Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
| (14 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 33: | Line 33: | ||
}} | }} | ||
[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Húmgąds: ''Hússnorską'', /xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ/ or /xuːt͡s.not͡s.kɐ/; Jugs ''Hússnorska'' or ''Хуъсснорска'', /xʊu̯s. | [[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Húmgąds: ''Hússnorską'', /xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ/ or /xuːt͡s.not͡s.kɐ/; Jugs ''Hússnorska'' or ''Хуъсснорска'', /xʊu̯s.sn̥o̞r.skɐ/ or /xʊu̯s.sn̥o̞tʰ.kɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk is considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians, though this is heavily disputed, as Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Húmgąds /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugs /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/) | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)=== | ===Early Húsnorsk (1100AD~1350AD)=== | ||
The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area). The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, though this seems unlikely, as the Varangians, being from Sweden, would have spoken Old East Norse, whereas Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. | The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area). | ||
:"эк дрэп драугъ" ("ek drep draugą") - The transcript of no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr(!)", with "draugr" mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative. | |||
The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, though this seems unlikely, as the Varangians, being from Sweden, would have spoken Old East Norse, whereas Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. | |||
Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auą" for Old Norse "alr"). | Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auą" for Old Norse "alr"). | ||
| Line 199: | Line 203: | ||
#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants. | #/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants. | ||
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/ | #/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/. | ||
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names. | #It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names. | ||
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially | #/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially. | ||
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s]. | #Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s]. | ||
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables), they are: | #All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables), they are: | ||
| Line 297: | Line 301: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced | ! Voiced | ||
| | | | ||
| ð | | ð | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 303: | Line 307: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan=3 | Approximant | ! colspan=3 | Approximant | ||
| ʋ⁴ | |||
| | | | ||
| r⁵, l | | r⁵, l | ||
| Line 309: | Line 314: | ||
|} | |} | ||
#/b, d, g/ | #/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants. | ||
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/ | #/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/. | ||
#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]). | |||
#/v/ is | #Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ]. | ||
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [ | |||
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /plʏy̯ɡ/) | #All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /plʏy̯ɡ/) | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=2 | | ! rowspan=2 | | ||
| Line 328: | Line 331: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! High | ! High | ||
| ɪ | | ɪ(i) | ||
| ʏ | | ʏ(y) | ||
| ʊ | | ʊ(u) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Mid | ! Mid | ||
| e̞ | | e̞(i) | ||
| ø̞ | | ø̞(y) | ||
| o̞ | | o̞(u) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Low | ! Low | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ɐ | | ɐ(u)¹ | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
#Traditionally realized as /au/, but /ɐu/ is becoming exponentially more common every year. | |||
#The vowels in parentheses are when the vowel is long, thus are equivalent to /V(ː)/ in other languages. | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
