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Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]]
|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|fam4=[[w:West Scandinavian|West Scandinavian]]
|script1=Lat
|script1=Latn
|ancestor= [[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|script2=Cyrl
|ancestor2= [[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
|script3=Brai
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
|ancestor2=[[w:Old West Norse|Old West Norse]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]]
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|familycolor=Indo-European
|familycolor=Indo-European
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
|nation=Húsnorsk republic, Russia
|minority=Several regions of Russia:
|minority=<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small></br><small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small></br><small>[[w:Mongolia|Northern Mongolia]]</small>
:<small>[[w:Altai Republic|Altai Republic]]</small>
|speakers=(L1) 850,000
:<small>[[w:Buryatia|Buryatia]]</small>
:<small>[[w:Mongolia|Northern Mongolia]]
|speakers=(L1) 1,000,000
|speakers2=(L2) 50,000-100,000
|speakers2=(L2) 50,000-100,000
|date=2018
|date=2018
|agency=(Unrecognized) Hússnorsksakademin (The Húsnorsk Academy)
|agency=The Húsnorsk Academy (Hússnorsksakademin) <small>(Unrecognized)</small>
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


Húsnorsk is a distinct West Nordic language, it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk is considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians, though this is heavily disputed, as Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Húsnorsk /ɔ:.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)
[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Húmgąds: ''Hússnorską'', /xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ/ or /xuːt͡s.not͡s.kɐ/; Jugs ''Hússnorska'' or ''Хуъсснорска'', /xʊu̯s.n̥o̞r.skɐ/ or /xʊu̯s.n̥o̞tʰ.kɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk is considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians, though this is heavily disputed, as Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Húmgąds /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugs /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/)


==History==
==History==
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/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/


/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ didn't exist in such positions)
/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere)


/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though
/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though
Line 111: Line 110:
splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change, as many speakers still don't display it (see the variation of "réttą" between /reːt.tɐ/ and /rjet.tɐ/)
splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change, as many speakers still don't display it (see the variation of "réttą" between /reːt.tɐ/ and /rjet.tɐ/)


===Jagsnorską===
===Jugsnorską===
coda geminates shorten
coda geminates shorten


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/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/


/r̥, l̥/ to /ʃ, ɬ/
/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/


:Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss
:Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss
Line 131: Line 130:


/ɬ/ to /ʃ/
/ɬ/ to /ʃ/
/rː/ to /ʒ/


Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
Line 144: Line 141:
::Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
::Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/
::Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/
::Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/
Consonants follows by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/)


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/ depending on when the cluster happened ("fl" from Old Norse becomes "bl", but newly formed "fl" becomes "pl")
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names.
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially. /v/ is also occasionally realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" being [jau̯n] for some speakers).
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially.
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
#All stops have different values when geminated in coda position (Meaning when the geminate isn't split across syllables),  they are:
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=2 |  
! colspan=3 |  
! Labial
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Velar
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
! colspan=3 | Nasal
| m
| m
|
| n
| n
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! rowspan=4 | Stop
! rowspan=2 | Unaspirated
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| p
| p
|
| t
| t
|
| k
| k
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
| b
| b
|
| d
| d
| g
|-
! rowspan=2 | Aspirated
! Unvoiced
| pʰ
|  
|  
| g
| tʰ
| kʰ
|-
! Voiced
| bʱ
|
| dʱ
| gʱ
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
! Unvoiced
| f²
| f²
| θ
| s
| s
| ʃ
| x³
| x³
|-
|-
! Voiced
! Voiced
| v²<sup>, </sup>⁴
|
| ʒ
|
|-
! colspan=2 | Affricate
|  
|  
| t͡s
| ð
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Approximant
! colspan=3 | Approximant
| ʋ⁴
|  
|  
| r⁵, l
| r⁵, l
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|}
|}


#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/ depending on when the cluster happened ("fl" from Old Norse becomes "bl", but newly formed "fl" becomes "pl")
#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/.
#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names.
#/v/ is realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" [jau̯n]).
#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially. /v/ is also occasionally realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" being [jau̯n] for some speakers).
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ].
#Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormą" /opmɐ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [t͡s].
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /plʏy̯ɡ/)
#All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /plʏy̯ɡ/)




