Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions

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|name=Húsnorsk

|nativename=Hússnorską

|pronunciation=xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ

|pronunciation=xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ, xuːt͡s.not͡s.kɐ

|ethnicity=Húsnorsk

|fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]

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==History==

===Early period (1100AD~1350AD)===

The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area). The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, though this seems unlikely, as the Varangians, being from Sweden, would have spoken Old East Norse, whereas Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic startlingly quicklly, indicating a rapid uptake of this particular change by the populace (see Proto-Húsnorsk "auą" for Old Norse "alr")

Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auą" for Old Norse "alr").

==Development==

Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse "ár" to Húsnorsk "aą", and Old Norse initial /x/ to Húsnorsk /k/, the latter of which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.

The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented.

:(IRL note - Do keep in mind these are prone to change as I develop Húsnorsk more)

/ar/ to /r̩/, the mechnism behind "ár" > "aą" is currently unknown, but it may have occurred out of analogy.

/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.

:Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -r regardless of final consonant (Known to have happened before /r̩/ > /ɐ/ due to some recorded misspellings)

/r̩/ to /ɐ/ (see rule #1 for "ár")

/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/)

/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /m:, n:, g:/

:Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)

/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/

/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ didn't exist in such positions)

/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though

coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/)

:-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout

::see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to modern Húsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)

:Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems

Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/

/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/

/θ, ð/ to /t, d/

:Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss

:Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"

/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only

<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals (see "blómstr" to "blómsą")

Word initial /x/ occasionaly strengthens to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more, but not exclusively, before long vowels)

/ɣ/ to /g/

/rː/ to /ʒ/

Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/

splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change, as many speakers still don't display it (see the variation of "réttą" between /reːt.tɐ/ and /rjet.tɐ/)

==Phonology==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

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#/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.

#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/ depending on when the cluster happened ("fl" from Old Norse becomes "bl", but newly formed "fl" becomes "pl")

#It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names.

#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/ depending on when the cluster happened ("fl" from Old Norse becomes "bl", but newly formed "fl" becomes "pl")

#/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially. /v/ is also occasionally realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" being [jau̯n] for some speakers).

#Can technically be analyzed as an allophone of /rː/, it's listed as a separate phoneme here because it's a universal change.

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 |name=Húsnorsk
 |nativename=Hússnorską
-|pronunciation=xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ
+|pronunciation=xuːt͡s.nor.skɐ, xuːt͡s.not͡s.kɐ
 |ethnicity=Húsnorsk
 |fam1=[[w:Indo-European|Indo-European]]
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 ==History==
+===Early period (1100AD~1350AD)===
+The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area). The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, though this seems unlikely, as the Varangians, being from Sweden, would have spoken Old East Norse, whereas Húsnorsk is clearly West Nordic startlingly quicklly, indicating a rapid uptake of this particular change by the populace (see Proto-Húsnorsk "auą" for Old Norse "alr")
+Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auą" for Old Norse "alr").
+==Development==
+Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse "ár" to Húsnorsk "aą", and Old Norse initial /x/ to Húsnorsk /k/, the latter of which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.
+The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented.
+:(IRL note - Do keep in mind these are prone to change as I develop Húsnorsk more)
+/ar/ to /r̩/, the mechnism behind "ár" > "aą" is currently unknown, but it may have occurred out of analogy.
+/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels.
+:Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -r regardless of final consonant (Known to have happened before /r̩/ > /ɐ/ due to some recorded misspellings)
+/r̩/ to /ɐ/ (see rule #1 for "ár")
+/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/)
+/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /m:, n:, g:/
+:Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on)
+/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/
+/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ didn't exist in such positions)
+/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though
+coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/)
+:-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout
+::see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to modern Húsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change)
+:Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems
+Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/
+/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/
+/θ, ð/ to /t, d/
+:Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss
+:Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí"
+/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only
+<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals (see "blómstr" to "blómsą")
+Word initial /x/ occasionaly strengthens to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more, but not exclusively, before long vowels)
+/ɣ/ to /g/
+/rː/ to /ʒ/
+Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/
+splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change, as many speakers still don't display it (see the variation of "réttą" between /reːt.tɐ/ and /rjet.tɐ/)
 ==Phonology==
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
@@ Line 83: / Line 143: @@
 #/b, d, g/ becomes /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /v/ next to these consonants.
+#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/ depending on when the cluster happened ("fl" from Old Norse becomes "bl", but newly formed "fl" becomes "pl")
 #It is extremely common to turn word initial /x/ into /k/, roughly 65% to 70% of native speakers do so, and it rather consistently happens in those who do it, though proper names form a major exception to this, for example, "Hémnǫ́dą" ("Heimdall") is almost never pronounced with an initial /k/ by any speaker, this is likely due to people's hesitance to modify names.
-#/f, v/ both become stops before /l, r/, /v/ always becomes /b/, and /f/ either becomes /p/ or /b/ depending on when the cluster happened ("fl" from Old Norse becomes "bl", but newly formed "fl" becomes "pl")
 #/v/ is /ʋ/ following a consonant (eg. /Cv/ = /Cʋ/), and for some speakers, word initially. /v/ is also occasionally realized as /u̯/ between a vowel and consonant (eg. /VvC/ > [Vu̯C], as in "javn" being [jau̯n] for some speakers).
 #Can technically be analyzed as an allophone of /rː/, it's listed as a separate phoneme here because it's a universal change.