Linguifex

Yeuric: Difference between revisions

← Older edit
Wfeozawra (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,397 edits
Wfeozawra (talk | contribs)
Bots
2,397 edits
 
(18 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 5: Line 5:
|name=Yeuric
|name=Yeuric
|nativename=ẉēirahlauwa
|nativename=ẉēirahlauwa
|pronunciation=ʝiːr.ɬøu̯
|pronunciation=ʝiːr.ɬœu̯
|ethnicity=Yeuric peoples
|ethnicity=Yeuric peoples
|fam1=[[Proto-Yeuran]]
|fam1=[[Proto-Yeuran]]
Line 24: Line 24:


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
This following table is set up in a way that is slightly odd, but it reflects historical patterns and orthographic tradition, such as many of the sounds being under "ejective" despite plainly not being ejective.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Labial
! colspan=2 | Alveolar
! colspan=2 | Velar
|-
! Plain
! Ejective
! Plain
! Ejective
! Plain
! Ejective
|-
! colspan=2 | Nasal
| m
| ᵐb
| n
| ⁿd
| ŋ
| ᵑɡ
|-
! rowspan=2 | Stop
! Unvoiced
| p
| rowspan=2 | pʼ
| t
| rowspan=2 | tʼ
| k
| rowspan=2 | kʼ
|-
! Voiced
| b
| d
| g
|-
! rowspan=2 | Fricative
! Unvoiced
| f
| pɸ
| s
| ts
| x
|
|-
! Voiced
| v
| bβ
| d
| dz
| ɣ
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | Liquid
! Unvoiced
| ʍ
|
| r̥
| rowspan=2 | rʼ
| j̊¹
|
|-
! Voiced
| w
|
| r
| j¹
|
|-
! rowspan=2 | Lateral
! Unvoiced
|
|
| ɬ
| tɬ
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
|
| l
| dɮ
|
|
|-
|}
#Placed under "velar" for space purposes, still a true palatal.
In Yeuric, any consonant can have a variety of coarticulations, those being /Cʲ, Cʷ, Cᶣ/, some of these are realized differently though:
:/t, d, n, s, z, k, g, ŋ, x, ɣ/ are realized as /tʃ(ʷ), dʒ(ʷ), ɲ(ʷ), ʃ(ʷ), ʒ(ʷ), c(ʷ), ɟ(ʷ), ɲ(ʷ), ç(ʷ), ʝ(ʷ)/ when (labio-)palatalized.
:/wʷ, wʲ, wᶣ/ are realized as /wː, ɥ, ɥː/, and /jʷ, jʲ, jᶣ/ are realized as /ɥ, jː, ɥː/
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Front
! rowspan=2 | Central
! colspan=2 | Back
|-
! Unround
! Round
! Unround
! Round
|-
! High
| i
| y
|
| ɯ
| u
|-
! Mid-High
| e
| ø
| rowspan=2 | (ə)
| ɤ
| o
|-
! Mid-Low
| ɛ
| œ
| ʌ
| ɔ
|-
! Low
|
|
|
| ɑ
|
|-
|}
#/ə/ is only present in elder speakers' speech, it's gone silent in younger speakers' speech.
==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Yeuric's orthography is notoriously difficult, as it is substantially historic, to the point it seems to have never been updated even once, this results in spellings that are anything but phonemic, take /t͡ʃʷymni/ which has the spelling "tíumti".
Yeuric's orthography is notoriously difficult, as it is substantially historic, to the point it seems to have never been updated even once, this results in spellings that are anything but phonemic, take [t͡ʃʷym] which has the spelling "tíuma".
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Yeuric orthography (consonants)
|-
! rowspan=2 | Letter
! colspan=4 | Pronunciation
|-
! Plain
! Palatal
! Lab-Pal
! Labial
|-
| m
| m
| mʲ
| mᶣ
| mʷ
|-
| ṃ
| ᵐb
| ᵐbʲ
| ᵐbᶣ
| ᵐbʷ
|-
| n
| n
| ɲ
| ɲʷ
| m
|-
| ṇ
| ⁿd
| ⁿdʒ
| ⁿdʒʷ
| ᵐb
|-
| ŋ
| ŋ
| ɲ
| ɲʷ
| ŋʷ
|-
| ŋ̇
| ᵑɡ
| ᶮɟ
| ᶮɟʷ
| ᵑɡʷ
|-
| p
| p
| pʲ
| pᶣ
| pʷ
|-
| ṗ
| pʼ
| pʼʲ
| pʼᶣ
| pʼʷ
|-
| b
| b
| bʲ
| bᶣ
| bʷ
|-
| ḅ
| pʼ
| pʼʲ
| pʼᶣ
| pʼʷ
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}
(will be finished later)


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
The basics of Yeuric morphology are rather easy to follow, being an agglutinative language.
The basics of Yeuric grammar are rather easy to follow, being an agglutinative language.


Different parts of speech are formed through different infixes:
Different parts of speech are formed through different infixes:
Line 36: Line 285:
:-o- forms copulative verbs
:-o- forms copulative verbs
:-a- forms adverbs (may be changed later)
:-a- forms adverbs (may be changed later)
These infixes function as a form of nonconcatenative morphology, as they cause vowel aternations in the root, rather than adding additional material to it, see "hlawa" /ɬɑu̯/, "to speak" > "hlauwa" /ɬœu̯/, "speech"
Basic verbs form the language's roots, notice how "hlawa" ("to speak") has none of these infixes.
Basic verbs form the language's roots, notice how "hlawa" ("to speak") has none of these infixes.