{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Short vowels
|-
|-
! rowspan=2 |  
! rowspan=2 |  
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|-
|-
! High
! High
| ɪ
| ɪ(i)
| ʏ
| ʏ(y)
| ʊ
| ʊ(u)
|-
|-
! Mid
! Mid
| e̞
| e̞(i)
| ø̞
| ø̞(y)
| o̞
| o̞(u)
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɐ
| ɐ(u)¹
|-
|-
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
#Traditionally realized as /au/, but /ɐu/ is becoming exponentially more common every year.
|+ Long vowels
#The vowels in parentheses are when the vowel is long, thus are equivalent to /V(ː)/ in other languages.
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Back
|-
! Unround
! Round
|-
! High
| ɪi
| ʏy
| ʊu
|-
! Mid
| e̞i
| ø̞y
| o̞u
|-
! Low
|
|
| au
|-
|}


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
! colspan=3 | Alphabet
! colspan=3 | Húmgąds Alphabet
|-
|-
! Letter
! Letter
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|-
|-
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=3 | Jugs Alphabet
|-
! colspan=2 | Letter
! rowspan=2 | IPA
|-
! Cyrillic
! Latin
|-
| А а
| A a
| ɐ
|-
| Аъ аъ
| Á á
| au~ɐu
|-
| Б б
| B b
| b
|-
| Д д
| D d
| d
|-
| Э э
| E e
| e̞
|-
| Эъ эъ
| É é
| e̞i
|-
| Ф ф
| F f
| f
|-
| Г г
| G g
| ɡ
|-
| Х х
| H h
| x
|-
| И и
| I i
| i
|-
| Иъ иъ
| Í í
| ɪi
|-
| Й й
| J j
| j
|-
| К к
| K k
| k
|-
| Л л
| L l
| l
|-
| М м
| M m
| m
|-
| Н н
| N n
| n
|-
| О о
| O o
| o̞
|-
| Оъ оъ
| Ó ó
| o̞u
|-
| П п
| P p
| p
|-
| Р р
| R r
| r
|-
| С с
| S s
| s
|-
| Т т
| T t
| t
|-
| У у
| U u
| ʊ
|-
| Уъ уъ
| Ú ú
| ʊu
|-
| В в
| V v
| ʋ
|-
| Ү ү
| Y y
| ʏ
|-
| Үъ үъ
| Ý ý
| ʏy
|-
| (Ц ц)¹
| (Z z)¹
| tʰ
|-
| Ө ө
| Ø ø
| ø̞
|-
| Өъ өъ
| Ǿ ǿ
| ø̞y
|-
| Тъ тъ
| Þ þ
| θ
|-
| Дъ дъ
| Ð ð
| ð
|}
#Often written as "th" in Jugsnorska, but some still use "z"


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Umlaut===
[[w:umlaut|Umlaut]] is a kind of [[w:nonconcatenative morphology|nonconcatenative morphology]] defined by alternations in the stressed vowel.
All noun patterns exhibit umlaut, but some vowels are unaffected by certain kinds. Some of these have been "corrected" through regularization in Húsnorsk, though a lot of these are a result of false correlation, not actual correction. As with Old Norse "ríkjum" (dative plural of "ríki") becoming "rýkjum" through the dative plural getting analogized to have u-umlaut in all nominal patterns.
The general rules for Nordic umlaut are decently simple, going as follows:
:U-umlaut rounds unround vowels (/i, e, ɛ, a/ > /y, ø, ø, ɔ/) and raises round vowels (/o/ > /u/).
:I-umlaut raises unround vowels (/e, ɛ, a/ > /i, e, ɛ/) and fronts round vowels (/u, o/ > /y, ø/)
:A-umlaut lowers high vowels (/i, u/ > /e, o/)
Some words exhibit both u-umlaut ''and'' i-umlaut, as with Proto-Germanic *garwijaną > Old Norse ''gøra''.
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Masculine a-stem:
Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).
{{Template:Húsnorsk m-a nouns|Norsk|Norsk|m= - "Norse"}}
 
Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)
 
Húsnorsk has largely leveled both the dative and genitive singulars to -i and -s respectively, though the genitive is sometimes leveled to -ą by some speakers.
 
