Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language

|name=Húsnorsk

|nativename=~~Hússnorską~~

|nativename=Húsanorska

|pronunciation=~~xuːt͡s~~.nor.~~skɐ, xuːt͡s.not͡s.kɐ~~

|pronunciation=xuː.sa.nor.ska

|ethnicity=Húsnorsk

|states=[[w:Novgorod|~~Novgorod~~]] ~~and the greater area surrounding it~~

|states=[[w:Novgorod republic|Húsnorsk republic]][[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]

|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]

|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]

Line 19:

|created=February 23rd, 2026

|setting=

|stand1=~~Varhússnorską~~

|stand1=Varhúsnorsk

|dia1=~~Húmgądsnorską~~ (Western)

|dia1=Nygadsnorsk (Western)

|dia2=~~Jugsnorską~~ (Eastern)

|dia2=Jugsnorsk (Eastern)

|familycolor=Indo-European

|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia

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}}

[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: ~~Húmgąds~~: ''~~Hússnorską~~'', /~~xuːt͡s~~.nor.~~skɐ~~/ or /xuːt͡s.~~not͡s~~.kɐ/; ~~Jugs~~ ''~~Hússnorska~~'', /~~xʊu̯s~~.~~sn̥o̞r~~.skɐ~~/ or /xʊu̯s.sn̥o̞tʰ.kɐ~~/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk is considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians, though this is heavily disputed, as Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take ~~Húmgąds~~ /ɔ:.dɐ/, ~~Jugs~~ /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)

[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Varhúsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: ''Hússnorska'', /xuːt͡s.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk ''Húsinorska'', /xʊu̯.sɪ.n̥o̞r.skɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk is considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians, though this is heavily disputed, as Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯.dɐ/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugsnorsk /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)

While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other.

==History==

===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===

The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area).

:~~"эк дрэп драугъ" (~~"ek drep ~~draugą~~") - The transcript of no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr~~(!)~~", with "draugr" mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative.

:"ek drep draugȧ" - The transcript of no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative. ("ȧ" is equivalent to modern "ą")

The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, though this seems unlikely, as the Varangians, being from Sweden, would have spoken Old East Norse, whereas Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic.

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*/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)

*/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl])

*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/

*? /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals

===Húmgądsnorską===

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**Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems

*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/

*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/

*/θ, ð/ to /t, d/

**Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins.

**Dative singular leveled to -i and -inum.

*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only

*? /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals

*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)

*/ɣ/ to /g/

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***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "annarą" and "mann"

*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/

*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/

*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/

*Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss

*Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"

*? /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals (see "blómstr" to "blómsą")

*/ɣ/ to /g/

*/ɬ/ to /ʃ/

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==Phonology==

===~~Húmgądsnorską~~===

===Varhúsnorsk===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! colspan=2 |

! Labial

! Dental

! Alveolar

! Velar

|-

! colspan=2 | Nasal

| m

|

| n

|

|-

! rowspan=2 | Stop

! Unvoiced

| p

|

| t

| k

|-

! Voiced

| b

|

| d

| g

|-

! rowspan=2 | Fricative

! Unvoiced

| f

| θ

| s

| x

|-

! Voiced

| v

| ð

|

|-

! rowspan=2 | Approximant

! Unvoiced

|

| r̥, l̥

|

|-

! Voiced

|

| r, l

| j

|-

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

! rowspan=2 |

! colspan=2 | Front

! rowspan=2 | Central

! rowspan=2 | Back

|-

! Unround

! Round

|-

! High

| i

| y

|

| u

|-

! Mid-High

| e

| ø

|

| o

|-

! Mid-Low

| ɛ

|

| ɔ

|-

! Low

|

| ɐ

| ɑ

|-

|}

#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl/)

===Nygadsnorsk===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

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#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, and the round vowels (/u, o, ɔ, y, ø/) can be overlong.

===~~Jugsnorską~~===

===Jugsnorsk===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|-

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Húsnorsk has largely leveled both the dative singulars to -i and -inum in both dialects, but the genitive is more complicated.