| Line 715: | Line 694: | ||
==Texts== | ==Texts== | ||
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat=== | ===Drømde mik en drøm i nat=== | ||
'''Original (Old | '''Original (Old Norse)''': | ||
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um | :'''East''': Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl | ||
:'''West''': Dreymða mik (einn?) draum í nátt um : silki ok ærligan feld | |||
''' | |||
:Dreymða mik (einn?) draum í nátt um | |||
''' | '''Hússnorską''': | ||
:Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um | :'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd | ||
:/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um | ::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/ | ||
:: | :'''Novgorod''': Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd | ||
::/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/ | |||
:'''Siberia''': Drýmða mik a drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd | |||
::/drʏy̯m.ðɐ mɪk ɐ drʏy̯m ɪi̯ nau̯t ʊm : sʏy̯.kɪ o̞u̯k dʏy̯.rɐn fø̞y̯d/ | |||
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning. | |||
'''English''': | '''English''': | ||
:I dreamt a dream last night of | :I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur. | ||
===UDHR Article 1=== | ===UDHR Article 1=== | ||
| Line 743: | Line 715: | ||
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | :All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | ||
''' | '''Hússnorsk''': | ||
:hørą maðą er vrjǭsporinn ók javn ǫðrum virðiggi ók réttum. meðą eru haft jęrki ók suvęsti, ok meðą skulu gert aðran bróðurléki. | :'''Standard''': hørą maðą er vrjǭsporinn ók javn ǫðrum virðiggi ók réttum. meðą eru haft jęrki ók suvęsti, ok meðą skulu gert aðran bróðurléki. | ||
:/xø.rɐ ma.ðɐ er vrjɔs.po.ritn oːk javn ɔð.rum vir.ðiɡ.ɡi oːk reːt.tum me.ðɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki oːk su.vɛs.ti ok me.ðɐ sku.lu ɡert að.ran broː.ður.leː.ki/ | ::/xø.rɐ ma.ðɐ er vrjɔs.po.ritn oːk javn ɔð.rum vir.ðiɡ.ɡi oːk reːt.tum me.ðɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki oːk su.vɛs.ti ok me.ðɐ sku.lu ɡert að.ran broː.ður.leː.ki/ | ||
:'''Novgorod''': hørą madą er vrjǭsporinn ók javn ǫdrum virdiggi ók réttum. medą eru haft jęrki ók suvęsti, ok medą skulu gert adran bródurléki. | |||
::/xø.rɐ ma.dɐ er vrjɔs.po.ritn oːk jaʋn ɔd.rum vir.diɡ.ɡi oːk reːt.tum me.dɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki oːk su.vɛs.ti ok me.dɐ sku.lu ɡert ad.ran broː.dur.leː.ki/ | |||
:'''Siberia''': høra manna er vrjosporinn ok javn onnum virðiggi ok réttum. menna eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok menna skulu gert annan bróðurléki. | |||
::/xø̞.rɐ mɐn.nɐ e̞r ʋrjo̞s.po̞.rɪn o̞k jau̯n o̞n.nʊm ʋɪr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ o̞k re̞i̯t.tʊm me̞n.nɐ e̞.rʊ xɐft je̞r.kɪ o̞k sʊ.ʋe̞s.tɪ o̞k me̞n.nɐ skʊ.lʊ ɡe̞rt ɐn.nɐn bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ/ | |||
''' | '''Literal translation''': | ||
: | :Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood. | ||
'''Jugsnorsk''': | ===Excerpt from "[[Appeal to the God-man]]"=== | ||
: | '''Original (Jugsnorsk)''': | ||
: | :"í ennanum er priða lónina þém, es kós þat í lívi, ok '''þú''' skót kunna bath, at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða. líta, at '''þér''' Guð er segir '''þik''' góðkjorinu, bethtum os." | ||
:/ | ::/ɪi̯ e̞n.nɐ.nʊm e̞r prɪ.ðɐ lo̞u̯.nɪ.nɐ θe̞i̯m es ko̞u̯s θɐt ɪi̯ lɪi̯.ʋɪ o̞k sko̞u̯t kʊn.nɐ bɐtʰ ɐt do̞u̯ð.rɪn sjo̞u̯ʋ knɐu̯ ʋe̞.rɐ o̞u̯.dʰɐu̯.nɐ.ðɐ lɪi̯.tɐ ɐt θe̞i̯r ɡʊð e̞r se̞.ɡɪr θɪk ɡo̞u̯ð.kjo̞.rɪ.nʊ be̞tʰ.tʊm o̞s/ | ||
''' | '''English (literal)''': | ||
: | :"In the end is peace (a) reward to them, who chose it in life, and you should know best, that the dead even can be all-scorned. I trust, that your God will ever-guide you to the right choice, to the best to us." | ||
'''English''': | |||
:"In the end, peace is a reward to those who chose it in life, and '''you''' should know best that even the dead can be ever-scorned. I trust '''your''' God will guide '''you''' towards the right choice, for the best of us both." | |||
==Lexical comparison== | ==Lexical comparison== | ||
| Line 777: | Line 755: | ||
| ǿdą | | ǿdą | ||
| ǿdą | | ǿdą | ||
| | | ǿda | ||
| eldur | | eldur | ||
| eld | | eld | ||
| Line 785: | Line 763: | ||
| nǫs | | nǫs | ||
| nǫs | | nǫs | ||
| nos | |||
| nös | | nös | ||
| nos, näsa | | nos, näsa | ||