When looking at the tables below, note that there's multiple as it's giving both Húmgądsnorsk and Jugsnorsk. The latter two tables are both Jugsnorsk, just in different scripts, one in Latin, the ither in Cyrillic.
====Strong nouns====
Húsnorsk closely follows Old Norse with its strong nouns, have two neuter, and three masculine and feminine strong declensions, the general pattern names are
:a-stem: Masculine, neuter
:i-stem: Masculine
:r-stem: Masculine, feminine
:ija-stem: Masculine, neuter
:ō-stem: Feminine
 
''Húmgąds'':
{{Húsnorsk nouns m-a|Norsk|Nursk|m= - "Norse"}}
 
''Jugs'':
{{Jugsnorsk nouns m-a|Norsk|Nursk|m= - "Norse"}}
{{Jugsnorsk cyr nouns m-a|Норск|Нурск|m= - "Norse"}}
 
 
''Húmgąds'':
{{Húsnorsk nouns s-ō|nǫs|nas|m= - "nose"}}
 
''Jugs'':
{{Jugsnorsk nouns s-ō|nos|nas|m= - "nose"}}
{{Jugsnorsk cyr nouns s-ō|нос|нас|m= - "nose"}}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Line 529: Line 690:
==Texts==
==Texts==
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
===Drømde mik en drøm i nat===
Original (Old East Norse):
'''Original (Old Norse)''':
:Drømde mik en drøm i nat um<br>silki ok ærlik pæl
:'''East''': Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl
:'''West''': Dreymða mik (einn?) draum í nátt um : silki ok ærligan feld


Old West Norse:
'''Hússnorską''':
:Dreymða mik (einn?) draum í nátt um<br>silki ok ærligan feld
:'''Standard''': Drýmða mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
::/dryːm.ða mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/
:'''Novgorod''': Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
::/dryːm.da mik ɐ dryːm iː naːʰt um : syː.ki oːk dyː.ran føːd/
:'''Siberia''': Drýmða mik a drým í nátt um : sýki ók dýran fǿd
::/drʏy̯m.ðɐ mɪk ɐ drʏy̯m ɪi̯ nau̯t ʊm : sʏy̯.kɪ o̞u̯k dʏy̯.rɐn fø̞y̯d/


Húsnorsk:
#"a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.
:Drýmda mik ą drým í nátt um<br>sýki ók dýran fǿd
::("ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.)


English:
'''English''':
:I dreamt a dream last night of<br>silk and fine fur.
:I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.


===UDHR Article 1===
===UDHR Article 1===
Original (English):
'''Original (English)''':
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
:All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.


Húsnorsk:
'''Hússnorsk''':
:hørą madą er vrjǭsporinn ók javn ǫdrum virdingi ók réttum. medą eru haft jęrki ók suvęsti, ok medą skulu gert adran bródurléki.
:'''Standard''': hørą maðą er vrjǭsporinn ók javn ǫðrum virðiggi ók réttum. meðą eru haft jęrki ók suvęsti, ok meðą skulu gert aðran bróðurléki.
::/xø.rɐ ma.ðɐ er vrjɔs.po.ritn oːk javn ɔð.rum vir.ðiɡ.ɡi oːk reːt.tum me.ðɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki oːk su.vɛs.ti ok me.ðɐ sku.lu ɡert að.ran broː.ður.leː.ki/
:'''Novgorod''': hørą madą er vrjǭsporinn ók javn ǫdrum virdiggi ók réttum. medą eru haft jęrki ók suvęsti, ok medą skulu gert adran bródurléki.
::/xø.rɐ ma.dɐ er vrjɔs.po.ritn oːk jaʋn ɔd.rum vir.diɡ.ɡi oːk reːt.tum me.dɐ e.ru xaft jɛr.ki oːk su.vɛs.ti ok me.dɐ sku.lu ɡert ad.ran broː.dur.leː.ki/
:'''Siberia''': høra manna er vrjosporinn ok javn onnum virðiggi ok réttum. menna eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok menna skulu gert annan bróðurléki.
::/xø̞.rɐ mɐn.nɐ e̞r ʋrjo̞s.po̞.rɪn o̞k jau̯n o̞n.nʊm ʋɪr.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ o̞k re̞i̯t.tʊm me̞n.nɐ e̞.rʊ xɐft je̞r.kɪ o̞k sʊ.ʋe̞s.tɪ o̞k me̞n.nɐ skʊ.lʊ ɡe̞rt ɐn.nɐn bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ/


Literal translation:
'''Literal translation''':
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.
:Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.