:In ~~Húmgądsnorsk~~, the genitive singular has been leveled ro -s and -sins, and the plural was already leveled to -a and -anna (though sometimes an extra consonant appears before it)

:In Nygadsnorsk, the genitive singular has been leveled ro -s and -sins, and the plural was already leveled to -a and -anna (though sometimes an extra consonant appears before it)

:In Jugsnorsk, the inherited genitive was lost, being replaced with the dative + -s.

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The tables below will have a hyphen between the root and the suffix in order to show it better.

Masculine patterns:

=====Masculine patterns=====

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Feminine patterns:

=====Feminine patterns=====

=====Neuter patterns=====

==Syntax==

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'''Hússnorską''':

:'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : ~~sýki~~ ók dýran ~~fǿd~~

:'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : silki ók dýran feld

::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : ~~syː~~.ki oːk dyː.ran ~~føːd~~/

::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : siu̯.ki oːk dyː.ran feu̯d/

:'''Novgorod''': Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd

::/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/

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! Meaning

! Old Norse

! ~~Varhússnorską~~

! Varhúsnorsk

! ~~Húmgądsnorską~~

! Nygadsnorsk

! ~~Jugsnorską~~

! Jugsnorsk

! Icelandic

! Swedish

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|1||fire

| eldr

| ~~ǿdą~~

| eldą

| ǿdą

| ǿda

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|68||skin/hide

| feldr (animal) skinn (general)húð

| ~~fǿdą~~ (animal) skinn (general)húð (human)

| feldą (animal) skinn (general)húð (human)

| fǿdą (animal) skinn (general)húd, kúd (human)

| fǿda (animal) skinn (general)húð (human)

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|93||bird

| fugl, fogl

| ~~fuglą~~

| fugl(ą)

