, yː, øː, uː, oː, aː/ > /i, e, y, ø, u, o, a/
+**Stressed long splitting: /iː, eː, uː, oː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, e̞i, ʊu, o̞u, ʏy, ø̞y, ɐu/
+**Nasal vowels to long, long nasals to overlong. (nasals unaffected by the other vowel shifts)
 *Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated.
 *The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/
@@ Line 225: / Line 223: @@
 |}
-#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl/)
+#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u, y/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl, yːl/)
 ===Nygadsnorsk===
@@ Line 254: / Line 251: @@
 ! rowspan=2 | Fricative
 ! Unvoiced
-| f²
+| f
 | s
-| x³
+| x²
 |-
 ! Voiced
-| v²<sup>, </sup>⁴
+| v³
 | ʒ
 |
@@ Line 282: / Line 279: @@
 #/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
-#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /b/ and /p/ respectively
 #It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so.
 ##Proper names form a major exception to this.
@@ Line 334: / Line 330: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |-
-! colspan=3 |
+! colspan=2 |
 ! Labial
 ! Dental
@@ Line 340: / Line 336: @@
 ! Velar
 |-
-! colspan=3 | Nasal
+! colspan=2 | Nasal
 | m
 |
@@ Line 346: / Line 342: @@
 |
 |-
-! rowspan=4 | Stop
+! rowspan=3 | Stop
-! rowspan=2 | Unaspirated
 ! Unvoiced
 | p
@@ Line 360: / Line 355: @@
 | g
 |-
-! rowspan=2 | Aspirated
+! Aspirated
-! Unvoiced
 | pʰ
 |
@@ Line 367: / Line 361: @@
 | kʰ
 |-
-! Voiced
+! rowspan=2 | Fricative
-| bʱ
-|
-| dʱ
-| gʱ
-|-
-! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Fricative
 ! Unvoiced
-| f²
+| f
 | θ
 | s
-| x³
+| x
 |-
 ! Voiced
@@ Line 386: / Line 374: @@
 |
 |-
-! colspan=3 | Approximant
+! colspan=2 | Approximant
-| ʋ⁴
+| ʋ
 |
-| r⁵, l
+| r², l
 | j
 |-
 |}
-#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
+#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
-#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
+#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
-#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]).
-#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ].
 #All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)
@@ Line 729: / Line 715: @@
 | V v
 | ʋ
-|-
-| W w
-| w
 |-
 | Y y
@@ Line 776: / Line 759: @@
 Nygadsnorsk's overlongs should be written by doubling the long vowel diacritic (like a double acute, "ű").
+Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")
 This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written ''up'' the page, not down)
@@ Line 812: / Line 797: @@
-{{Húsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|m= - "awl"}}
+{{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|au-|m= - "awl"}}
-{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ol-|ó-|m= - "awl"}}
+{{Húsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ǫl-|ǫ́-|œ-|v=y|m= - "awl"}}
+{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-i|al-|ol-|ó-|ǿ-|m= - "awl"}}
 As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.
@@ Line 827: / Line 813: @@
 =====Feminine patterns=====
+{{Varhúsnorsk nouns s-ō|nǫs-|nas-|m= - "nose"}}
 {{Húsnorsk nouns s-ō|nǫs-|nas-|m= - "nose"}}
-{{Jugsnorsk nouns s-ō|nos-|m= - "nose"}}
+{{Jugsnorsk nouns s-ō|nos-|nas-|m= - "nose"}}
 =====Neuter patterns=====
+{{Varhúsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mǫ́u-|máu-|m= - "Language"}}
 {{Húsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mǫ́l-|mō-|mǭ-|m= - "Language"}}
 {{Jugsnorsk nouns n-a|mál-|mó-|mól-||m= - "Language"}}
+===Verbs===
+====Strong verbs====
+====Weak verbs====
+{{Jugsnorsk weak 1|pa=y|m= - "to bend, bow"|bǿg-}}
+====Suppletive verbs====
+Húsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.
+This first verb is the main copula, the first table presented here is Old Húsnorsk (or ''Proto-Húsnorsk''), it is presented here as it changes the forms significantly from Old Norse, to the point the Norse forms cannot be relied upon as an ancestor.
+{{Old Húsnorsk weʀa|m=|węʀ-|waʀ-|wæʀ-|wǫ́ʀ-|ęʀ-}}
+{{Varhúsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-}}
+{{Húsnorsk węja|m=|węj-|waj-|wę́j-|wǫ́j-|ęj-|wé-|wę́-|wē-|é-}}
+{{Jugsnorsk veja|m=|vej-|vaj-|véj-|vój-|ej-|vé-|é-}}
 ==Syntax==
@@ Line 840: / Line 841: @@
 These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).
-:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjǫldinn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
+:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500''
-In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "vą" ("was") in the second position.
+In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.
 In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.
-:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjǫldinn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
+:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">wą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mānpjǫudīn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'')
 The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''.
 Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:
-:'''''Ari havi sútin''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
+:'''''Ari havi soutīn''''' — ''Ari is hungry'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry'')
 and as a question:
-:'''''Ari havi sútin?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
+:'''''Ari havi soutīn?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Ari has hungry?'')
 Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).
 Another method is SO inversion, as in:
-:'''''sútin havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
+:'''''soutīn havi Ari?''''' — ''Is Ari hungry?'' (lit. ''Hungry has Ari?'')
 Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:
-:'''''Ari er sę́l''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
+:'''''Ari er sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy)
-:'''''Ari havi sę́l''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
+:'''''Ari havi sę́u''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now)
-While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́l''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ld''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
+While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́u''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ud''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".
 This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.
@@ Line 875: / Line 876: @@
 :'''Nygadsnorsk''': drǿmda mik ą drøm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
 ::/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
-:'''Jugsnorsk''': drø̄́ða mik a drǿm í nát ū : sjuki ok dýrā fjud
+:'''Jugsnorsk''': drø̄́ða mik a drø̄́ í nát ū : sjuki ok dýrā fjud
 ::[drøːː.ðɐ mik ɐ drøːː i nɐu̯t uː : sju.kɪ ɔ dʏy̯.raː fjud]
@@ Line 888: / Line 889: @@
 '''Hússnorsk''':
-:'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmannj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męnnj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męnnj skulu gert anna bróðurléki.
+:'''Varhúsnorsk''': audmaðj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męðj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
-::/au̯d.manːj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti menːj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox menːj sku.lu ɡert an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
+::/au̯d.maðj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti mɛðj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox mɛðj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
-:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmannj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. męnnj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męnnj skulu gert anna bródurléki.
+:'''Nygadsnorsk''': ǫ́dmadj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. mędj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok mędj skulu gørt anna bródurléki.
-::/ɔːd.matnj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti metnj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o metnj sku.lu ɡert an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
+::/ɔːd.madj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti medj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o mɛdj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
-:'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmannj er prjósporín ok jaun onnú wirðiggi ok rétti. mennj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok mennj skulu gert anna bróðurléki.
+:'''Jugsnorsk''': ódmaðj er prjósporīn ok jaun onnū virðiggi ok rétti. meðj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
-::[o̞u̯d.manj er prjo̞u̯s.po.rin ɔ jɔu̯n on.nu wir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ menj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ menj skʊ.lʊ ɡert an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]
+::[o̞u̯d.maðj er prjo̞u̯s.po.riːn ɔ jɔu̯n on.nuː ʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ meðj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ meðj skʊ.lɐ ɡørt an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]
 '''Literal translation''':
 :Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.
-===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"===
-(outdated)
-'''Original (Jugsnorsk)''':
-:"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok '''þú''' skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at '''þér''' Guð er segir '''þik''' góðkjorinu, bethtum os."
-::/ɪi̯ e̞n.nɐ.nʊm e̞r prɪ.ðɐ lo̞u̯.nɪ.nɐ θe̞i̯m es ko̞u̯s θɐt ɪi̯ lɪi̯.ʋɪ o̞k sko̞u̯t kʊn.nɐ bɐtʰ ɐt do̞u̯ð.rɪn sjo̞u̯ʋ knɐu̯ ʋe̞.rɐ o̞u̯.dʰɐu̯.nɐ.ðɐ  lɪi̯.tɐ ɐt θe̞i̯r ɡʊð e̞r se̞.ɡɪr θɪk ɡo̞u̯ð.kjo̞.rɪ.nʊ be̞tʰ.tʊm o̞s/
-'''English (literal)''':
-:"In the end is peace (a) reward to them, who chose it in life, and you should know best, that the dead even can be all-scorned. I trust, that your God will ever-guide you to the right choice, to the best to us."
-'''English''':
-:"In the end, peace is a reward to those who chose it in life, and '''you''' should know best that even the dead can be ever-scorned. I trust '''your''' God will guide '''you''' towards the right choice, for the best of us both."
 ==Lexical comparison==