===Excerpt from "Appeal to the God-man"===
'''Original (Jugsnorsk)''':
:"ennanum er priða lónina þém[,] es kós þat lívi, ok skót kunna bath[,] at dóðrin sjóv kná vera ódhavnaða." (rest to come later)
:/e̞n.nɐ.nʊm e̞r prɪ.ðɐ lo̞u̯.nɪ.nɐ θe̞i̯m es ko̞u̯s θɐt lɪi̯.ʋɪ o̞k sko̞u̯t kʊn.nɐ bɐtʰ ɐt do̞u̯ð.rɪn sjo̞u̯ʋ knɐu̯ ʋe̞.rɐ o̞u̯.dʰɐu̯.nɐ.ðɐ/
'''English''':
:"In the end, peace is a reward to those who chose it in life, and you should know best that even the dead can be ever-scorned. I trust your God will guide you towards the right choice, for the best of us both."


==Lexical comparison==
==Lexical comparison==
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|-
|-
!colspan=6|Leipzig-Jakarta List
!colspan=8|Leipzig-Jakarta List
|-
|-
! Rank
! Rank
! Meaning  
! Meaning
! Old Norse
! Old Norse
! Húsnorsk
! Varhússnorską
! Húmgądsnorską
! Jugsnorską
! Icelandic
! Icelandic
! Swedish
! Swedish
Line 567: Line 746:
|1||fire
|1||fire
| eldr
| eldr
| {{term|ǿdą}}
| ǿdą
| ǿdą
| ǿda
| eldur
| eldur
| eld
| eld
Line 573: Line 754:
|2||nose
|2||nose
| nǫs
| nǫs
| {{term|nǫs}}
| nǫs
| nǫs
| nos
| nös
| nös
| nos, näsa
| nos, näsa
|-
|-
|3||to go
|3||to go
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|4||water
|4||water
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|5||mouth
|5||mouth
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|6||tongue
|6||tongue
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|7||blood
|7||blood
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|8||bone
|8||bone
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|9||{{sc|2sg}} pronoun (you)
|9||{{sc|2sg pronoun (you)
| þú
| þú
| þú
| {{term|tú}}
| tú
| þu#Húsnorsk|þú
| þú
| þú
| du
| du
|-
|-
|10||root
|10||root
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|11||to come (move)
|11||to come (move)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|12||breast
|12||breast
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|13||rain
|13||rain
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|14||{{sc|1sg}} pronoun (I)
|14||{{sc|1sg pronoun (I)
| ek
| ek
| ek
| ek
| ek
| {{term|ek}}
| ég
| ég
| jag
| jag
|-
|-
|15||name
|15||name
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
|16||louse ([[:w:Phthiraptera|Phthirapteron]])
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|17||wing
|17||wing
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|18||flesh/meat
|18||flesh/meat
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|19||arm/hand
|19||arm/hand
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|20||fly (insect, [[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
|20||fly (insect, [[:w:Fly|Dipteron]])
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|21||night (time of day)
|21||night (time of day)
| nátt
| nátt
| {{term|nátt}}
| nátt
| nátt
| nátt
| nátt
| nátt
| natt
| natt
|-
|-
|22||ear
|22||ear
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|23||neck
|23||neck
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|24||far (prep.)
|24||far (prep.)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|25||to do/make
|25||to do/make
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|26||house/structure
|26||house/structure
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|27||stone/rock (singular object)
|27||stone/rock (singular object)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|28||bitter
|28||bitter
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|29||to say
|29||to say
| tala
| tala
| (not cognate) {{term|spá}}
| spá¹
| spá¹
| spá¹
| tala
| tala
| tala
| tala
|-
|-
|30||tooth
|30||tooth
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|31||hair
|31||hair
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|32||big
|32||big
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|33||one (number)
|33||one (number)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|34||who?
|34||who?
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|35||{{sc|3sg}} pronoun (they)
|35||{{sc|3sg pronoun (they)
| hann (masculine)</br>hǫ́n (feminine)</br>þat (neuter)
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
| {{term|}}
| hann (m)</br>hǫ́n (f)</br>þat (n)
|  
| hann, kann (m)</br>hǫ́n, kǫ́n (f)</br>tat (n)
|  
| hann (m)</br>hón (f)</br>þat (n)
|
|
|-
|-
|36||to hit/beat
|36||to hit/beat
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|37||leg/foot
|37||leg/foot
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|38||horn
|38||horn
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|39||this (pron.)
|39||this (pron.)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|40||fish
|40||fish
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|41||yesterday
|41||yesterday
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|42||to drink
|42||to drink
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|43||black (color)
|43||black (color)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|44||navel
|44||navel
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|45||to stand
|45||to stand
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|46||to bite
|46||to bite
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|47||back (body-part)