Another major aspect of Yeuric grammar is noun incorporation that borders polysyntheticism. Take, for example, the sentence "páruḥazawyapáeruv‧ẉel‧káviḥazawyateulivṛé?", which means "Won't you take my hand and follow my lead?" (From the song "Whistling Tree", by Haunted Like Human), this breaks down roughly as:
===Syntax===
: páru⸗ḥa⸗za⸗wya páeru⸗v ‧ẉel‧ kávi⸗ḥa⸗za⸗wya teuli⸗v⸗ṛé?
Noun incorporation is incredibly common to the extent of seeming almost polysynthetic. For example, "páruḥazapáeruḷav‧ẉel‧káviḥazateuliḷavṛé?", which means "Won't you take my hand and follow my lead?" (From the song "Whistling Tree", by Haunted Like Human), this breaks down roughly as:
: take-fut-2.if¹-1.gen hand-acc and follow-fut-2.if-1.gen guidance-acc-ṛé²
:páru⸗ḥa⸗za-páeru⸗ḷa⸗v-ẉel-kávi⸗ḥa⸗za-teuli⸗ḷa⸗v⸗ṛé?
 
:take⸗fut⸗2.if¹-hand⸗1.gen⸗acc-and-follow⸗fut⸗2.if-guidance⸗1.gen⸗acc⸗ṛé²
1: "inf" = "informal"


2: "‧ṛé " is roughly for "won't?" questions
#"if" = "informal"
#"‧ṛé " is roughly for "won't?" questions


===Morphology===
===Morphology===
====Nouns====
====Nominals====
{{template:Neo-Yeuric nouns|hlauwa|m=- "language"}}
{{template:Neo-Yeuric nouns|hlauwa|g=f|m=- "speech"}}
(Adessive, abessive, and subessive not made yet)


Noun compounding is common, in modern Yeuric, it functions by cleaving the gender affix off the end of the first component then adding the second component, though the affix is still often written, as in "ẉēirahlauwa".
Noun compounding is common, in modern Yeuric, it functions by cleaving the gender affix off the end of the first component then adding the second component, though the affix is still often written, as in "ẉēirahlauwa".
Nominals have 3 genders, these being neuter, feminine, and masculine. The neuter is often considered the default, though verbs appear with the endings for all of them (verbs making up the roots nouns are derived from). These genders are determined through the final vowel of the root. It should be noted these genders are entirely derivational, while true gender is determined elsewhere.
:Neuter: -a
:Feminine: -i, -e
:Masculine: -u, -o
Nouns have a pseudo-animacy hierarchy that functions derivationally, these are shown through affixes:
:Things of native origin: -n
:Inanimate/dead: -d
:Animate: -ṣ
:Gods: -ḳ
Nouns also take a definite article, though this functions slightly differently to English. The definite article is "ḳo-", and it covers all the English uses, as well as being used in some places it isn't in English. A general overview of how it's used is: specific referent, proper names (of anything)¹, and certain mythological beings (especially gods).
#This includes people, places, animals, plants, etc.
It should be noted there are a few exceptions, examples being:
*"Saujaḳ" is a god whose name never takes the article, as the form "ḳoSaujaḳ" refers to a different being.
*"Ṣáuṛdi" is the name of the great desert on the Yeuran peoples' home planet, but also refers to the Sahara, it's unclear why, but it never takes the definite article.
*Some language names take the definite article, such as "ḳoẎarabija", the name for Arabic.
A very significant feature is the double pairing nominative/accusative ''and'' agentive/patientive, these are used within different verbal voices, this is incredibly important to get right.
:nominative/accusative is used in active clauses
:nominative/agentive is used in passive clauses
:agentive/patientive is used in causative clauses
Adjectives decline identically to nouns, agreeing for case, number, and gender (true, not derivational).
{{template:Neo-Yeuric adjectives|hlaiwa|m=- "spoken"}}


====Verbs====
====Verbs====
Verbs are probably the most complex aspect of all of Yeuric morphology, being responsible for a large majority of the language's notorious difficulty among L2 learners.
Verbs are probably the most complex aspect of Yeuric morphology, being responsible for a large majority of the language's notorious difficulty among L2 learners.


Verbs conjugate for an incredible amount of information, including:
Verbs conjugate for an incredible amount of information, including:
Line 99: Line 376:
:Volitional: "-mo" ("hlawamo")
:Volitional: "-mo" ("hlawamo")
:Involitional: "-pe" ("hlawape")
:Involitional: "-pe" ("hlawape")
====Adjectives====
Adjectives are far simpler than nouns, only declining for gender.
{{template:Neo-Yeuric adjectives|hlaiwa|m=- "spoken"|r=hlaiw}}


====Pronouns====
====Pronouns====
{{template:Neo-Yeuric pronouns}}
{{template:Neo-Yeuric pronouns}}


As can be seen, all Yeuric pronouns are clitic, with most attaching to the verb, while the genitive attaches to the noun, as in "hlauwahwya" ("my message").
As can be seen, all Yeuric pronouns are clitic, with most attaching to the verb, while the genitive attaches to the noun, as in "hlauwaḷa" ("my message").
 
Additionally, the noun case affixes can be applied to pronouns (both to the nominative and genitive ones) to convey additional information, as in:
:páruḥazapáeru(v)ḷav
:páru⸗ḥa⸗za-páeru(⸗v)⸗ḷa⸗v
:take⸗fut⸗2.if-hand(⸗acc)⸗1.gen⸗acc


====Adverbs====
====Adverbs====
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Yeuric"