Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]] | |fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]] | ||
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]] | |fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]] | ||
|fam4=[[w: | |fam4=[[w:East Scandinavian|East Scandinavian]] | ||
|script1=Latn | |script1=Latn | ||
|script2=Brai | |script2=Brai | ||
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]] | |ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]] | ||
|ancestor2=[[w:Old | |ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]] | ||
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]] | |ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]] | ||
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]] | |creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Varhúsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: ''Hússnorska'', /xuːt͡s.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk ''Húsinorska'', /xʊu̯.sɪ.no̞r.skɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk | [[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Varhúsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: ''Hússnorska'', /xuːt͡s.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk ''Húsinorska'', /xʊu̯.sɪ.no̞r.skɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯.dɐ/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugsnorsk /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/) | ||
While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other. | While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other. | ||
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The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area). | The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area). | ||
:"ek drep | :"ek drep drøgj" - no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" ("drøgj") mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative. | ||
The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, | The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, which, too, is well supported, seeing as how Húsnorsk is East Nordic. | ||
Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see " | Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auj" for Old East Norse "alʀ"). | ||
===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)=== | ===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)=== | ||
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==Development== | ==Development== | ||
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind | Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse initial /x/ to Nygadsnorsk /k/, which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens. | ||
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented. | The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented. | ||
*/ar/ to / | */ar/ to /ɐ/. | ||
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | */xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | ||
**Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in - | **Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -ʀ regardless of final consonant (Before /ʀ/ > /j/ due to some recorded misspellings) | ||
*/ | */ʀ/ to /j/ | ||
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/) | */Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/) | ||
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to / | */mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/ | ||
**Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on) | **Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on) | ||
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | */rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | ||
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*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | */fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | ||
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals | *<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals | ||
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel, this always occurs in inflectional endings regardless if it's word final or not (see -anna > -ãna) | |||
*/-u̯/ to /-y̯/ after round vowels (so /øu/ > /øy/) | |||
=== | ===Nygadsnorsk=== | ||
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/) | *coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/) | ||
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout | **-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout | ||
***see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to | ***see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change) | ||
**Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems | **Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems | ||
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | ||
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/) | |||
*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/ | */θ, ð/ to /t, d/ | ||
**Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins. | **Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins. | ||
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*/rː/ to /ʒ/ | */rː/ to /ʒ/ | ||
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | *Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | ||
*splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change. | *splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change. | ||
=== | ===Jugsnorsk=== | ||
*/iu, eu/ > /ju/ | |||
*coda geminates shorten | *coda geminates shorten | ||
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn- throughout | **-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn(j)- throughout | ||
***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk " | ***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "onnú" and "mannj" | ||
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu | *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, œː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | ||
**Diphthong flattening continues after with /-j/. (thus "alr" becomes "œ" /œː/) | |||
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | */r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | ||
*Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss | *Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss | ||
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***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/ | ***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/ | ||
*Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/) | *Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/) | ||
