Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
| (8 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 109: | Line 109: | ||
*Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí" | *Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí" | ||
*/ɣ/ to /g/ | */ɣ/ to /g/ | ||
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | *Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | ||
*Vowel shifts: | *Vowel shifts: | ||
| Line 119: | Line 118: | ||
***Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/ | ***Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/ | ||
***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/ | ***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/ | ||
*Consonants | *Consonants followed by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/) | ||
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The chronological development of Jugsnorsk from Old Norse"</ref> | *The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The chronological development of Jugsnorsk from Old Norse"</ref> | ||
| Line 655: | Line 654: | ||
#Often written as "th" in Jugsnorska, but some still use "z" | #Often written as "th" in Jugsnorska, but some still use "z" | ||
In | In Jugsnorsk, many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, such as: | ||
:"v" as vend ("ꝩ") | :"v" as vend ("ꝩ") | ||
:A macron-like diacritic for a following nasal (eg. "ū" for "um") | :A macron-like diacritic for a following nasal (eg. "ū" for "um") | ||
:Writing "i" above the previous letter or as superscript, especially after vowels | :Writing "i" above the previous letter or as superscript, especially after vowels (and v) | ||
:Long s is still used | :Long s is still used | ||
:Dotless i and j | :Dotless i and j | ||
:Extensive use of ligatures | :Extensive use of ligatures | ||
:Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ") | |||
:Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ" | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
| Line 721: | Line 722: | ||
These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red). | These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red). | ||
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d"> | :'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjǫldinn</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090"> 1.500</span> </span>'''''—''The population was 1,500'' | ||
In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "vą" ("was") in the second position. | In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "vą" ("was") in the second position. | ||
In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position. | In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position. | ||
:'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d"> | :'''''<span style="color:black"><span style="background-color:#90ff90">árit 2000</span> <span style="background-color:#abd5f5">vą</span> <span style="background-color:#fad67d">mannvjǫldinn</span> <span style="background-color:#ff9090">1.500</span></span>'''''—''In 2000, the population was 1,500'' (lit. ''The year 2000 was the population 1,500'') | ||
The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''. | The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after ''2000'' rather than ''árit''. | ||
| Line 738: | Line 739: | ||
Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus: | Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus: | ||
:'''''Ari er | :'''''Ari er sę́l''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is ''always'' happy) | ||
:'''''Ari havi | :'''''Ari havi sę́l''''' — ''Ari is happy'' (Ari is happy right now) | ||
While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi | While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying '''''Ari havi sę́l''''' is the English "Ari is happy", but saying '''''Ari havi sę́ld''''' means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness". | ||
This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas. | This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas. | ||
| Line 751: | Line 752: | ||
'''Hússnorską''': | '''Hússnorską''': | ||
:'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : silki | :'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : silki ok dýran feld | ||
::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːtː um : siu̯.ki | ::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːtː um : siu̯.ki ok dyː.ran feu̯d/ | ||
:'''Novgorod''': Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki | :'''Novgorod''': Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ok dýran fǿd | ||
::/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki | ::/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki ok dyː.ran føːd/ | ||
:'''Siberia''': Drýmða mik a drým í nátt um : sýki | :'''Siberia''': Drýmða mik a drým í nátt um : sýki ok dýran fǿd | ||
::/drʏy̯m.ðɐ mɪk ɐ drʏy̯m ɪi̯ nau̯t ʊm : sʏy̯.kɪ | ::/drʏy̯m.ðɐ mɪk ɐ drʏy̯m ɪi̯ nau̯t ʊm : sʏy̯.kɪ o̞k dʏy̯.rɐn fø̞y̯d/ | ||
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning. | #"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning. | ||
| Line 773: | Line 774: | ||
::/oːd.ma.dɐ er brjɔːːs.po.ritn ok jaʋn ɔd.rum vir.diɡ.ɡi ok reːt.tum me.dɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ok su.vɛs.ti ok me.dɐ sku.lu ɡert ad.ran broː.dur.leː.ki/ | ::/oːd.ma.dɐ er brjɔːːs.po.ritn ok jaʋn ɔd.rum vir.diɡ.ɡi ok reːt.tum me.dɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ok su.vɛs.ti ok me.dɐ sku.lu ɡert ad.ran broː.dur.leː.ki/ | ||
:'''Siberia''': ódmanna er brjósporinn ok javn onnum virðiggi ok réttum. menna eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok menna skulu gert annan bróðurléki. | :'''Siberia''': ódmanna er brjósporinn ok javn onnum virðiggi ok réttum. menna eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok menna skulu gert annan bróðurléki. | ||
::/o̞u̯d.mɐn.nɐ e̞r | ::/o̞u̯d.mɐn.nɐ e̞r brjo̞u̯s.po̞.rɪn o̞k jau̯n o̞n.nʊm ʋɪr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ o̞k re̞i̯t.tʊm me̞n.nɐ e̞.rʊ xɐft je̞r.kɪ o̞k sʊ.ʋe̞s.tɪ o̞k me̞n.nɐ skʊ.lʊ ɡe̞rt ɐn.nɐn bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ/ | ||
::Manuscript spelling: ódᛘ ᛋ brͥóſporͥṇ ⁊ iá̄ oṇᵐ ꝩͥrðͥg̣ͥ ⁊ réṭᵐ. meṇͣ ᛋᵘ haft i͛kͥ ⁊ suꝩͤſtͥ, ⁊ ᛘᵉ .ſk. g͛t aṇā bróðʳlékͥ. | |||
(Manuscript spelling will likely display very, bery poorly for most readers, this is normal) | |||
'''Literal translation''': | '''Literal translation''': | ||