| fuglą

| fogla

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{Infobox language
 |name=Húsnorsk
-|nativename=Hússnorską
+|nativename=Húsanorska
-|pronunciation=xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ, xuːt͡s.not͡s.kɐ
+|pronunciation=xuː.sa.nor.ska
 |ethnicity=Húsnorsk
-|states=[[w:Novgorod|Novgorod]] and the greater area surrounding it
+|states=[[w:Novgorod republic|Húsnorsk republic]]</br>[[w:Altai mountains|Altai mountain region]]
 |fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
 |fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]]
@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 |created=February 23rd, 2026
 |setting=
-|stand1=Varhússnorską
+|stand1=Varhúsnorsk
-|dia1=Húmgądsnorską (Western)
+|dia1=Nygadsnorsk (Western)
-|dia2=Jugsnorską (Eastern)
+|dia2=Jugsnorsk (Eastern)
 |familycolor=Indo-European
 |nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 }}
-[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Húmgąds: ''Hússnorską'', /xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ/ or /xuːt͡s.not͡s.kɐ/; Jugs ''Hússnorska'', /xʊu̯s.sn̥o̞r.skɐ/ or /xʊu̯s.sn̥o̞tʰ.kɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk is considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians, though this is heavily disputed, as Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Húmgąds /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugs /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)
+[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Varhúsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: ''Hússnorska'', /xuːt͡s.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk ''Húsinorska'', /xʊu̯.sɪ.n̥o̞r.skɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk is considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians, though this is heavily disputed, as Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯.dɐ/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugsnorsk /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)
+While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other.
 ==History==
 ===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)===
 The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area).
-:"эк дрэп драугъ" ("ek drep draugą") - The transcript of no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr(!)", with "draugr" mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative.
+:"ek drep draugȧ" - The transcript of no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative. ("ȧ" is equivalent to modern "ą")
 The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, though this seems unlikely, as the Varangians, being from Sweden, would have spoken Old East Norse, whereas Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic.
@@ Line 72: / Line 73: @@
 */v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)
 */l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl])
+*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
+*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
 ===Húmgądsnorską===
@@ Line 79: / Line 82: @@
 **Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems
 *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
-*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
 */θ, ð/ to /t, d/
 **Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins.
 **Dative singular leveled to -i and -inum.
 */sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
-*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals
 *Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels)
 */ɣ/ to /g/
@@ Line 96: / Line 97: @@
 ***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "annarą" and "mann"
 *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
-*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
 */r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/
 *Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss
 *Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"
-*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals (see "blómstr" to "blómsą")
 */ɣ/ to /g/
 */ɬ/ to /ʃ/
@@ Line 116: / Line 115: @@
 ==Phonology==
-===Húmgądsnorską===
+===Varhúsnorsk===
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! colspan=2 |
+! Labial
+! Dental
+! Alveolar
+! Velar
+|-
+! colspan=2 | Nasal
+| m
+|
+| n
+|
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Stop
+! Unvoiced
+| p
+|
+| t
+| k
+|-
+! Voiced
+| b
+|
+| d
+| g
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Fricative
+! Unvoiced
+| f
+| θ
+| s
+| x
+|-
+! Voiced
+| v
+| ð
+|
+|
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Approximant
+! Unvoiced
+|
+|
+| r̥, l̥
+|
+|-
+! Voiced
+|
+|
+| r, l
+| j
+|-
+|}
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
+|-
+! rowspan=2 |
+! colspan=2 | Front
+! rowspan=2 | Central
+! rowspan=2 | Back
+|-
+! Unround
+! Round
+|-
+! High
+| i
+| y
+|
+| u
+|-
+! Mid-High
+| e
+| ø
+|
+| o
+|-
+! Mid-Low
+| ɛ
+|
+|
+| ɔ
+|-
+! Low
+|
+|
+| ɐ
+| ɑ
+|-
+|}
+#All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, /u/ can be overlong (from Old Norse /uːl/)
+===Nygadsnorsk===
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |-
@@ Line 218: / Line 312: @@
 #All vowels except /ɐ/ can be long, and the round vowels (/u, o, ɔ, y, ø/) can be overlong.
-===Jugsnorską===
+===Jugsnorsk===
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
 |-
@@ Line 579: / Line 673: @@
 Húsnorsk has largely leveled both the dative singulars to -i and -inum in both dialects, but the genitive is more complicated.
-:In Húmgądsnorsk, the genitive singular has been leveled ro -s and -sins, and the plural was already leveled to -a and -anna (though sometimes an extra consonant appears before it)
+:In Nygadsnorsk, the genitive singular has been leveled ro -s and -sins, and the plural was already leveled to -a and -anna (though sometimes an extra consonant appears before it)
 :In Jugsnorsk, the inherited genitive was lost, being replaced with the dative + -s.
@@ Line 588: / Line 682: @@
 The tables below will have a hyphen between the root and the suffix in order to show it better.
-Masculine patterns:
+=====Masculine patterns=====
 {{Húsnorsk nouns m-a|Norsk-|Nursk-|m= - "Norse"}}
 {{Jugsnorsk nouns m-a|Norsk-|Nursk-|m= - "Norse"}}
@@ Line 605: / Line 699: @@
 {{Jugsnorsk nouns m-c|najl-|nejl-|nojl-|m= - "nail"}}
-Feminine patterns:
+=====Feminine patterns=====
 {{Húsnorsk nouns s-ō|nǫs-|nas-|m= - "nose"}}
 {{Jugsnorsk nouns s-ō|nos-|m= - "nose"}}
+=====Neuter patterns=====
 ==Syntax==
@@ Line 644: / Line 741: @@
 '''Hússnorską''':
-:'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
+:'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : silki ók dýran feld
-::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/
+::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : siu̯.ki oːk dyː.ran feu̯d/
 :'''Novgorod''': Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
 ::/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/
@@ Line 690: / Line 787: @@
 ! Meaning
 ! Old Norse
-! Varhússnorską
+! Varhúsnorsk
-! Húmgądsnorską
+! Nygadsnorsk
-! Jugsnorską
+! Jugsnorsk
 ! Icelandic
 ! Swedish
@@ Line 698: / Line 795: @@
 |1||fire
 | eldr
-| ǿdą
+| eldą
 | ǿdą
 | ǿda
@@ Line 1,116: / Line 1,213: @@
 |68||skin/hide
 | feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
-| fǿdą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
+| feldą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
 | fǿdą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húd, kúd (human)
 | fǿda (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
@@ Line 1,268: / Line 1,365: @@
 |93||bird
 | fugl, fogl
-| fuglą
+| fugl(ą)
 | fuglą
 | fogla