|47||back (body-part)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|48||wind
|48||wind
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|49||smoke (substance)
|49||smoke (substance)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|50||what?
|50||what?
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|51||child (kin term)
|51||child (kin term)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|52||egg
|52||egg
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|53||to give
|53||to give
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|54||new (adj.)
|54||new (adj.)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|55||to burn (intr.)
|55||to burn (intr.)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|56||not (adj./adv.)
|56||not (adj./adv.)
| eigi</br>(archaic) né</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi</br>(verbal) -at
| (dated) {{term|égi}}</br>{{term|ej}}</br>(verbal) {{term|-at}}
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| ej</br>(verbal) -at
| eigi, ekki
| eigi, ekki
| ej, icke
| ej, icke
|-
|-
|57||good
|57||good
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|58||to know
|58||to know
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|59||knee
|59||knee
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|60||sand
|60||sand
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|61||to laugh
|61||to laugh
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|62||to hear
|62||to hear
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|63||soil
|63||soil
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|64||leaf
|64||leaf
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|65||red (color)
|65||red (color)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|66||liver (body-part)
|66||liver (body-part)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|
|-
|67||to hide
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|67||to hide
| feldr (animal)</br> (general)
| {{term|fǿdą}} (animal)</br>{{term|}} (general)
|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
|-
|68||skin/hide
|68||skin/hide
|  
| feldr (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð
| {{term|}}
| fǿdą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
|  
| fǿdą (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húd, kúd (human)
|  
| fǿda (animal)</br> skinn (general)</br>húð (human)
| skinn</br>húð
| skinn (general)</br>hud
|-
|-
|69||to suck
|69||to suck
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|70||to carry
|70||to carry
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|71||ant ([[:w:Formidae|Formid]])
|71||ant ([[:w:Formidae|Formid]])
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|72||heavy
|72||heavy
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|73||to take
|73||to take
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|74||old
|74||old
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|75||to eat
|75||to eat
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|76||thigh
|76||thigh
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|77||thick
|77||thick
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|78||long (spacially)
|78||long (spacially)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|79||to blow
|79||to blow
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|80||wood
|80||wood
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|81||to run
|81||to run
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|82||to fall
|82||to fall
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|83||eye (body-part)
|83||eye (body-part)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|84||ash
|84||ash
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|85||tail
|85||tail
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|86||dog
|86||dog
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|87||to cry/weep
|87||to cry/weep
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|88||to tie
|88||to tie
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|89||to see
|89||to see
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|90||sweet
|90||sweet
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|91||rope
|91||rope
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|92||shade/shadow
|92||shade/shadow
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|93||bird
|93||bird
| fugl, fogl
| fugl, fogl
| {{term|fuglą}}
| fuglą
| fuglą
| fogla
| fugl
| fugl
| fågel, fogel
| fågel, fogel
|-
|-
|94||salt
|94||salt
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|95||small
|95||small
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|96||wide
|96||wide
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|97||star
|97||star
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|98||in
|98||in
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|99||hard (materially)
|99||hard (materially)
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|100||to crush/grind
|100||to crush/grind
|
|  
|  
| {{term|}}
|
|  
|
|  
|-
|-
|}
|}
#Not cognate
:::"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Húsnorsk"