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/ | *The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/ | ||
at some point both turn nasal vowels into long vowels. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants. | #/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants. | ||
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /b/ and /p/ respectively | #/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /b/ and /p/ respectively | ||
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so | #It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so. | ||
##Proper names form a major exception to this. | |||
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially. | #/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially. | ||
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in " | #Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s]. | ||
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables), they are: | #All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables), they are: | ||
:::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/ | :::Nasals: "mm, nn" /pm, tn/ | ||
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#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/. | #/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/. | ||
#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]). | #/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]). | ||
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in " | #Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ]. | ||
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is / | #All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/) | ||
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:Writing "i" above the previous letter or as superscript, especially after vowels (and v) | :Writing "i" above the previous letter or as superscript, especially after vowels (and v) | ||
:Long s is still used | :Long s is still used | ||
:Dotless i | :Dotless i ("i" is also used in place of "j") | ||
:Extensive use of ligatures | :Extensive use of ligatures | ||
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ") | :Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ") | ||
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=====Masculine patterns===== | =====Masculine patterns===== | ||
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-a| | {{Varhúsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-a| | {{Húsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|ǫbl-|m= - "hearth"}} | ||
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-a|abl-|obl-|m= - "hearth"}} | |||
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==Texts== | ==Texts== | ||
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat=== | ===Drømde mik en drøm i nat=== | ||
'''Original ( | '''Original (OEN)''': | ||
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl | |||
'''Hússnorską''': | '''Hússnorską''': | ||
:''' | :'''Varhúsnorsk''': drømða mik ą drøm í nát ū : siuki ok dýrā feud | ||
::/ | ::/drøm.ða mik ɐ drø̃ iː naːt ũ : siu̯.ki o(x) dyː.rã feu̯d/ | ||
:''' | :'''Nygadsnorsk''': drømda mik ą drøm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd | ||
::/ | ::/drøm.da mik ɐ drøː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/ | ||
:''' | :'''Jugsnorsk''': drømða mik a drøm í nát ú : sjuki ok dýrá fjud | ||
::/ | ::/ˈdrø̞m.ðɐ ˌmɪk ɐ ˈdrø̞m ɪi̯ ˈnau̯t ʊu̯ : ˈsjʊ.kɪ o̞ ˈdʏy̯.rau̯ ˈfjʊd/ | ||
::[drø̞ːm.ðɐ mɪˑk ɐ drø̞ːm i nau̯ːt u : sjʊː.kɪ o̞ dʏy̯ː.ra fjʊːd] | |||
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning. | #"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning. | ||
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===UDHR Article 1=== | ===UDHR Article 1=== | ||
(outdated) | |||
'''Original (English)''': | '''Original (English)''': | ||
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | :All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | ||
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::/oːd.ma.dɐ er brjɔːːs.po.ritn ok jaʋn ɔd.rum vir.diɡ.ɡi ok reːt.tum me.dɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ok su.vɛs.ti ok me.dɐ sku.lu ɡert ad.ran broː.dur.leː.ki/ | ::/oːd.ma.dɐ er brjɔːːs.po.ritn ok jaʋn ɔd.rum vir.diɡ.ɡi ok reːt.tum me.dɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ok su.vɛs.ti ok me.dɐ sku.lu ɡert ad.ran broː.dur.leː.ki/ | ||
:'''Siberia''': ódmanna er brjósporinn ok javn onnum virðiggi ok réttum. menna eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok menna skulu gert annan bróðurléki. | :'''Siberia''': ódmanna er brjósporinn ok javn onnum virðiggi ok réttum. menna eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok menna skulu gert annan bróðurléki. | ||
::/ | ::/ˌo̞u̯d.ˈmɐn.nɐ ˌe̞r ˈbrjo̞u̯s.ˌpo̞.rɪn o̞k ˌjau̯n ˈo̞n.nʊm ˈʋɪr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ o̞k ˈre̞i̯t.tʊm ˈme̞n.nɐ ˈe̞.rʊ ˌxɐft ˈje̞r.kɪ o̞k ˈsʊ.ʋe̞s.tɪ o̞k ˈme̞n.nɐ ˌskʊ.lʊ ˈɡe̞rt ˈɐn.nɐn ˈbro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ/ | ||
::[o̞u̯ˑd.mɐːn.nɐ e̞ːr brjo̞u̯ːs.po̞ˑ.rɪn o̞ jau̯ˑn o̞ːn.nʊ̃ ʋɪːr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ o̞ re̞i̯ːt.tʊ̃ me̞ːn.nɐ e̞ː.rʊ xɐˑft je̞ːr.kɪ o̞ sʊː.ʋe̞s.tɪ o̞ me̞ːn.nɐ skʊˑ.lʊ ɡe̞ːrt ɐːn.nɐn bro̞u̯ː.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ] | |||
::Manuscript spelling: ódᛘ ᛋ brͥóſporͥṇ ⁊ iá̄ oṇᵐ ꝩͥrðͥg̣ͥ ⁊ réṭᵐ. meṇͣ ᛋᵘ haft i͛kͥ ⁊ suꝩͤſtͥ, ⁊ ᛘᵉ .ſk. g͛t aṇā bróðʳlékͥ. | ::Manuscript spelling: ódᛘ ᛋ brͥóſporͥṇ ⁊ iá̄ oṇᵐ ꝩͥrðͥg̣ͥ ⁊ réṭᵐ. meṇͣ ᛋᵘ haft i͛kͥ ⁊ suꝩͤſtͥ, ⁊ ᛘᵉ .ſk. g͛t aṇā bróðʳlékͥ. | ||
(Manuscript spelling will likely display very, very poorly for most readers, this is normal) | (Manuscript spelling will likely display very, very poorly for most readers, this is normal) | ||
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===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"=== | ===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"=== | ||
(outdated) | |||
'''Original (Jugsnorsk)''': | '''Original (Jugsnorsk)''': | ||
:"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok '''þú''' skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at '''þér''' Guð er segir '''þik''' góðkjorinu, bethtum os." | :"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok '''þú''' skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at '''þér''' Guð er segir '''þik''' góðkjorinu, bethtum os." | ||
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#Not cognate | #Not cognate | ||
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell". | :::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell". | ||